GC-MS Studies Research Articles

Methyl esters synthesis from Luffa cylindrica seeds oil using green copper oxide nanoparticle catalyst in membrane reactor

This study investigates the potential role of Juglans sp. root extract-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles of Luffa cylindrica seed oil (LCSO) into methyl esters. The synthesized green nanoparticle was characterized by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopies to find out the crystalline size (40 nm), surface morphology (rod shape), particle size (80–85 nm), and chemical composition (Cu = 80.25% & O = 19.75%), accordingly. The optimized protocol for the transesterification reaction was adjusted as oil to methanol molar ratio (1:7), copper oxide nano-catalyst concentration (0.2 wt %), and temperature (90 °C) corresponding to the maximum methyl esters yield of 95%. The synthesized methyl esters were characterized by GC-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR studies to know and identify the chemical composition of newly synthesized Lufa biodiesel. The fuel properties of Luffa cylindrica seed oil biofuel were checked and compared with the American Biodiesel standards (ASTM) (D6751-10). Finally, it is commendable to use biodiesel made from wild, uncultivated, and non-edible Lufa cylindrica to promote and adopt a cleaner and sustainable energy method. The acceptance and implementation of the green energy method may result in favourable environmental effects, which in turn may lead to better societal and economic development.

Interaction of methanol with a layered α-Sn(IV) phosphate on its surface: A solid-state NMR study

A layered crystalline phosphate, α-Sn(HPO4)2·H2O, treated with CD3OD was characterized by the 31P, 119Sn, 1H and 2H solid-state NMR techniques. The 2H solid-echo MAS NMR spectra of the product have unexpectedly revealed deuterated hydronium ions on the surface of this material instead of intercalated methanol. According to the 13C NMR and GC–MS studies, these ions are formed by water molecules following a dehydration of the methanol‑d4 to yield deuterated dimethyl ether.

Exploring the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Wilckia maritima: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations

This research aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of Wilckia maritima, a plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae, which is enriched with natural antioxidants. Qualitative phytochemical studies showed the presence of numerous compounds including glycosides, phenols, triterpenoids, and GC-MS studies revealed the presence of 35 bioactive components, including n-hexadecanoic acid (26.96%), 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (cis) (25.52%), 3,5 di-hydroxy-6-methyl 2,3-di-hydro-4-pyran 4-one (14.35%), and 3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxy-anisol (11.68%) as major components, which are thought to be responsible for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of methanol extract of W. maritima., flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined by performing various assays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous reducing, and hydrogen peroxide assays, which showed significant percentage inhibition (83.55 ± 0.89, 79.40 ± 1.17, and 81.26 ± 0.36%, respectively) as compared to ascorbic acid (standard). The extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity with percentage inhibition 65.66 ± 0.42% compared to standard ibuprofen, which showed 73.20 ± 0.21% inhibition. In vivo analysis further confirmed this anti-inflammatory potential of the extract, showing a 75.55 ± 0.11% reduction in edema at 300 mg/kg as compared with standard diclofenac sodium 70.27 ± 0.012%. Moreover, in silico investigations revealed that the phytocompounds in W. maritima exhibited excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which could provide novel biological molecules for target receptors. Overall, our findings suggest that W. maritima can be utilized as a potential resource of natural compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory potential, with promising therapeutic effect in relieving various ailments related to inflammatory response.

Evaluation of Cuscuta reflexa seed essential oil on TPA-induced inflammation in mice

ObjectivesCuscuta reflexa is parasitic plant of subtropical and temperate areas, commonly named as amarbel or akasvel in India. Present study is to investigate the In-vivoanti-inflammatory potential of C. reflexa seed essential oil. Materials and methodsIn this study the essential oil was hydro-distilled from dried seeds and analyzed for chemical profiling and anti-inflammatory activity. In –vivo activity was performed on mice inducing TPA as disease causing agent. Study of biochemical parameter and oxidative stress was performed by taking homogenate of ear pinna of mice. ResultsChemical analysis is done by GC and GC-MS study, we found β-Bisabolene and Hexahydro farnesyl acetone as the major component as 13.2 and 14.2% respectively along with cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, carotol, caryophyllene oxide. In-vitro activity of cell viability was assessed using RAW 264.7 macrophages, showed no reduction in viable cell in the processed culture. In-vivo it significantly reduces the inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α). ConclusionsCuscuta reflexa seed essential oil was found effective in the management of inflammation by encountering the inflammatory mediators (cytokines).

