Gender-based Analysis Research Articles

Gender politics and Victorian literary representation of the body: a distant reading of the body in Charles Dickens’s works

This paper analyses the nineteenth-century discourse around the human body. It examines two corpora: Charles Dickens’s works and contemporary writings. In both contexts, the body is observed through a detailed focus on its individual parts. This study employs a corpus-driven approach to investigate the vocabulary used to describe the body in these two corpora, providing complementary explanations to traditional close reading methods. The findings indicate that Victorian authors, including Dickens, tend to use nouns associated with time and space when representing the body, while also placing significant emphasis on codes of etiquette in the depiction of its physical actions. In Dickens’s corpus, nouns related to the body are influenced by gender ideology. Furthermore, a gender-based sub-corpus analysis, particularly focusing on verbs, highlights the disparities in agency between male and female bodies.

Gender Matters: Exploring the Mental Health of Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Canada

The gender gap in adolescent mental health experiences is notable, with gender adding an additional layer to the already complex experience of being a young person who is experiencing homelessness. Yet, research in this area is limited. The purpose of this qualitative, interpretive description study was to understand how gender shapes the mental health of youth who are experiencing homelessness in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada. Eleven young people between the ages of 16 and 24 were recruited from a youth shelter and participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis and Gender-Based Analysis Plus was used to analyze the data, and findings revealed four contextual factors that appear to influence a young person’s mental health while homeless but that is experienced differently depending on one’s gender identity. These factors are: (1) housing acquisition is challenging, (2) physical presentation is meaningful, (3) cleanliness and hygiene are expected, and (4) utilizing mental health resources is complicated. Additionally, the many strengths that the youth identified and demonstrated in navigating their circumstances are highlighted in the results. These strengths involve (1) exhibiting resilience, (2) expressing the ability to survive, (3) imagining a world that is better, (4) articulating their needs, and (5) drawing on their social connections. The gendered lens that guides this study provides a challenge to the homogenous way that young people experiencing homelessness are often portrayed within the literature. Intersecting identities that include gender and age need to be considered within the mental health-related experiences of youth who live with homelessness. Ensuring that interventions are tailored to meet young people’s specific gendered needs is both a matter of human rights and health equity. Practical implications for service providers are discussed.

The Impact of Social Media on Tourist Destination Choices: A Quantitative Analysis

In the current travel environment, social media significantly influences how travelers discover and select destinations. Platforms like Instagram and YouTube serve as sources of inspiration, offering visually captivating content that encourages extensive travel. Increasingly, travelers rely on social media for trip planning, seeking reviews and tips from influencers and peers alike. Social proof, in the form of endorsements and user-generated content, reinforces destination choices and builds trust. Drawing on a literature review approach, this study examines existing research on the impact of social media on travel behavior. It synthesizes findings from various studies to explore how platforms shape travel decisions and consumer behavior. Gender-based analysis reveals that women tend to utilize social media more frequently than men for travel-related decisions. Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective destination marketing strategies. Despite inherent limitations in the literature reviewed, this study provides valuable insights for destination marketers and tourism professionals. Future research could delve deeper into additional variables to comprehensively understand the multifaceted effects of social media on travel behavior.

Burnout among Medical Professionals: Analyzing Factors, Effects, and Coping Strategies

