Gear Chain Research Articles

Review On Evolution and Development of Electric Road Roller

The evolution and development of electric road rollers mark a significant advancement in the construction machinery industry, driven by the imperative of sustainable infrastructure development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical progression, technological innovations, and current trends shaping electric road rollers. Beginning with the early developments of steam-powered and diesel-driven road rollers, the transition towards electric propulsion systems is traced, highlighting the environmental benefits and operational efficiencies offered by electric models. An electric-applied road roller vehicle represents a sustainable and innovative solution for the construction industry. This eco-friendly equipment utilizes electric power to propel the roller, reducing carbon emissions and noise pollution compared to traditional fossil fuel-powered counterparts. The vehicle's design incorporates advanced technology, such as gear chain mechanism to maximize energy efficiency and extend battery life. With its quiet operation and reduced environmental impact, the electric road roller vehicle demonstrates a promising step towards greener construction practices, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future. Top of Form Keywords— Electric Road Roller, Battery, High torque dc motor, propulsion system, gear assembly, etc.

Kinematic Processes in Gear Chain Hinges

Kinematic Processes in Gear Chain Hinges

Graph-analytical study of kinematic processes in gear chain hinges

The results of a graphoanalytical study of the processes of interaction of the sprocket with the links of the drive gear chain are presented. It is established that in gear chains with rolling joints, an increase in the contact step of the chain occurs in the process of engagement of the chain with the sprocket. The process of changing the contact step is carried out by turning the sprocket by two angular steps. The phenomenon of changing the contact step increases the unevenness of the chain movement and is undesirable. Recommendations are given for reducing dynamic loads in a drive with toothed chains. Keywords: drive gear chain, sprocket, contact step, hinges, plates. vms72@mail.ru, s.skri pkin.1936@mail.ru

Use of graphic-analytical analysis of geometric parameters of rolling joints to improve the performance of drive gear chains

The methodic of graphical-analytical study of the influence of the geometric parameters of the parts of the rolling joints of the drive gear chain on its performance and recommendations for improving the design of the links of the drive gear chains are presented. It is established that the distance between the centers of the holes in the plates of the toothed chain with a pitch of 19.05 mm should be less than the pitch of the chain. It is proven that the kinematic accuracy of the drive gear chain with rolling joints can be estimated by the gap between the prisms in the unloaded state of the chain. To reduce the gap when designing a chain, one can use an oblique chord in the plate hole, reduce the thickness of the prism, and also use prisms with the smallest possible radius of curvature of the contact surface. This methodic can also be used when designing the rolling joints of drive chains with a different pitch. Keywords: design, rolling joints, drive gear chain, prisms, plates. vms72@mail.ru, s.skripkin.1936@mail.ru

Comparative evaluation of 4-cylinder CI engine camshaft based on FEA using different composition of metal matrix composite

The Camshaft is a vital part of the Internal Combustion engine of automobiles. It functions as a timing mechanism that controls the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust valves, as well as the valve overlap that occurs at the TDC of the exhaust stroke. The camshaft is made up of several journals that run on bearings within an engine. The camshaft is bound to rotate with the crankshaft by either a set timing gear, timing belt, or timing chain. As the camshaft drive fails, the valves and piston crowns come into contact, causing extensive internal damage. For high-speed diesel engines (Compression Ignition), power impulses have a greater value than spark-ignition engines in multi-cylinder configurations. In this study, a comparative analysis of an existing automobile camshaft of four-stroke, a four-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine made of Cast Iron was carried out with different compositions of metal matrix composites. For this condition, the outcomes were taken as Von-Mises stresses and displacement values for the static state of the camshaft. The modal analysis (Free vibration) was performed using ANSYS after the static analysis results were obtained. Finally, comparing all the results obtained for different materials, the AlSiC 20% metal matrix composite has been recommended as the most suitable material for the production of camshafts which can replace cast iron because of its similar behavior as to cast iron. This will aid in the development of more precise camshafts, which will be useful for larger displacement engines.

