Gender Attributes Research Articles

Non parametric differential network analysis: a tool for unveiling specific molecular signatures

Background The rewiring of molecular interactions in various conditions leads to distinct phenotypic outcomes. Differential network analysis (DINA) is dedicated to exploring these rewirings within gene and protein networks. Leveraging statistical learning and graph theory, DINA algorithms scrutinize alterations in interaction patterns derived from experimental data.Results Introducing a novel approach to differential network analysis, we incorporate differential gene expression based on sex and gender attributes. We hypothesize that gene expression can be accurately represented through non-Gaussian processes. Our methodology involves quantifying changes in non-parametric correlations among gene pairs and expression levels of individual genes.ConclusionsApplying our method to public expression datasets concerning diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis in liver tissue, we identify gender-specific differential networks. Results underscore the biological relevance of our approach in uncovering meaningful molecular distinctions.

Determination of Training Participants in Community Work Training Centers Using the Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm

Community work training centers are skills training institutions that aim to improve the skills of the surrounding community by providing training programs that align with industry needs. Registration of training participants at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers often faces obstacles, namely, the selection process is still manual, so it takes a long time, and there is a possibility of errors. This study aims to apply the Naive Bayes Classifier Algorithm to determine whether applicants pass training at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers. This classification method is used to help optimize the applicant selection process by considering administrative factors, income, and training quotas. RapidMiner software is used as a tool to implement the algorithm. This study found that the Naive Bayes Classifier Algorithm can provide good accuracy results in determining applicants who pass the training selection. The test results show that the resulting model has an accuracy of 90.00% in determining passing training participants with data that has the highest chance of passing, namely data that has the attributes of the female gender, age 20 years, last education Senior High School/Vocational High School, student work/student, income 364,912, father's work as laborer, father's income 3912,280, mother's work as an IRT, and mother's income 885,964. This research increases efficiency and accuracy in determining training applicants at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers.

‘This uh. . . young lady young gentleman’: Gender attribution in the context of a gender-ambiguous robot

For humanoid robots, gender-ambiguous presentation is implemented as a potential way to avoid gender-stereotypical design. Using conversation analysis, we look at video recorded user interaction in the presence of a designedly gender-ambiguous robot, showing how this design choice is actually dealt with within a social context. Robot gender becomes relevant initially when a user refers to the robot with a dual-gendered package (‘young lady young gentleman’), with another user proposing ‘her’ for the robot, and the talk then evolving to the pursuit of agreement on the robot’s proposed femininity. Robot gender attribution is treated by these users as a collaborative endeavor rather than an individual choice. It includes displays of accountability and orientations to delicateness of gender attribution. By implication, the analysis shows that ambiguous design shifts the burden of gender attribution from robot designers to users.

The Effect of Fundamental Frequency on Gender Perception in Prepubertal Children: Insights from the LoKiS Database

This study examines the impact of fundamental frequency on gender perception in prepubertal children in the LoKiS database – a longitudinal project collecting and analyzing recordings of approximately 60 German primary school children aged six to ten years. Spontaneous and content-controlled audio recordings were collected in two German primary schools. Three distinct listening experiments with over 100 listeners were conducted. In the first experiment, listeners judged the gender of the voices on a seven-point scale. The second experiment explored the relationships between perceptual attribute ratings and corresponding acoustic parameters associated with fundamental frequency. The third experiment utilized voice morphing techniques to investigate the influence of fundamental frequency on gender perception while controlling for other acoustic parameters.About one third of the children receive unambiguous gender attributions. The perceived gender difference between children assigned female at birth (AFAB) and assigned male at birth (AMAB) increases from first to third grade. The feminine-sounding children were perceived as significantly higher pitched and more melodious. A strong correlation between perceived pitch and measured fundamental frequency was found. While the acoustic analysis revealed only a few significant differences between AFAB and AMAB children in general, the feminine-sounding children exhibited markedly higher values than the masculine-sounding ones. Stronger differences of fundamental frequency and semitone range occur as AFAB and AMAB children get older. Linear mixed models confirm a significant influence of fundamental frequency and semitone range on gender perception. Other interacting factors include the speech material used, as well as the gender of the listener. The influence of fundamental frequency was even more pronounced when controlling for other acoustic parameters.