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and contributing factors of burnout among medical professionals. It aims to identify the effects of burnout on their physical and mental health and to explore the coping strategies employed to manage this condition. Methodology: A structured questionnaire was distributed to medical professionals across various specialities to gather data on demographics, factors contributing to burnout, its effects, and coping strategies. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and visualized with bar charts to identify patterns and differences between male and female respondents. Findings: The study surveyed 65 medical professionals, with a gender distribution of 55.4% female and 44.6% male. Key findings revealed that the predominant factors contributing to burnout were long working hours (38.5%) and high workload (29.2%). The primary effects of burnout included physical health issues (32.3%) and mental health issues (30.8%). In terms of coping strategies, engaging in self-care activities (40%) and social activities such as having fun and going out with friends (29.2%) were most commonly employed. Gender-based analysis indicated that for males, the top burnout factors were high workload (40%) and long working hours (32%), with significant effects being reduced job satisfaction (28%) and mental health issues (28%). For females, long working hours (76.9%) were the predominant factor, with physical health issues (53.8%) being the most common effect. Coping strategies varied, with males favouring self-care activities (36%) and social activities (32%), while females equally favoured social activities, self-care activities, and setting boundaries at work (30.8% each). Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on burnout among medical professionals by highlighting gender-specific differences in burnout factors, effects, and coping strategies. It provides empirical evidence that long working hours and high workload are significant contributors to burnout, but their impact varies between males and females. The findings underscore the importance of considering gender when studying burnout, as the effects and coping mechanisms differ. This nuanced understanding can inform theoretical models of occupational stress and burnout, leading to more comprehensive frameworks that account for gender-specific experiences.

What if Marquis de Sade Was a Woman? New Evidence of Sex Differences in Behavioral Manifestation of Sadism.

This study aims to explore the behavioral manifestation of sadism in females involved in sexual crimes. The sample includes 24 female sex offenders for which sadism was assessed with the SeSaS. To conduct a gender-based comparison analysis, we conducted a random selection of 100 sadistic male offenders. Bivariate comparisons and multidimensional scaling analysis were used to determine whether behavioral manifestation and dimensions of sadism are different in female sex offenders. Results showed that sadism in women manifests itself differently from male offenders and practical implications are discussed.

Emotional expression in mathematics e-learning using emojis: A gender-based analysis

Emotional feeling is a phase of neurobiological activity that plays an important role in cognitive thinking and learning, although largely overlooked in complex tutoring fields like Mathematics. This paper introduces an innovative e-learning Mathematics course integrating emojis as a feedback mechanism to express students’ emotional responses towards mathematical challenges. By providing a platform for intuitive emotional expression, this approach aims to strengthen engagement and comprehension. Through empirical investigation, emotional reactions of online mathematics students are explored, with attention to gender-related differences in emoji usage. A survey administered to 100 students prompts them to select emojis conveying their sentiments towards mathematical problems. Statistical analyses reveal that emojis effectively capture students’ emotions, with an emphasis on gender-based variations in selection. These insights illuminate the dynamics of emotional expression and hold implications for fostering comprehensive learning environments that mitigate negative emotions such as mathematical anxiety. By empowering educators to monitor students’ emotional reactions and adapt teaching strategies accordingly, this approach has the potential to cultivate confident and proficient learners essential for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) advancement.

A sex- and gender-based analysis of alcohol treatment intervention research involving youth: A methodological systematic review.

While there is widespread consensus that sex- and gender-related factors are important for how interventions are designed, implemented, and evaluated, it is not currently known how alcohol treatment research accounts for sex characteristics and/or gender identities and modalities. This methodological systematic review documents and assesses how sex characteristics, gender identities, and gender modalities are operationalized in alcohol treatment intervention research involving youth. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LGBT Life, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from 2008 to 2023. We included articles that reported genders and/or sexes of participants 30 years of age and under and screened participants using AUDIT, AUDIT-C, or a structured interview using DSM-IV criteria. We limited the inclusion to studies that enrolled participants in alcohol treatment interventions and used a quantitative study design. We provide a narrative overview of the findings. Of 8,019 studies screened for inclusion, 86 articles were included in the review. None of the studies defined, measured, and reported both sex and gender variables accurately. Only 2 studies reported including trans participants. Most of the studies used gender or sex measures as a covariate to control for the effects of sex or gender on the intervention but did not discuss the rationale for or implications of this procedure. Our findings identify that the majority of alcohol treatment intervention research with youth conflate sex and gender factors, including terminologically, conceptually, and methodologically. Based on these findings, we recommend future research in this area define and account for a spectrum of gender modalities, identities, and/or sex characteristics throughout the research life cycle, including during study design, data collection, data analysis, and reporting. It is also imperative that sex and gender variables are used expansively to ensure that intersex and trans youth are meaningfully integrated. Registration: PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42019119408.