Power analysis of chain transmission with gear chain and involute sprockets

Introduction. The power analysis of a chain transmission with a toothed chain and involute sprockets considers the centrifugal forces and the friction coefficients between the plate and the sprocket tooth. The work objectives are to determine all meshing forces, and to calculate the coupling coefficient of the gear chain with the involute sprocket in the drive gears. Materials and Methods. When evaluating the traction capacity of a chain transmission, such parameters as the power analysis and the coupling coefficient of the gear chain with the sprocket are important (it shows what fold the pressure on a given tooth is greater than the pressure perceived by the tooth in front). In the presented paper, the following diagrams are visualized: the arrangement of the plates in gearing with the involute sprocket teeth and the meshing forces. The factors that affect the involute profile of the sprocket tooth are considered. This includes the weight of the chain plate package and the force: centrifugal, friction, normal pressure and tension. At the same time, changes in the coupling coefficient for the subsequent teeth involved in traction are taken into account. The balance of the links i and i + 1 of the gear chain is studied in the coordinate system XOY with the center on the axis of rotation of the involute sprocket. The method enables to determine all the desired forces through the geometric calculation of the values of the angular transmission parameters. Using the equations obtained, the following parameters are specified: the coupling coefficient Bi, the tension of the driving branch S1 and the slack branch S2. Results. A patented transmission stand with a gear chain and involute sprockets is presented. The tests carried out on it validated the study results of a chain transmission with a toothed gear and involute sprockets with the specified parameters. The correctness of the power analysis of the transmission with account for the centrifugal forces and the friction coefficients of the plates and the sprocket teeth was proved. Discussion and Conclusions. It is noted that the centrifugal forces and the friction coefficients during engagement affect significantly the traction capacity of a transmission with a toothed chain and involute sprockets. The data obtained can be used to accurately estimate the traction capacity of such gears.

Robotic hand design with linear actuators based on Toronto development

In this work, the design of a robotic hand with 7 degrees of freedom is presented that allows greater flexibility, achieving the usual actions performed by a normal hand. The work consists of a prototype designed with linear actuators and myoelectric sensor, following the mechanism of the University of Toronto for the management of functional phalanges. The design, construction description, components and recommendations for the elaboration of a flexible and useful robotic hand for amputee patients with a residual limb for the socket are presented.
 Keywords: Robotic hand, Degree of freedom, Toronto´s Mechanism, lineal actuator.
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 [4]Y. Mishima, R. Ozawa, Design of a robotic finger using series gear chain mechanisms. 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2014, doi:10.1109/iros.2014.6942961.
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Experimental Study of Regenerative Rotational Damper in Low Frequencies

This study focuses on energy harvesting from vehicle suspension by employing a regenerative rotational shock absorber. Designing, manufacturing and testing of a prototype device is done step by step to provide a useful manual for researchers. The prototype damper was especially designed for low frequency applications. A rack-pinion mechanism was proposed to transform linear motion to rotational one. Unidirectional motion was realized by using a new combination of bearings and gear chain mechanism. This mechanical rectifier was coupled to light weight gear box with high reduction factor. Experimental studies were conducted in laboratory by utilizing a damper testing device. Excitation vibration motion on prototype was in constant amplitude (25 mm) and at variable low frequencies (0.16, 0.32 and 0.48 Hz). Additionally, different resistances were tested as an external load for electric generator (0.66 ∼ 10.4 Ω). Generated voltage and power in different case studies were presented. The maximum power was found to be 35 W and the maximum performance achieved was 34.36%. The range of calculated damping coefficient is in between 4800 Ns/m and 16000 Ns/m that is convenient for passenger and commercial vehicles.

基于空间定轴齿轮结构与链传动的健身娱乐康复器械机构设计

基于空间定轴齿轮结构与链传动的健身娱乐康复器械机构设计

Unsupervised Fault Diagnosis of a Gear Transmission Chain Using a Deep Belief Network.

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, which can effectively analyze massive amounts of fault data and automatically provide accurate diagnosis results, have been widely applied to fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Conventional AI methods are applied using features selected by a human operator, which are manually extracted based on diagnostic techniques and field expertise. However, developing robust features for each diagnostic purpose is often labour-intensive and time-consuming, and the features extracted for one specific task may be unsuitable for others. In this paper, a novel AI method based on a deep belief network (DBN) is proposed for the unsupervised fault diagnosis of a gear transmission chain, and the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the structural parameters of the network. Compared to the conventional AI methods, the proposed method can adaptively exploit robust features related to the faults by unsupervised feature learning, thus requires less prior knowledge about signal processing techniques and diagnostic expertise. Besides, it is more powerful at modelling complex structured data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated using datasets from rolling bearings and gearbox. To show the superiority of the proposed method, its performance is compared with two well-known classifiers, i.e., back propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVM). The fault classification accuracies are 99.26% for rolling bearings and 100% for gearbox when using the proposed method, which are much higher than that of the other two methods.

Framework of mechanical symmetry breaking theory and its application to innovative design

Symmetry breaking phenomena exist in many mechanical products. Based on an analysis of the variation in physical features in several design examples, mechanical symmetry breaking concept systems that consist of general requirements, working principles, and cross-scale mechanical structures are established from the macro to micro levels and in both machine assembly and the design of parts. The connection between symmetry breaking and product requirements is systematically studied. Eight design principles using symmetry breaking to achieve mechanical functions, performance, and constraints are proposed. The method and process of applying symmetry breaking in mechanical concept design are described. These principles, method, and process are then used in the concept design of a gear chain. With symmetry breaking characters, the transmission stability of the newly innovated gear chain is greatly improved, compared with traditional ones.