Voice and Communication in Transmasculine Individuals One Year Under Testosterone Therapy: A Qualitative Study

Objectives/hypothesesThe purpose of this study was to investigate voice and communication difficulties in transmasculine individuals to develop evidence-based voice and communication training programs. Study designQualitative study. MethodsEight transmasculine individuals, who had received testosterone therapy (TT) for at least 1 year, were included in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by 2 experienced voice clinicians. The software program NVivo was used for transcribing and coding the interviews. Data were processed using a thematic analysis. ResultsThe thematic analysis resulted in the identification of five major themes. Most transmasculine individuals experienced a pitch decrease during the first year of TT and encountered voice-related problems, with a higher incidence during the initial period. Additionally, some participants experienced increased satisfaction with how others attributed their gender after 1 year of TT. However, others still experienced a discrepancy between external gender attribution, self-attribution, and their desired attribution by others. Many participants did not receive voice and communication training. In many cases, voice had a significant impact on their well-being and daily life. ConclusionsIt’s difficult to generalize the results of the current study, since the population of transmasculine individuals is heterogeneous in terms of their subjective gender positioning, desired gender attribution, gender attribution received from others, and gender-related aspects of their vocal situation. Some clients may express dissatisfaction with specific aspects of their voice and communication and may require professional support. Therefore, clinical practice for transmasculine individuals should adopt an individualized approach based on a comprehensive examination of the client's perspective.

The Impact of CEO Characteristics on the Financial Performance of Family Businesses Listed in the Euronext Exchange

This paper identifies the CEO characteristics that have an impact on the performance of family businesses listed in the Euronext in the post-COVID 19 period. CEO characteristics are evaluated on two dimensions, i.e., personal characteristics and corporate governance mechanisms. A sample of 137 firm-year observations from Portugal, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Ireland, France, and Belgium was chosen. CEO attributes of age, gender, education, and family membership were combined with corporate governance mechanisms of ownership concentration, CEO duality, CEO directorships, and CEO tenure, to predict return on assets and return on equity, using OLS regression. GMM estimation and Two-Stage Least Squares were employed to establish the robustness of the results. Among CEO personal characteristics, CEO family membership has a positive impact on return on assets, and a positive impact on return on equity. Among corporate governance mechanisms, CEO duality had a negative impact on return on assets, and a negative impact on return on equity. CEO ownership, and CEO tenure had a positive impact on return on assets, and a positive impact on return on equity. This paper’s value lies in its evaluation of the under-researched area of family businesses of Euronext-listed firms. It can be used by family businesses in the region, for the selection and training of CEOs to fulfill the goal of achieving superior financial performance.

Perceptual-Auditory and Acoustic Analysis of Breathiness in Cis and Transgender Men and Women

ObjectiveTo verify breathiness in the cisgender and transgender men and women’s voices, compare values of acoustic and perceptual indicators of breathiness and fundamental frequency (f0) between groups, and compare them between the voices attributed as female and male. Study designCross sectional retrospective study. MethodsThe study as approved by the Research Ethics Committee (4,937,140). Sustained vowel /a/ and continuous speech recordings of 21 cisgender men (CISM), 31 transgender men (TM), 32 cisgender women (CISW) and 31 transgender women (TW) were analyzed. Three judges conducted a perceptive-auditory analysis regarding the degree breathiness, using visual analogue scale, and attributed gender (female or male). The ABI (Acoustic Breathiness Index) was extracted using the PRAAT software (6.1.16). The f0, Harmonic-Noise Ratio (HNR), Voice Turbulence Index (VTI) and Soft Phonation Index (SPI) were analyzed using the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (KayPentax). ResultsThe ABI value for CISM was lower than for TM and CISW. CISW had the higher f0 than; TM had a higher f0 than CISM; and TW had a higher f0 than CISM. The groups did not differ for HNR and VTI. Regarding the SPI, CISM had higher values than CISW. Regarding the auditory perception, TM presented more intense breathiness than CISM in the vowel. Regarding gender attribution by voice, the voices CISM and CISW were 100% identified as male and female. On the other hand, in the vowel analysis, 45.2% of the TM voices were perceived as female and 59.4% of TW voices as male. ConclusionBreathiness occurs differently between groups and the voices perceived as male and female. Even when TM are submitted to the use of testosterone and undergo vocal changes, the transglottal airflow remains, which is a female characteristic of phonation.