Evaluating gender-based effectiveness within multi-attribute task battery studies

The prevalent notion that females outperform males in multitasking is challenged by scrutinizing the cognitive abilities of each gender across various demand scenarios (Buser & Peter, 2012; Lui et al., 2020; Szameitat et al., 2015). Investigating cognitive performance at two levels of workload defined as high- and low-demand situations, this research delves into task-specific variations, cognitive strategies, and adaptability to multitasking challenges. Sixty participants in total, with thirty participants in each gender group, engaged in tasks encompassing resource management, tracking, monitoring, and communication using the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory's Multi- Attribute Task Battery simulation software. Statistical variance analysis demonstrated notable task discrepancies across different difficulty levels (DL). However, the gender-based analysis indicated non-significant differences in given tasks, except communication tasks. Findings indicate that men tend to perform well in tasks requiring communication and target tracking, benefiting from auditory cues, while women excel in fuel management, displaying strong decision-making abilities. In assessments of visual and spatial perception, females outperformed males at low difficulty levels, whereas males showed greater proficiency at high difficulty levels. This paper advocates for a balanced understanding and approach of cognitive abilities in diverse scenarios.

The case for change: Reimagining research to transform military culture

LAY SUMMARY The research community is encouraged to think about how their work contributes to military culture and how it can contribute to positive change. This article discusses the importance of meaningful inclusion by making stakeholder communities part of the research process: from thinking about the research questions that need to be asked to how research results can be shared and used across academic, government, and community sectors. It is critical to apply best practices that support meaningfully inclusive research, such as Sex and Gender Equity in Research guidelines and Gender-based Analysis Plus. It is also important that the defence research community establish quality assurance in following best practices to positively contribute to military culture change. Other ways in which research can be reimagined to transform military culture include critical methodologies and the co-production of research with affected communities.

Gender-Based Analysis of Intrinsic Motivation: The Case of Public Sector Servants in the Republic of North Macedonia

Public sector provides various essential services in terms of promoting social equity and inclusion, protecting the public interest, regulating and supervising various aspects of society and economy, fostering economic development, and supporting democratic governance. Therefore, the motivation of the public sector servants indirectly contributes to the overall effectiveness of the public service sector and finally to the well-being and prosperity of the society. Considering this, in the public sector, extrinsic factors cannot be easily and quickly influenced, i.e., they are fixed. This paper can be of crucial importance when determining the intrinsic factors behind the public sector servants’ satisfaction with their jobs and ultimately their performance. Considering this, in developing economies, such as the economy of the Republic of North Macedonia, public sector servants exhibit poor performance. The main purpose of the research presented in this paper has been to investigate the motivational factors of the public sector servants at municipality level in the Republic of North Macedonia. In the research, primary data collected by using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation have been used to determine whether gender-based differences exist in intrinsic motivation.

Gender-based analysis of muscle activation while in a sedentary work posture.

Many people work in a sitting position where they have to use their upper extremities and hands. Muscle activity in sitting position is affected by the chair height of, the height of the worktable, and the distance to the working target. The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in muscle activity between men and wemen at different chair heghts and working distances. Surface electromyography (EMG) was employed to determine the muscle activity of the upper limbs and the trunk, while an arm-stretching task was performed in a sitting position. Women's muscle activity was higher than that of men in most muscles as the chair height and working distance changed. As the height of the chair or the working distance was changed, muscle activity was greater in women than in men for most of the muscles analyzed. Under the same conditions, women may feel more muscle fatigue than men, so it is necessary to consider gender in the working environment.