The anticancer effect of Salvia pisidica essential oil through promotion intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in human cancer cell lines

IntroductionSpecies of the Salvia genus are aromatic herbs and traditionally used for many medicinal purposes in Anatolia. The genus has produced an extraordinarily large number of beneficial secondary metabolites belonging to numerous chemical groups. Salvia pisidica is an endemic plant of southwest Anatolia, the dried parts of which are used as herbal tea and local materia medica. MethodsThe composition of endemic S. pisidica essential oil was determined through GC-MS studies. In vitro cytotoxicity activity and apoptosis analysis were investigated by MTT assay, q-PCR and Annexin V staining experiments. ResultsOur results showed that 1,8 cineole (19.15 %) camphor (18.12 %) and γ-gurjunene (8.58 %) were the major constituents of the essential oil. It showed cytotoxic effects on the human breast cancer MCF-7, colon carcinoma Caco-2, hepatocyte carcinoma HepG2, and prostate carcinoma LnCap. The results of q-PCR and image-cytometer analysis showed that the essential oil caused induction of apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in all cancer cell lines. ConclusionS. pisidica essential oil demonstrates considerable cytotoxic activity due to an apoptosis-related mechanism, suggesting that their bioactive components could be used as natural anticancer substances.

Synergistic recovery of renewable hydrocarbon resources via microwave co-pyrolysis of biomass residue and plastic waste over spent toner catalyst towards sustainable solid waste management

The present study unveiled the effect of operating temperature, blending ratio and catalyst addition on the product distribution during microwave co-pyrolysis of Hydnocarpus de-oiled seed cake (HDSC) and Waste electrical and electronic plastic (WEEP). In this work, a new approach of “treatment of wastes with waste” was proposed by converting spent toner powder into a low-cost catalyst. Initially, co-pyrolysis process was conducted in which the operating temperature were changed to 450, 500, and 550 °C corresponding to HDSC:WEEP mixture ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100. The result shows that oil phase yield was significantly higher for 50:50 mixture ratio and this condition further selected for addition of catalyst. The catalytic co-pyrolysis result shows that produced oil have a density of 0.862 g/mL, high calorific value of 39.51 MJ/kg and viscosity 2.71 cSt which is comparable to commercial diesel fuel. The GC-MS study discovered that addition of catalyst could significantly suppress the oxygen and nitrogen compounds while promote the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons through Diels-Alder reaction mechanism. Finally, techno economic analysis revealed that 1000 kg/h plant demonstrated to be economically viable, with minimal production cost (USD 0.53/L compared to USD 1.15/L of commercial diesel fuel price in India).

A Comparative Chemoinformatics Analysis of compounds extracted from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Natural products are a rich source of diverse chemical compounds with interesting therapeutic properties. There is a need for in-depth investigation of this reservoir with in-silico tools to assert the molecular diversity with respect to clinical significance. Although studies have been reported on plants such as Nyctanthes arbor-tristis(NAT) and its medicinal importance. A comprehensive study on comparative analysis of all phyto-constituents has not been carried out. In the present work, we have carried out a comparative study of compounds obtained from the ethanolic extracts of various parts such as calyx, corolla, leaf, and bark of the NAT plant. The extracted compounds were characterized by LCMS and GCMS studies. This was further corroborated by the network analysis, docking, and dynamic simulation studies with validated anti-arthritic targets. The most significant observation from LCMS and GCMS was that the compounds from calyx and corolla were closer in chemical space to the anti-arthritic compounds. To further expand and explore chemical space, the common scaffolds were seeded to enumerate a virtual library. The virtual molecules were prioritized based on the drug-like, leadlike scores and docked against anti-arthritic targets to reveal identical interactions in the pocket region. The comprehensive study will be of immense value to medicinal chemists for the rational synthesis of molecules as well as bioinformatics professionals for getting useful insight into identifying rich diverse molecules from plant sources.