Age Estimation and Gender Attribution in Typically Developing Children and Children With Dysarthria.

The purposes of this study were (a) to investigate adult listeners' perceptions of age and gender in typically developing children and children with dysarthria and (b) to identify predictors of their estimates among auditory-perceptual parameters and an acoustic measure of vocal pitch (F0). We aimed to evaluate the influence of dysarthria on the listeners' impressions of age and gender against the background of typical developmental processes. In a listening experiment, adult listeners completed age and gender estimates of 144 typically developing children (3-9 years of age) and 25 children with dysarthria (5-9 years of age). The Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales for Childhood Dysarthria (BoDyS-KiD) were applied to record speech samples and to complete auditory-perceptual judgments covering all speech subsystems. Furthermore, each child's mean F0 was determined from samples of four BoDyS-KiD sentences. Age estimates for the typically developing children showed a regression to the mean, whereas children with dysarthria were systematically underestimated in their age. The estimates of all children were predicted by developmental speech features; for the children with dysarthria, specific dysarthria symptoms had an additional effect. We found a significantly higher accuracy of gender attribution in the typically developing children than in the children with dysarthria. The prediction accuracy of the listeners' gender attribution in the preadolescent children by the included speech characteristics was limited. Children with dysarthria are more difficult to estimate for their age and gender than their typically developing peers. Dysarthria thus alters the auditory-perceptual impression of indexical speech features in children, which must be considered another facet of the communication disorder associated with childhood dysarthria.

Role of Gender perceptions in shaping gender-based discrimination and gender equality among school-going adolescents, Telangana: A cross-sectional community-based study.

Adolescence is a unique phase of life, facilitates the transition of a child to an adult, and thus is characterized with distinctive challenges as well as potentialities. Gender socialization during adolescence is shaped by the family, culture, and social construct results to development of attitudes, with more consistent and organized vision toward self and the society. The present study aims to identify the gender attitudes, perceived gender role, and gender discrimination among adolescents. Cross-sectional descriptive design adopted to study the gender perceptions among adolescents (N = 200) between 8th and 12th standards and meeting the inclusive criteria. Data were collected on gender attributes, attitudes, and perceived discrimination based on gender. Gender equality scores measured among students were categorized between high and low. Findings reveal the persistence of gendered attitudes, roles, and relationships based on gender; 54% girls and 58% boys reported that boys/men are expected to be tough and less emotional and (37.5% girls; 46% boys) agreed that men were decision makers in the financial and family matters and women were felt as lesser role players. Overall, 46% were with gender-biased perceptions. Girls (18%) and boys (5%) reported sexual abuse; however, for any gender abuse, only 16% preferred to seek help from the family members. Findings of the present study highlight the need for gender sensitization in education and schools to transform gender-balanced attitudes and behaviors from young age which greatly affect the inter-personal relationships, affecting behaviors and relationships in families and societies in adulthood.

Auditory free classification of gender diverse speakersa).