Work & life stress experienced by professional workers during the pandemic: a gender-based analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted work and home life exacerbating pre-existing stressors and introducing new ones. These impacts were notably gendered. In this paper, we explore the different work and home life related stressors of professional workers specifically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic through the gender-based analysis of two pan Canadian surveys: The Canadian Community Health Survey (2019, 2020, 2021) and the Healthy Professional Worker Survey (2021). Analyses revealed high rates of work stress among professional workers compared to other workers and this was particularly notable for women. Work overload emerged as the most frequently selected source of work stress, followed by digital stress, poor work relations, and uncertainty. Similar trends were noted in life stress among professional workers, particularly women. Time pressure consistently stood out as the primary source of non-work stress, caring for children and physical and mental health conditions. These findings can help to develop more targeted and appropriate workplace mental health promotion initiatives that are applicable to professional workers taking gender more fully into consideration.

Impact of gender on the utilisation implantable cardioverter defibrillators and outcome: results from the German DEVICE registry

Abstract Background Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are an established therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Real world data regarding the impact of gender on ICD implantation and outcome are scarce. Purpose To determine the impact of gender on the ICD implantation and outcome. Methods The German DEVICE registry is a prospective, nationwide database of ICD and CRT devices implantation and revisions. Between March 2007 and February 2014, 3794 patients undergoing a single or dual chamber ICD implantation and revisions were prospectively included in 44 centres and monitored for a median of 17 months. Herein we conducted the gender-based analysis of the ICD recipients. Results A total of 688 (18,1%) women (mean age 62.5 ± 16.0, median BMI 26.7) and 3106 men (mean age 64.6 ± 12.9, median BMI 26.8) were included in this registry. Significantly less women had coronary artery disease (p<0.001), while more women had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (p=0.024) and primary electrical heart disease (p<0.001), mainly because of a higher incidence of long QT syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. There was a trend towards a higher rate dual chamber ICD in the female population (31.7% vs. 28.1%; p=0.061). Women were less likely to undergo ambulatory interventions (6.4% vs. 9.0%; p=0.026) and had a trend towards higher rate of ICD implantation for secondary prevention (52.3% vs. 48.7%; p=0.086). Females were more likely to have a history of ventricular fibrillation (51.7% vs. 39.4%; p<0.001) and resuscitation (54.7% vs. 46.3%; p=0.006), but less likely to have a history of ventricular tachycardia (33.1% vs. 45.2%; p<0.001). The overall rate of in-hospital complications (5.3% vs. 2.7%; p=0.005) as well as the rate of major periprocedural complications (3.1% vs. 1.3%; p=0.002) was significantly higher among females, mainly driven by a higher incidence of pneumothorax (1.0% vs. 0.1%; p=0.004) and haemothorax (0.4% vs. 0%; p=0.02). The rate of in-hospital device revision and mortality were similar between genders. The Kaplan-Meier estimated 1-year all-cause mortality was 5.2% for women and 7.1% for men (p=0.073; Fig 1), while the estimated incidence of all-cause mortality or device shocks was significantly lower in the female population (15.1% vs. 19.0%; p=0.02). Women were more likely to undergo resuscitation during follow-up (FU; 1.3% vs. 0.3%; p<0.001) and showed a higher fear of receiving device shocks. There was no difference in terms of ICD-shocks, VT-storm and ablation rates at FU. The all- cause, device-related, and other cardiovascular rehospitalisation rates and the incidence of non-arrhythmic adverse events during FU were similar between genders. Conclusions In this real-life patient cohort only a minority of patients were females. Female patients had a higher risk of major periprocedural complications and in-hospital complications and a trend towards a lower all-cause mortality during FU.Fig 1. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival.