Time domain series system definition and gear set reliability modeling

Time-dependent multi-configuration is a typical feature for mechanical systems such as gear trains and chain drives. As a series system, a gear train is distinct from a traditional series system, such as a chain, in load transmission path, system-component relationship, system functioning manner, as well as time-dependent system configuration. Firstly, the present paper defines time-domain series system to which the traditional series system reliability model is not adequate. Then, system specific reliability modeling technique is proposed for gear sets, including component (tooth) and subsystem (tooth-pair) load history description, material priori/posterior strength expression, time-dependent and system specific load-strength interference analysis, as well as statistically dependent failure events treatment. Consequently, several system reliability models are developed for gear sets with different tooth numbers in the scenario of tooth root material ultimate tensile strength failure. The application of the models is discussed in the last part, and the differences between the system specific reliability model and the traditional series system reliability model are illustrated by virtue of several numerical examples.

Failure Investigation of a Cage Suspension Gear Chain used in Coal Mines

This investigation is primarily aimed to examine the probable causes of in-service failure of cage suspension gear chain used in coal mines. Preliminary visual examination, dimensional measurement, chemical analysis, magnetic particle inspection and estimation of mechanical properties are necessary supplement to this investigation. Optical microscopic analysis along with scanning electron microscopy examinations are carried out to understand the metallurgical reasons for failure. The visual examination and magnetic particle investigations reveal presence of fissure cracks at weld joint for both un-failed and failed end link chain. The average hardness value has been found to increase gradually with the distance from the weld interface. The macro and microstructural examinations of the samples prepared from both failed and un-failed specimens depict presence of continuous as well as aligned linear inclusions randomly distributed along with decarburized layer at weld interface/fusion zone. Fractographic examination shows flat fracture covering major portion of cross-section, which is surrounded by a narrow annular metallic fracture surface having a texture different from that of the remaining surface. Fracture mechanics principles have been used to study the fatigue crack growth rate in both weld region and base region of the un-failed gear chain material. Detailed stress analyses are also carried out to evaluate the stress generated along the chain periphery. Finally, it is concluded that presence of serious weld defect due to use of improper welding parameters/procedure caused failure of the end links of the investigated chain link.

DETERMINING LOCATION RADII OF GEAR CHAIN PIVOT LOCUS ON INVOLUTE SPROCKET WRAPS

The methods of calculating the location radii of the gear chain pivot locus on the wraps of involute sprockets are suggested. The methods involve a step - by - step “placing” of the chain loops on the sprocket. To determine the chain joints location, surface equidistance of the operating and back tooth profiles which represent the c hain pivot locus upon their contact with the sprocket tooth profiles is used. The location radii of the pivot locus o n the involute sprocket wrap can be defined through the predete r mined position of the first joint, the known length values of the gear chain contact link pitches, and the slack side pretension. The study results allow presenting t he methods of calculating t he gear chain pivot l o cus on the wraps of involute sprockets and the mathematical model algorithm of the chain gearing with involute sprockets. The methods can be used to determine setting of the chain belt with toothed chain providing the minimal we ar - out of the gearing elements.

Chain gear design using artificial neural networks

AbstractIn this study, the analytical calculation and analysis for the data corresponding to these gears have been made to obtain alternative test and training data sets to be used at the artificial neural networks(ANNs) with the constraints and requirements for the design of chain gears of power and motion transmission mechanisms are determined. In the input layer, the constraints and requirement values(input power, number of revolution of the pinion, number of revolution of the gear and center distance) of chain gears are used while at the output layer chain code(i.e., the chain gear type and chain sequence number), specifying the functional and physical properties, is used. Then the network is tested with the test data. The analytical calculation results and ANN predictions are compared by using statistical error analyzing methods such as absolute fraction of variance(R2), root mean square error(RMSE), and mean error percentage(MEP) for the training and test data. The chain code has been determined by the ANN with an acceptable accuracy. It is concluded that ANNs can be used as an alternative method in chain gear design. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 38–44, 2012

EHL-Squeeze in High Loaded Contacts: The Case of Chain CVT Transmissions

We analyze the lubrication conditions at the pin-pulley interface in a Gear Chain Industrial chain CVT. In particular, we focus on the squeeze of oil which occurs as soon as the pin enters the pulley groove. The duration time to complete the squeeze process compared with the running time the pin takes to cover the entire arc of contact is fundamental to determine what actually is the lubrication regime at the interface. Taking into account that for normal CVT operations the time the pin spends in contact with the pulley groove is of about 0.01 s (traveling time), we show that rms surface roughness less than 0.1 μm and squeezing load of about 1kN acting on the pin, corresponding to values adopted in such systems, guarantee a fully lubricated EHL regime at the interface. We also show that during low-velocity CVT operations, the lubrication regime at the interface is determined by a succession of hydrodynamic and mixed lubrication stages in an order strictly related to the squeezing load history. © 2010 Journal of Mechanical Engineering.