Auditory attribution of speaker gender has historically been assumed to operate within a binary framework. The prevalence of gender diversity and its associated sociophonetic variability motivates an examination of how listeners perceptually represent these diverse voices. Utterances from 30 transgender (1 agender individual, 15 non-binary individuals, 7 transgender men, and 7 transgender women) and 30 cisgender (15 men and 15 women) speakers were used in an auditory free classification paradigm, in which cisgender listeners classified the speakers on perceived general similarity and gender identity. Multidimensional scaling of listeners' classifications revealed two-dimensional solutions as the best fit for general similarity classifications. The first dimension was interpreted as masculinity/femininity, where listeners organized speakers from high to low fundamental frequency and first formant frequency. The second was interpreted as gender prototypicality, where listeners separated speakers with fundamental frequency and first formant frequency at upper and lower extreme values from more intermediate values. Listeners' classifications for gender identity collapsed into a one-dimensional space interpreted as masculinity/femininity. Results suggest that listeners engage in fine-grained analysis of speaker gender that cannot be adequately captured by a gender dichotomy. Further, varying terminology used in instructions may bias listeners' gender judgements.

How do personality traits modulate real-world gaze behavior? Generated gaze data shows situation-dependent modulations.

It has both scientific and practical benefits to substantiate the theoretical prediction that personality (Big Five) traits systematically modulate gaze behavior in various real-world (working) situations. Nevertheless, previous methods that required controlled situations and large numbers of participants failed to incorporate real-world personality modulation analysis. One cause of this research gap is the mixed effects of individual attributes (e.g., the accumulated attributes of age, gender, and degree of measurement noise) and personality traits in gaze data. Previous studies may have used larger sample sizes to average out the possible concentration of specific individual attributes in some personality traits, and may have imposed control situations to prevent unexpected interactions between these possibly biased individual attributes and complex, realistic situations. Therefore, we generated and analyzed real-world gaze behavior where the effects of personality traits are separated out from individual attributes. In Experiment 1, we successfully provided a methodology for generating such sensor data on head and eye movements for a small sample of participants who performed realistic nonsocial (data-entry) and social (conversation) work tasks (i.e., the first contribution). In Experiment 2, we evaluated the effectiveness of generated gaze behavior for real-world personality modulation analysis. We successfully showed how openness systematically modulates the autocorrelation coefficients of sensor data, reflecting the period of head and eye movements in data-entry and conversation tasks (i.e., the second contribution). We found different openness modulations in the autocorrelation coefficients from the generated sensor data of the two tasks. These modulations could not be detected using real sensor data because of the contamination of individual attributes. In conclusion, our method is a potentially powerful tool for understanding theoretically expected, systematic situation-specific personality modulation of real-world gaze behavior.

Exploring feminist translation in Liu Cixin’s The Three-Body Trilogy

ABSTRACT According to the interventionist feminist translation theory, sexist ideas found in source texts should be questioned and corrected. In some materials, signs of sexism are embodied in some unnecessary and inappropriate emphases regarding women’s gender attributes, which are almost related to certain stereotypical images. The present paper aims to explore how these problematic emphases could be treated in a feminist translation praxis applying a contrastive study of the original texts and some solutions provided by translators. To this end, the current work is designed to focus on the study of six specific cases that have been collected from Liu Cixin’s The Three-Body Trilogy, a well-known Chinese science fiction novel that has sparked widespread controversy in terms of sexism. In each case, after studying the questionable original Chinese fragment, I will analyze its translations into English and Spanish to assess whether the sexism found in the source text can be attenuated or avoided after the translation process. This study will shed some light on how translators could deal with sexist emphases from a feminist approach.