Gender matters. Impact of gender on the utilization of defibrillators with cardiac resynchronisation therapy and outcome: results from the German DEVICE registry

Abstract Background Defibrillators with cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT-Ds) are widely used in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and high-grade intraventricular conduction delays. Real world data regarding the impact of gender on CRT-D implantation and outcome are scarce. Purpose To determine the impact of gender on the CRT-D devices implantation and outcome. Methods The German DEVICE registry is a prospective, nationwide database of ICD and CRT devices implantations and revisions. A total of 1536 patients undergoing CRT-D implantations and revisions were included between March 2007 and February 2014 in 44 centres and monitored for a median of 17.2 months. Herein we conducted the gender-based analysis of the CRT-D recipients. Results Only a minority of the patients in this registry was females (329; 21,4%). The demographic data (age and BMI) were similar between genders. The female population was less likely to have a coronary artery disease (35.3% vs. 56.7%; p<0.001), but more likely to have dilated cardiomyopathy (61.1% vs. 49.5%; p<0.001). Significantly less women had a LVEF ≤ 35% (90.6% vs. 94.8%, p=0.005). A total of 84.2% of females and 80.2% of males received a device for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD; p=0.10). Women were more likely to have a history of ventricular fibrillation (44.2% vs. 23.0%, p=0.002) and resuscitation (p=0.01), but less likely to have a history of ventricular tachycardia (44.2% vs. 61.9%; p=0.019). Significantly more women than men showed a left bundle branch block at implantation (89.7% vs. 80.9%, p<0.001). A QRS duration of at ≥ 150 ms was noted in 74.8% of women and 71.5% of men (p=0.25), while significantly more women had a QRS of ≥ 120 ms (97.0% vs. 94.2%; p=0.043). The overall incidence of major periprocedural complications and in hospital complications was similar between groups (3.6% vs 2.4%, p=0.25 and 6.0% vs. 5.8%, p=0.88 respectively), however a pneumothorax requiring intervention was more common among women (1.8% vs. 0.5%, p=0.027). The rate of device revision until discharge and the in-hospital mortality did not differ between genders. The Kaplan-Meier estimated 1-year all-cause mortality was 6.3% for women and 8.2% for men (p=0.25, Fig.1), while the estimated incidence of death or defibrillator shocks was 11.0% and 15.1%, respectively (p=0.051). The non-lethal complications and device revisions during follow-up (FU) were similar between genders. Women showed a lower non-device-dependent cardiovascular hospitalisation rate (8.2% vs. 13.1%; p=0.043) and had more fear of receiving a device shock than men (p=0.002). Conclusions In this real-life CRT-D patient cohort only a minority of patients were females. Women had a higher rate of pneumothorax requiring intervention. The 1-year mortality and the complications during FU were similar between genders. Women had a lower rate of non-device-dependent cardiovascular hospitalisation during FU.Fig.1. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival.

Housing Instability and Policy Considerations for Equitable Aging in Place in Canada.

In this article, we apply a gender-based analysis plus framework to research the housing experiences of older, low-income adults living and aging in Hamilton. Low-income older adults with intersectional identities are at risk of not aging in place due to marginalization and housing instability. Policy currently homogenizes the experience of aging by sidelining intersectional factors that have a bearing on aging well in place. The research aims to develop policy recommendations to address this gap. Several methods captured the housing experiences of low-income older adults, including interviews, participant observation, and arts-based techniques. Findings illustrate how gender and intersectional factors shape both housing trajectories and agentive practices low-income adults utilize to try to age well and in place. These strategies encompass practicing cultural citizenship, which is a claim for inclusion when excluded from mainstream ideals of aging in place. We provide policy recommendations informed by participants' lived experiences aimed at promoting equitable aging in place as fundamental to full citizenship.

Gender-based comparative analysis of knee injury risk during cutting maneuvers in non-professional athletes: a kinetic and kinematic perspective.

Gender-based comparative analysis of knee injury risk during cutting maneuvers in non-professional athletes: a kinetic and kinematic perspective.