Comparative analysis of the antibacterial efficacyand bioactive components of Thuja occidentalis obtained from four different geographical sites.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there were significant differences in the antibacterial potential of Thuja occidentalis collected from four distinct geographical sites, namely Chamba (Himachal Pradesh, India), Jalandhar (Punjab, India), Aurangabad (Bihar, India) and Kakching (Manipur, India). The plant extracts were prepared in three different solvents: ethanol, methanol, and acetone. The antibacterial potential of the plant extracts was tested against five different bacterial species using well diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the plant sample exhibiting maximum zone of inhibition against different bacterial strains were calculated. Further, the total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant efficacy (using DPPH assay) were also analysed biochemically. The activity of different antioxidant enzymes including SOD, CAT and APX were also recorded as these enzymes protect the cells from free radical damage. GC-MS analysis was also performed on all plant extracts to identify the bioactive components. The results showed that the T. occidentalis collected from the Kakching, Manipur, East side of India showed the highest zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains, followed by Chamba, Jalandhar, and lastly Aurangabad. To analyse the impact of phytochemicals on the antibacterial efficacy, a correlation was drawn between the biochemical parameters and zone of inhibition using Karl Pearson's method. Most bacterial species demonstrated a positive correlation between antibacterial effectiveness (zone of inhibition) and biochemical markers. The GC-MS study revealed positive correlation between zone of inhibition and peak area percentages of α-Pinene, β-caryophyllene, Germacrene-D, and Humulene in all bacterial species indicating that these chemicals may play a key role in the bactericidal potential of T. occidentalis. Based on the results of this investigation, it is evident that the antibacterial effectiveness of T. occidentalis varies with its geographical location which may be attributed to the differences in the phytochemical makeup.

Identification of bioactive components and its biological activities of Toddalia asiatica root extract– a GC-MS study

Identification of bioactive components and its biological activities of Toddalia asiatica root extract– a GC-MS study

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FORMULATION, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL HERBAL SOAP USING CURCUMA AMADA ROXBURGH AND PRUNUS DULCIS

Objective: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxburgh) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, a type of annual plant. It is commonly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes, which also has the maximum amount of health benefits. The main objective of the study is formulation of antifungal herbal soap which is alternate to chemical products. Methods: In the present study, aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extract of mango ginger were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and determined the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Furthermore, the ash and moisture content of the rhizome was analyzed. The aqueous extract of mango ginger is used in the GC-MS study to identify the compounds present in the mango ginger. The oil was extracted from mango ginger and subjected to antifungal activity by the well-diffusion method against three fungi, namely, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, and Candida albicans. Using the extracted mango ginger oil and almond oil, antifungal Herbal Soap is formulated. Result: This study shows that aqueous extract of mango ginger has a greater number of carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity than other extracts. Antifungal activity is observed at various concentrations of extract, which shows that the highest zone of inhibition is 1.4 cm for C. auris. The formulated soap has a good aroma, and color – mustard yellow. This soap is base in nature and its pH is 8.9. Conclusion: According to the above studies, the formulated antifungal herbal soap may rectify the problems of fungal skin infections.

Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and antihypertensive evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L. in l-NAME induced hypertensive rats and its correlation analysis

Ocimum basilicum Linn. (basil) is an aromatic culinary herb that has shown a great potential in therapeutic world. It has many promising pharmacological activities that make it centre for investigations for many researchers. Current study has been planned to determine chemical constituents of basil leaves extracts and their in-vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant and in-vivo antihypertensive potential. GC-MS studies of non-polar extracts showed presence of 75 compounds including monoterpenes, hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, phyto-sterols and phthalates. Higher percentages of fatty acids were also identified. The major compounds include linalool (7.65%), terpineol (1.42%), tau-cadinol (13.55%), methyl palmitate (14.24%), palmitic acid (14.31%), linolenic acid (1.30%) and methyl linolenate (17.72%). Electron spray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-HRMS/MS of the polar extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic acid, amino acid, coumarin, lignin, flavanoid and terpene derivative. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometric technique and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dry weight and rutin equivalent RE/g of dry weight respectively. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were found in ethyl acetate extract 9.40 mg GAE/g and 15.9 mg RE/g of dry weight. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization assays. Dichloromethane extract possess the highest DPPH scavenging activity, i.e., 64.12% ± 0.23 at concentration of 4 mg/ml. Moreover in ex-vivo studies all the extracts showed prominent effect by inhibiting AAPS induce oxidation in Human erythrocytes being 69.24% ± 0.18 in dichloromethane extract, 64.44% ± 0.04 in ethyl acetate and 53.33% ± 0.09 in acetone extract. The methanol extract of O. basilicum exhibited significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in l-Name induced hypertensive rats at the dose of 50 mg/kg for 28 days. Total phenolic content had a higher linear correlation (r = 0.678) with antihypertensive activity, with a level of significance 95% showing that phenolic compounds in the leaves of the plant has important role in inhibiting l –NAME induced hypertension while flavonoid compounds may play a key role in the antioxidant activities of the plant, through synergism. Conclusively, O. basilicum leaves with bioactive metabolites are a potential source for the development of antihypertensive drugs.