From fields to factory – women and plantation-wood processing in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic

ABSTRACT Industrial timber plantations and their processing have been promoted by the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) government to generate rural employment and reduce economic reliance on the agriculture sector. Using a comparative case-study approach at two wood-processing factories, this paper seeks to understand the existing roles of women in wood processing and how they compare with men in terms of employment, compensation and developmental opportunities, as well as the broader socio-economic factors that enable their employment. Findings show that women were well-represented in the workforce in both cases because management valued purported gendered attributes such as patience [ot-thon] and attention to detail [la-iat]. Demand for employment by rural women of all ages reflects the broader forces of agrarian transition in Lao PDR, including the desire for regular off-farm income to meet the expectations of a contemporary lifestyle. Gender balance in the factory workplace was found to be enhanced by mechanisation, which increased the roles under which women may be employed, and by access to certified markets by companies, which required adherence to international labour standards, including conditions such as maternity leave and carer’s leave. The prominent role of women in wood processing in Lao PDR contrasts with that in Australia because extended families can provide unpaid childcare and other domestic support to working families that ameliorates inflexible work practices, which exist in both countries.

Stunting Disease Classification Using Multi-Layer Perceptron Algorithm with GridSearchCV

Stunting is a growth and development disorder caused by malnutrition characterized by a child's height less than the standard deviation set by WHO. In 2022, stunting cases in Indonesia are considered a high prevalence rate, reaching 21.6%. There are several factors that can cause stunting in children, namely maternal and antenatal care factors, home environment factors, breastfeeding practices, and feeding factors during toddlerhood. There are several impacts that occur when children are stunted, namely increased risk of child mortality, susceptibility to illness, impaired brain development, physical disorders and metabolic disorders. Currently, deep learning has been widely used for disease classification and prediction, one of the deep learning methods is Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). The purpose of this research is to classify stunting disease using a deep learning method, namely MLP. The dataset used consists of 8 attributes, namely gender, age, birth weight, birth length, body weight, body length, breastfeeding and stunting with a total of 10,000 records. The encoding process is carried out to convert categorical data into numeric attributes of gender, breastfeeding, and stunting. This research produces a higher accuracy value than previous research which used the C4.5 algorithm with an accuracy of 61.82%, whereas in this study using MLP which was integrated with the GridSearchCV hyperparameter it obtained an accuracy of 82.37%. This proves that the MLP method is successful in classifying stunting compared to previous research algorithms.

Gender Attributions by Cisgender and Gender Diverse Listeners Rating Vowels, Reading, and Monologues

To determine if listeners' attributions of speakers' gender vary by linguistic context and/or the listeners' gender identity. Seventeen self-identified transgender adults assigned male at birth were audio-recorded prolonging /a/, reading sentences, and saying spontaneous monologues. Eighteen adults (10 cisgender and 8 gender-diverse individuals) listened and used a 1-5 scale (1: very masculine, 2: somewhat masculine, 3: androgynous, 4: somewhat feminine, and 5: very feminine) to rate the gender attribution of each speech sample. The intra-rater reliability was moderate to excellent (0.62-1.00). Ratings by cisgender and gender-diverse listeners were not significantly different. Ratings were not significantly different between different speech contexts of vowel, reading, and spontaneous monologue speech samples. Transwomen have many variables available to consider and use in their communication. The linguistic context (eg, reading a speech versus spontaneous monologue) or listener's gender does not appear to be highly influential factors in how listeners attribute gender.

Do Robots Have Sex? A Prolegomenon

Research in Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) suggests that people attribute gender to (some) robots. In this paper we outline a program of research on the gendering of robots and on the ethical issues raised by such gendering. Understanding which robots are gendered, when, and why, will require careful research in HRI, drawing on anthropology and social psychology, informed by state-of-the-art research in gender studies and critical theory. Design features of robots that might influence the attribution of gender include: appearance; tone of voice; speech repertoire; range and style of movement; behaviour; and, intended function. Robots may be gendered differently depending on: the age, class, sex, ethnicity, and sexuality of the person doing the attributing; local cultural histories; social cues from the designers, the physical and institutional environment, and other users; and the role of the robot. An adequate account of the gender of robots will also need to pay attention to the limits of a sex/gender distinction, which has historically been maintained by reference to a “sex” located in a biological body, when it comes to theorising the gender of robots. We argue that, on some accounts of what it is to be sexed, robots might “have” sex: they might be male and female in just the same way as (most) human beings are. Addressing the ethical issues raised by the gendering of robots will require further progress in “robot media ethics”, as well as an account of the responsibilities of both designers and users in a broader social context.