A Gear Chain Fault Detection Method Using an Adaptive Interference Canceling

A fault diagnosis method based on wavelet and adaptive interference canceling is presented for the identification of a damaged gear tooth. A damaged tooth of a certain gear chain generates impulsive signals that could be informative to fault detections. Many publications are available not only for the impulsive vibration signal analysis but the application of signal processing techniques to the impulsive signal detections. However, most of the studies about the gear fault detection using the impulsive vibration signals of a driving gear chain are limited to the verification of damage existence on a gear pair. Requirements for more advanced method locating damaged tooth in a driving gear chain should be a motivation of further studies. In this work an adaptive interference canceling combined with wavelet method is used for a successful identification of the damaged tooth location. An application of the wavelet technique provides a superior resolution for the damage detection to the traditional frequency spectrum based methods. An analysis and experiment with three pair gear chain show the feasibility of this study yielding a precise location of the damaged gear tooth.

Kinematic and dynamic analyses of a micro parallel-link mechanism

The design of a planar micro parallel-link mechanism that allows for two translation motions and one rotation motion was discussed. The micro parallel-link mechanism uses comb-drive actuators with gear chain systems coupled to a rack-and-pinion to provide fine increments of linear motion. The micro parallel-link mechanism was designed to be fabricated using surface micromachining technology. The kinematic design and dynamic analyses of the parallel-link mechanism were discussed. A user interface for the position control of the micro actuator/mechanism was developed. Simulations were conducted to analyze the dynamic performance of the designed micro mechanism. The results show that the micro mechanism is capable of precision position control with multiple degrees of freedom.

Multiaxial fatigue life predictions under the influence of mean stresses: Fatemi, A. and Kurath, P.J. Eng. Mater. Technol. (Trans. ASME) Oct. 1988, 110, (4), 380–388

Time-dependent multi-configuration is a typical feature for mechanical systems such as gear trains and chain drives. As a series system, a gear train is distinct from a traditional series system, such as a chain, in load transmission path, system-component relationship, system functioning manner, as well as time-dependent system configuration. Firstly, the present paper defines time-domain series system to which the traditional series system reliability model is not adequate. Then, system specific reliability modeling technique is proposed for gear sets, including component (tooth) and subsystem (tooth-pair) load history description, material priori/posterior strength expression, time-dependent and system specific load-strength interference analysis, as well as statistically dependent failure events treatment. Consequently, several system reliability models are developed for gear sets with different tooth numbers in the scenario of tooth root material ultimate tensile strength failure. The application of the models is discussed in the last part, and the differences between the system specific reliability model and the traditional series system reliability model are illustrated by virtue of several numerical examples.

Paper 15: Efferent and Afferent Control of an Electromyographic, Proportional-Rate, Force Sensing Artificial Elbow with Cutaneous Display of Joint Angle

The ideal replacement for an amputated human limb would achieve a symbiosis with the intact human system. It should not only appear anthropomorphic; it should perform as if it were a natural extension of the human central nervous system. A prosthetic elbow for above-elbow amputees has aimed at this objective and has undergone considerable engineering refinement in parallel with simulation and evaluation studies with amputees. Efferent control is achieved by surface detection of electrical potentials generated by neuromuscular activity in the otherwise non-functional muscles in the amputees stump. Electrical intensity, related to conscious effort on the part of the amputee, controls in a proportional fashion the battery power delivered to the electric motor–gear–chain–ballscrew–linkage which rotates the elbow. Afferent reflexive feedback to the human nervous system of force-sensing information is achieved by means of a strain gauge element whose electrical output opposes the EMG signal in the limb control system. Thus a sudden increase of terminal load must be compensated for by an increase in human-generated EMG or the elbow joint will relax. Volitionally, the support or movement of greater terminal loads requires greater conscious effort. Afferent nervous system information on elbow angle will be provided by a novel vibratory display on the skin of the amputee's stump to supplement the usual visual cues. Research on this cutaneous presentation of kinaestheses indicates information transmission approaching that provided by the normal intact physiological system.