Tectona Grandis Leaves: Determination of Total Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content, Characterization of the Leaves, and Compound Identification in GC-MS

Nowadays, traditional plant study has grown in importance as their use has been increased. Tectona grandis (teak) is one of several plants that have been studied for its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. This plant includes a number of secondary metabolites, which may explain its diverse pharmacological properties. Although teak leaf compounds have been examined in the past, there is still little information on the diversity of teak leaf compounds. As a result, we are employing several methodologies to determine the total flavonoids content, phenolic content, water extractable matter, ethanol extractable matter, total ash content, and other component analysis of teak leaves. We found that the average of total flavonoid content in the teak leaves is about 3.93 ± 0.008%w/w, while the average total phenolic concentration in teak leaves is about 4.3±0.15%w/w. The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry GC-MS study of the methanol extract of T. grandis leaves also found twenty-three active chemical compounds (phytochemical components)

GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Ativisa Root Extract

Plants provide an unlimited source of bioactive metabolites that have been utilized in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of diet and medication. Free radicals are known to be the major aspect of oxidative stress that creates damage to the cell. The natural sources of antioxidants which preventing and repairing the damage caused by the free radicals to the cells. Aconitum heterophyllum (Ativisa) belongs to family Ranunculaceae is traditionally utilized externally as well as internally for treating various human diseases such as rheumatic fever, painful joints, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, oedema, Bronchial asthma. In the present study ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Acontium heterophyllum was investigated for its antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition using GC-MS. GC-MS studies exhibited the existence of 24 phytochemical compounds in ethanol root extract and 31 phytochemical compounds in ethyl acetate root extract. The major phytochemicals detected in ethanolic and ethyl acetate roots extracts of Acontium heterophyllum were Alpha-D-Glucopyranoside beta-D-Fructofuranosyl, Benzophenone semicarbazone, Dodecanoic acid ethyl ester, Ethyl iso-allocholate, l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6 dihexadecanoate, Phytol, Methyl ricinoleate, 13-docosenamide(z), 1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine5-(1,3,5-trimethyl-4-pyrazolyl)amino. The antioxidant potency of ethanol and ethyl acetate root extracts of Acontium heterophyllum on DPPH (23.05% and 21.05 %) and NO radicals (48.58% and 46.70%) at the highest concentration (500 μg/ml) compared to standard ascorbic acid. These findings suggest Acontium heterophyllum could be used as an alternative source for the investigation of new antioxidant agents.

Nitrogen Supplementation Modulates Morphological, Biochemical, Yield and Quality Attributes of Peppermint

Due to the rising demand for essential oil in the world market, peppermint has gained an important status among aromatic and medicinal plants. It becomes imperative to optimize its performance in terms of the growth, physiological functioning and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. A factorial randomized pot experiment was performed using three peppermint cultivars (Kukrail, Pranjal and Tushar) and five levels of leaf-applied nitrogen (N), viz. 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2%. The phenological features, biochemical parameters, viability of root cells, stomatal and trichome behavior were assessed at 100 days after transplanting (DAT). The yield-related parameters, viz., herbage yield, essential oil content, menthol content and yield were studied at 120 DAT. The results revealed that increasing the N doses up to 1.5% enhanced all the studied parameters of peppermint, which thereafter (at the dose above 1.5% N) decreased. The variation pattern of the studied parameters was "low-high-low". Cultivar Kukrail surpassed the two other cultivars Tushar and Pranjal. Among the foliar sprays, the application of 1.5% N increased chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in all three cultivars. Moreover, the essential oil (EO), EO yield and menthol yield of the plant were also increased linearly in all three cultivars as compared with their control plants. Nitrogen application enhanced the trichome size and density of the plants, as revealed through scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, from the GC-MS studies, the EO content in the studied cultivars increased, particularly in the case of menthol, with the N application. It may be concluded that two sprays of N (1.5%) at appropriate growth stages could be beneficial for improving morphological, physio biochemical and yield attributes of peppermint.