A Survey on Age and Gender Detection Using Deep Learning

Abstract: The age and gender information are very important for various real world applications such as social understanding, biometrics, identity verification, crowd behavior analysis etc. There are numerous works proposed for age and gender prediction in the past several years. The age and gender detector project aims to develop an advanced AI system capable of accurately determining the age and genders of individuals from images. As we can see, the model outputs are mostly special parts as well as wrinkles, which are important for age and gender prediction. This project utilizes deep learning techniques to analyze special features and patterns, enabling real time identification and classification of age and gender attributes.

Klasifikasi Status Stunting Balita Menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes Gaussian Berbasis Web

The growth and development of toddlers must get attention from parents because toddlerhood is a golden period in shaping the growth and development and intelligence of children. Stunting is a state of malnutrition in which stunted growth and development of children and this is included in chronic nutritional problems, the incidence of stunting can be seen from height that is not in accordance with age. In preventing toddlers from stunting, it is necessary to anticipate early prevention by conducting examinations at the nearest posyandu which is measured using anthropometric methods. The calculation of stunting or normal status based on anthropometric data is generally processed manually so that there is a high possibility of errors in calculating and entering data. Data mining can make classifications or predictions on the stunting status of toddlers by studying previous data patterns. Naïve bayes is one classification method that has the advantage of high accuracy with little training data as for the attributes used in this study, namely age, gender, Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD), weight, height. Based on the test results, the best average accuracy was obtained on numerical data types for age, weight, height and nominal gender attributes, Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) with the highest accuracy in the 80:20 data comparison, which is 80.34% with a total of 1172 data.

Would justice be better served in the United States if more Supreme Court judges were women?

Judges are people who are officially appointed to preside over a court or conduct hearings and decide disputes and enforce the law. With the development of time and social progress, more and more women are getting rid of the drudgery of household chores. They began to receive education and work. In the legal profession, judges also began to appear as women. However, the emergence of women was accompanied by prejudice. This article will start with the social prejudice against women, and meanwhile, give a brief description of such difficulties faced by women. However, women do play important roles in some specific events, based on their gender attributes. In the legal profession, some female judges have made influenced social progress. But from an objective view, there is no evidence to suggest which gender would better contribute to the achievement of justice. Finally, it will propose the main points of the paper: there’s no necessary connection between legal decisions and the gender of the judge.

The Acoustic and Perceptual Correlates of Gender in Children's Voices.

This study investigates the perceptual and acoustic correlates of gender in prepubertal voices. The study is part of a longitudinal project analyzing recordings of circa 60 German primary school children from the first to fourth grades (6- to 10-year-olds). Spontaneous and content-controlled audio recordings were made of 62 first-grade children (29 girls, 33 boys; age: 6- to 7-year-olds) from two German primary schools. Information on gender conformity was also recorded. A total of 167 listeners judged the gender of the voices on a 7-point scale. The results of the listening experiments and gender conformity ratings were related to a range of typical acoustic parameters. Measures of self-reported gender conformity differ significantly between the boys and the girls. Sixteen of the 62 children show unambiguous gender attributions in the listening experiment. A hierarchical cluster analysis including gender perception, gender conformity, and acoustic parameters shows four different types of speakers. Two multiple regression models revealed a significant main effect of fundamental frequency on the gender perception ratings of the listening experiment across and within gender. Significant correlations were found between the center of gravity and skewness of the sibilants and gender conformity, especially for the male speakers. Fundamental frequency plays an important role in influencing perceptual judgments, whereas sibilant spectra are correlated with gender conformity. In further listening experiments, we will examine in more detail the role of individual acoustic parameters and analyze how the vocal expression of gender and gender conformity in individual children develops before reaching puberty.