IMPACTO DA PNEUMONIA NA MORTALIDADE INFANTIL: ANÁLISE HOSPITALAR NO ESTADO DA BAHIA

Abstract

Introduction: Pneumonia is a severe respiratory infection, often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, that primarily affects the lungs and can impair gas exchange, leading to respiratory difficulties. In Brazil, pneumonia presents a significant public health challenge, with a particular impact on children under five years of age. This issue is especially evident in the state of Bahia, where the infant mortality rate due to pneumonia is one of the highest in the country. The causes of this high mortality are linked to a combination of factors such as lack of access to adequate medical care, low vaccination coverage, poor living conditions, overcrowded homes, and insufficient air quality. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of pneumonia on infant mortality in the state of Bahia, focusing on hospital data analysis between 2020 and 2024. The research aims to identify the epidemiological trends of the disease, understand the associated risk factors, and encourage the implementation of public policies to reduce infant mortality caused by pneumonia. Justification: This research is relevant to public health because it highlights the persistent high rates of infant mortality due to pneumonia, a critical issue in socially vulnerable areas. The study contributes to understanding the social, economic, and healthcare access factors affecting the child population in Bahia, providing essential data for more effective public health policies. Methodology: The study is of an epidemiological nature, using a quantitative approach. Data were collected from records of pediatric pneumonia cases provided by the Health Department of the State of Bahia (SESAB) and DATASUS, covering the period from 2020 to 2024. Data on incidence, mortality, demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), and regional conditions were analyzed. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and techniques such as calculating mortality rates and identifying risk factors. Results and Discussion: The data revealed that between January 2020 and September 2024, there were 295 deaths due to pneumonia in children in Bahia. The highest mortality was observed in the age groups under 1 year (33.6%) and 1 to 4 years (37.3%), indicating extreme vulnerability of these age groups to the disease. Additionally, pneumonia mortality was higher among children of mixed-race (parda) background (76.3%), reflecting socioeconomic and healthcare access inequalities, particularly in peripheral and rural areas. A slight predominance of deaths among girls was also observed, though the gender difference was small (2.37%). Conclusion: This study highlights the social and regional inequalities contributing to high infant mortality from pneumonia in Bahia, emphasizing the difficulties in accessing healthcare services in more vulnerable areas. The analysis revealed that children under 5 years of age, especially those under 1 year old, are the most affected. To reduce these rates, it is urgent to implement public policies focused on improving healthcare access, expanding vaccination coverage, and strengthening living conditions in the most underserved areas of Bahia.