GDP Per Research Articles

The Differential Effects of Population Aging on Provincial GDP Per Capita and the Role of Productivity Growth as a Possible Offset

A shift in population distribution toward older ages is underway in industrialised countries throughout the world and will continue well into the future. We provide a framework for isolating the pure effects of population aging on per capita GDP, employ the framework in calculations for the ten provinces of Canada, and derive the rates of productivity growth required to offset those effects. For comparison, as possible alternative offsets, we consider also some changes relating to the supply of labour.

What Economic and Social Factors Affect GDP Per Capita? A Study on 40 Countries

This paper explores the social and economic factors that affect GDP per capita as a gauge of economic development for a sample of forty countries. The whole sample is subjected to regression analysis as GDP per capita being the dependent variable and the rest of the factors being the independent variables. Regression analysis showed that of the eleven independent variables, population, GDP, transparency score and compulsory education are the four factors that affect GDP per capita the most.

Interaction Effects of Region-Level GDP Per Capita and Age on Labour Market Transition Rates in Italy

The aim of this paper is to measure the effect of the interaction between age for the population of males and females aged 18 to 74 and region-level GDP per capita on labour market transition probabilities in Italy. We compare different occupational states in a sample of males and females who remained in their region of residence at two points in time (twelve months apart). We estimate the transition probabilities using a flexible hierarchical logit model with interaction effects between worker age and region-level GDP per capita. We apply this model using longitudinal data from the Italian Labour Force Survey that cover the 2004-2013 period. We find empirical support for the assumption that people in the same age cohort have different labour market opportunities based on the level of GDP per capita in their region of residence. These differences are particularly relevant among younger workers.

Possible Paths for GDP Per Capita – Simulation with a Demographic Growth Model

To begin our paper, we point out the importance of demographic growth models by highlighting the conceptual framework of overlapping generations. We define the formulas in our own model based on Lee – Mason (2010), modifying the original framework in several respects. We present the exogenous fertility and survival rates in different demographic scenarios, and then we derive the simulation paths for GDP per capita from these. A word of caution regarding our results: the simple structure of our model disregards several factors potentially influencing growth. When concentrating solely on the impact of changes in fertility and mortality rates, our simulation results suggest that a drop in the total fertility rate, even to slightly below the replacement level, and even in the context of a relatively high survival rate, may increase GDP per capita. However, in the case of an extremely low total fertility rate and a high survival rate, an economic downturn can be expected.

Cost Utility Analysis of Sacral Neuro-Modulation vs Botox A in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder in Colombia

1.1.Objectives: Cost Utility Analysis of Sacral Neuromodulation (SNM) vs. botulin toxin type A (BoNT-A) in Overactive Bladder (OAB) treatment in Colombia. 1.2.Methods: Through a HTA Consulting Discrete Event Simulation (DES) economic model adaptation, a cost-utility analysis of SNM vs. BoNT-A 100UI in the treatment of OAB in Colombia was done. The effectiveness data for SNM and BoNT-A, defined as more than 50% improvement in urinary parameters, was based on studies identified in systematic review Jaros 2013 conducted in Polish settings. Based in systematic search for quality of life (QoL) data, one health state for treatment success and one for treatment failure were defined. Costs data was obtained from Colombian Public Manual and urologist KOL which also adjusted the frequency of resources use. With 10 years horizon and a 3% discount rate deterministic and probabilistic sensitive analyses were done. 1.3.Results: SNM obtained 5.67 QALYs vs. 5.38 with BoNT-A with 0.28 incremental QALYs, with US$27,828 vs. US$28,906 total costs respectively. SNM was more effective and less costly, therefore been cost-saving. In the Probabilistic Sensitivity analysis 49.1% of the simulations fall in the NE quadrant, more effective and more costly, and 50.9% in the SE quadrant, more effective and less costly than BoNT-A, and 100% fall under the threshold of 3 Colombian GDP Per Capita. 1.4.Conclusion: SNM has higher effectiveness than BoNT-A in terms of QoL at a lower cost and compared to BoNT-A is cost-saving therapy for the treatment of OAB in Colombia. All the probabilistic results were cost-effective for Colombian Threshold.

Growth in International Commodity Prices, the Terms of Trade, and GDP Per Capita: A Case Study of Vietnam

The Vietnamese economy is characterized by a high degree of international trade openness and a relatively low GDP share of net-exports. This paper examines the effect of growth in the terms of trade, and more specifically, in international commodity prices, on Vietnam's GDP per capita growth. The paper finds that, during 2000-2014, growth in the terms of trade contributed positively to Vietnam’s GDP per capita growth but the effect is not large: less than one-tenth of Vietnam’s GDP per capita growth was due to growth in its terms of trade. The paper argues that the relatively small effect of growth in the terms of trade on GDP per capita growth is due to a low GDP share of net-exports. Econometric model estimates show that transitional convergence accounted for about half of Vietnam's GDP per capita growth during 2000-2014.

Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment: Is ASEAN a New Destination?

The paper re-investigates the determinants of China’s outward foreign direct investment (ODI) employing panel data analysis collecting between 2003 and 2014. The results highlight that the market-seeking variables as GDP, GDP Per Capita, and openness to trade have a positive impact on China’s ODI. In addition, Chinese investors are likely to be not associated with economic growth of host countries. Importantly, the previous studies confirmed that only the rich natural resources and the weak institutions countries attracted China’s ODI. However, we found out that, in recent years, not only weak institutions but also good institutions with rich natural resources countries attracted China’s ODI. Moreover, China – ASEAN FTA and cultural proximity between the host country and China both have a significant positive effect of China’s ODI.

DETERMINASI PERMINTAAN PEMBIAYAAN KONSUMSI BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

The study aims to determine of factors affecting the demand of consumption financing the Islamic bank in Indonesia the period of 2010-2014. The variables used include demand of consumption financing, GDP per capita, inflation, and margin. The method used in this study is the regression method panel. Results of the study showed margin have positively to demand of consumption financing and inflation have negatively to demand of consumption financing. If seen from the results the demand of consumption financing model for GDP Per capita have the positively significant results of Islamic bank in Indonesia period 2010-2014.

Empirical relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Variables of Pakistan

Empirical relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Variables of Pakistan

THE CONTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM NEPAL

This paper investigates the long run relationship between education and economic growth in Nepal between 1995 and 2013 through application of Johansen Cointegration technique and OLS. The results from OLS show that secondary and higher education contributes significantly to the Real GDP Per Capita in Nepal. The elementary education also positively influences economic growth but the results are statistically less significant. The cointegration test results confirmed the existence of long run relationship in education (a well-educated human capital) and Real GDP Per Capita. It is therefore, suggested to keep education on top priority in public policies, make serious efforts for Universalization of Primary Education and discourage the drop-out rate at all levels of education to achieve sustained economic growth.

PPP GDP Per Capita for Countries of the World: A Comparison of the New ICP Results with World Bank Data

Benchmark estimates of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita for the year 2011 recently released by the International Comparison Program (ICP) are compared with the corresponding estimates generated by the World Bank from the ICP benchmark years and countries. Large differences are noted between the two sets for many countries. Of the 163 countries for which numbers from both sources are available, the difference is at least $2000 or 25 % in 73 or about 45 % of the cases, and the differences are huge for a sizable proportion of the countries. The numerous users of World Bank data are urged to exercise caution in drawing strong conclusions in cross-country studies in which PPP GDP per capita is often a core variable. As an additional point, while the ICP 2005 was observed to have revealed the world to be more unequal than previously thought, the current ICP might be stated as doing the opposite.

The Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and GDP Per Capita in Rwanda

Foreign direct investments have been identified as an important source of financing for developing countries. In this regard, Rwanda has actively attracted FDI by creating and sustaining a high conducive investment climate through important reforms which make it easier for businesses to get started, get loans, pay taxes, etc. The package for investment promotion includes among others: regulatory framework, registration facilities and requirements, change of registered businesses, closing businesses, disclosure requirements, and other facilities such as working permit, government’s protection of investments, settlement of disputes, transfer of funds, special economic zone facilitations, public private partnership, etc. This paper investigated the relationship between the attracted FDI and the GDP per capita in Rwanda. The findings revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between the FDI inflows and the GDP per capita for the studied period which covers 2008 to 2012, thus a positive effect on the economic growth.

Inter-Regional Differences in GDP Per Capita in Germany

It will be shown that in Germany GDP growth is neutral regarding inter-regional differences in GDP per capita. However, economic crisis does worsen inter-regional differences in GDP per capita. In other words, some regions are more vulnerable to economic crisis than others. Data cover all regions of Germany as classified by OECD for the period 1995-2011. The elaboration of data and the panel data analysis is made feasible through the Eviews software.