Predictive modelling of student dropout risk: Practical insights from a South Korean distance university

Distance education supports lifelong learning and empowers individuals in rapidly changing societal conditions, yet it encounters high dropout rates due to a range of individual and societal obstacles. This study addresses the challenge of creating a practical prediction model by analyzing extensive real-world time-point data from a well-established online university in Seoul. Covering 144,540 instances from 2018 to 2022, the study integrates diverse datasets to compare the accuracy of models based on longitudinal, semester-wise, and gender-specific datasets. The demographic, academic, and online metrics identified significant dropout indicators, including age (particularly when binned), residential area, specific occupations, GPA, and LMS log metrics, using a stepwise backward elimination process. The study revealed that, despite societal changes, recent data from the last four semesters can be effectively used for stable prediction training. Gender-based analysis showed different factors influencing dropout risk for males and females. The Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) algorithm excelled in prediction accuracy, with the ROC-AUC metric affirming its superiority. However, logistic regression also showed its competitive performance and offered in-depth interpretation. In South Korea's distinct educational setting, merging advanced algorithms like LGBM with the interpretive strength of logistic regression is key for effective student support strategies.

Influence of career awareness on STEM career interests: examining the roles of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and gender

BackgroundThe studies of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career interests have progressed substantially over the recent years. However, the influence of career awareness on STEM career interests is an area that requires further discussion. Evidently, Chinese adolescents have limited awareness and interest in STEM careers in the context of the Chinese cultural milieu, which can potentially constrain their future career trajectories. This study explored the influence of career awareness on the STEM career interests of Chinese high school students, examining the mediating roles of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for STEM courses in this relationship. Additionally, it analyzes the impact of gender on the average levels and interrelations of these variables. A sample of high school students from both eastern and western regions of China (N = 2542) was selected, and data was analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach.ResultsThe findings indicate that while STEM career awareness impacts various types of STEM career interests, minor differences exist in these effects. Specifically, the influence of STEM career awareness on analytical STEM career interests is entirely mediated by self-efficacy and outcome expectations in STEM courses. However, for life-survival and life-healthy STEM career interests, this mediation is only partial, with respective effects accounting for 39% and 45%. Notably, significant mean-level differences exist between male and female students in STEM career interests and self-efficacy in STEM courses, yet the relationships among these variables remain consistent across genders.ConclusionsThis study underscores the pivotal influence of career awareness in molding STEM career interests, shedding light on the mediating functions of self-efficacy and outcome expectations within STEM courses. Through a gender-based analysis, it offers valuable insights into the differing inclinations of male and female high school students in the STEM realm, while also revealing consistent patterns in the relationships among these variables across genders. These findings underscore the necessity for heightened efforts to bolster STEM career awareness and fortify self-efficacy and outcome expectations within STEM courses, particularly in domains characterized by notable gender disparities, aiming to foster equitable advancement within the STEM disciplines.

Sex and gender-based analysis and diversity metric reporting in acute care trials published in high-impact journals: a systematic review

ObjectiveTo characterise sex and gender-based analysis (SGBA) and diversity metric reporting, representation of female/women participants in acute care trials and temporal changes in reporting before and after publication of the...

Study of Residents’ Ongoing Behavioural Intentions for Regular Bus Travel

With the emergence of novel transportation trends, regular buses have experienced a significant decline in passenger numbers. Consequently, it becomes imperative to conduct studies on passengers’ intentions. This particular investigation employed a meticulously designed survey questionnaire to gather data, and developed a new model that integrates the theory of planned behaviour, technology acceptance model and expectation confirmation theory. The primary aim was to explore the key factors that influence residents’ ongoing behavioural intentions towards regular public bus travel. Furthermore, a gender-based multi-group analysis was conducted to investigate the impact mechanism of gender differences on ongoing behavioural intentions. The new model demonstrates various degrees of positive or negative influences among the variables, thereby confirming its universal applicability. Moreover, the multi-group analysis reveals that compared to gender, travel satisfaction has a stronger impact on women’s intentions, while travel attitude has a stronger impact on men’s intentions to travel by certain mean of transport. Simultaneously, perceived behavioural control does not significantly affect persistent intention for women but has a significant positive impact on persistent intention for men. Furthermore, perceived ease of use does not significantly impact perceived usefulness for women but has a significant positive effect on perceived usefulness for men. These research findings bear great significance in promoting environmentally-friendly travel practices.