GDP Per Capita, Economic Freedom Index, Political Culture and Freedom of the Press Index as Determinants of Corruption Perception Index: A Global Study

Transparency International publishes annually the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) by ranking countries on their perceived levels of corruption as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys. Corruption is the misuse of public power for private benefit. The study aimed to find the determinants of CPI. The descriptive inferential design was used involving 146 countries with complete data sets through data mining methodology. The Cluster Analysis, Pearson r, multiple linear regression analysis, stepwise regression model were used. The results showed that Gross Domestic Product per Capita, Economic Freedom Index, Political Culture, and Freedom of the Press Index emerged as the determinants of Corruption Perception Index. The study concludes that the four determinants explain 87 percent of the variation for CPI. Least Developed Countries and Developing Countries had the greatest vulnerability to corruption. In contrast, Developed Countries had lower corruption.

Comparison of GDP Per Capita Data in Penn World Table and World Development Indicators

This paper compares data on GDP per capita, which is used in almost every cross-country study, from two different sources which are used by numerous researchers and other users throughout the world. The methodology consists of taking GDP per capita in international dollars for the ICP benchmark year 2005 for each country from World Development Indicators 2012 CD-ROM (WDI) and Penn World Table 7.1 (PWT), which are the current (2012) versions of these well-known sources. A similar exercise is undertaken for World Development Indicators 2011 CD-ROM and Penn World Table 7.0, which are the last versions of the data. The WDI and PWT data are also compared with the benchmark estimates from the last International Comparison Program (ICP). Huge differences are found between the two sources for numerous countries in both the current and the last versions. The number of countries for which WDI and the ICP benchmark numbers show huge differences is small, but there are many countries for which PWT and the ICP benchmark numbers show large differences. The study seems important for judging how data on this crucial variable from two most widely used sources agree or differ. The reported huge differences suggest that the users may exercise caution in drawing strong conclusions from information derived from either source, and may consider doing some sensitivity checks based on data from the other source. A simple illustration is provided to indicate how use of data from each source might affect the results.

Identifying the Public Administration Reform Performance through the Lens of Provincial Competitiveness Index and GDP Per Capita in Vietnam

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis of whether the public administration reform (PAR) and provincial competitiveness could be causally linked to the GDP welfare per capita in Vietnam. By adopting the factor analysis and then the natural logarithm linear regression, the author found out that there were causality linkages between those above mentioned parameters. Namely, legal institutions were the main huddles for GDP per head, while public administration reform services and public services delivery exert positive impacts on GDP per capita. The dynamism of provincial leadership was also positively influential to the GDP outcome for Vietnamese citizens. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn for Vietnamese policy makers to modernize the public administration reform process.

The Positive Effects of Education, Research and Innovation on GDP Per Capita

The Positive Effects of Education, Research and Innovation on GDP Per Capita

The Comparative Level of GDP Per Capita in Canada and the United States: A Decomposition into Labour Productivity and Work Intensity Differences

Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Minister of Industry, 2006 All rights reserved. The content of this electronic publication may be reproduced, in whole or in part, and by any means, without further permission from Statistics Canada, subject to the following conditions: that it be done solely for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary, and/or for non-commercial purposes; and that Statistics Canada be fully acknowledged as follows: Source (or “Adapted from,” if appropriate): Statistics Canada, year of publication, name of product, catalogue number, volume and issue numbers, reference period and page(s). Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means—electronic, mechanical or photocopy—or for any purposes without prior written permission of Licensing Services, Client Services Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6. 2006 Catalogue no. 15-206-XIE, no. 00x Frequency: Occasional ISSN 1710-5269 ISBN Ottawa

Predicting Real GDP Per Capita in France, Germany, New Zealand, and the UK

The growth rate of real GDP per capita is modelled and predicted at various time horizons for France, Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The rate of growth is represented by a sum of two components – a monotonically decreasing trend and fluctuations related to the change in country-specific age population. The trend is an inverse function of real GDP per capita with constant numerator. Similar analysis was conducted for the USA and Japan.

Catching Up and Falling Behind: The Performance of Provincial GDP Per Capita from 1990 to 2003

This paper compares GDP per capita across Canadian provinces over the period from 1990 to 2003. It starts by examining relative GDP per capita measured in current dollars across provinces and over time. The second section breaks down growth in nominal dollar GDP into a price and a volume component asking whether growth over the period came from an increased volume of real output or increases in the prices received for the products being produced. Finally, the third section asks whether increases in the volume component (real GDP per capita) are related to changes in productivity or changes in labour market conditions.Among the provinces, the most striking performer was Alberta. Its GDP per capita increased rapidly over the period, leaving the other nine provinces well behind by 2003. Almost equally striking has been the increasingly similar levels of provincial per capita GDP when Alberta is excluded. The per capita GDP of most provinces moved closer to national levels over the period. This was especially true of Newfoundland and Labrador whose GDP per capita rose at a break-neck pace after 1997.