Active Anti-Inflammatory Potency of γ-Sitosterol from Woodfordia floribunda Salisb

The Woodfordia floribunda Salisb has a very important role in the branch of medicinal chemistry as mentioned in literature. The plant contains a variety of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, out of these sterols and glycosides show antiinflammatory activity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to ease pain and inflammation. The aim of our present study focuses on the isolation of Gama sitosterol and finding out the anti-inflammatory activity of the same. The compound was isolated by using a Soxhlet apparatus and Column chromatography. Then the crude extract of the plant by performing preliminary phytochemical analysis. From this data, we confirmed that the given plant extract has some phenolic, terpenoids, and steroids. After that, the crude extract was sent for GCMS study, and characterization is done by using Mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques. The anti-inflammatory potency of an isolated γ-sitosterol compound is measured by Carrageenan induced paw edema model by applying different dose sizes dependent on the weight of the animal, it is compared with standard diclofenac then some statistics and graphical data are made and it is confirmed that the phytol shows anti-inflammatory activity.

A pharmacognostic approach, including phytochemical and GC-MS analysis, targeted towards the authentication of Strobilanthes jomyi P. Biju, Josekutty, Rekha & J.R.I.Wood

The genera Strobilanthes Blume have a rich history in therapeutic culture all over the world. Asian countries like India, China, Myanmar and Thailand still use Strobilanthes genus-based medicinal preparations for various diseases. Strobilanthes jomyi is a newly discovered species from Kerala, India. Some tribal communities of Kasaragod district still use S. jomyi leaf extract as a wound healing medication. The current study aims to investigate the pharmacognostic, phytochemical and GC-MS analysis of the leaves, stems and roots of S. jomyi. The microscopic, macroscopic, organoleptic, fluorescent, phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of the leaves, stem, and root of S. jomyi were estimated using various standard protocols. The macroscopic and microscopic characters of leaves revealed the presence of non-glandular trichomes with paracytic stomata in the leaves. The transverse section of the stem and petiole showed the presence of raphides and the root showed the presence of tannin cells. Cystoliths were observed only in the petiole. Powder morphology of leaves, stems and roots revealed the presence of fibers, trichomes, palisade cells, spiral xylem vessels, bordered pit vessels and raphides. The vegetative part of S. jomyi powder exhibited various fluorescent coloration based on numerous chemical treatments along with different tastes, smells, colors and textures by organoleptic assays. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of different vegetative parts revealed the presence of flavonoids and other phytochemicals. GC-MS study revealed that lupeol a significant bioactive compound was present in all the vegetative parts of S. jomyi. The results acquired from this study can be used for the standardization, identification, quality and purity check of plant samples.

Insilico evaluation of pharmacological activities of Kalarchi Chooranam

The Indian traditional medicine practices such as siddha and ayurveda records various medicinal plants for the betterment of human health. Recent reports shows that this system of medicine has potential plants and formulation to treat various diseases and ailments. In the present study, we extracted and prepared the Kalarchi Chooranam of various ratios and chosen 4:1 ratio from our previous work. The aqueous extract of 4:1 ratio Kalarchi Chooranam was subjected to GCMS study and the compounds Inositol, Xanthosine (CAS), alpha.-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl 2,3-bis-O- were identified as lead 3 compounds. The Xanthosine (CAS), alpha.-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl 2,3-bis-O- have passed the drug likeness and ADME properties and further docked against various receptors involved in disease pathogenesis such as cancer (Bcl2, Bcl-X), PCOS (Cyp17, Follistatin), Inflammation & Analgesic (Cox1, Cox2), and Diabetics & Cardiovascular diseases (Er Alpha, Er Beta). The overall study reveals that the compounds have more binding affinities against the poly cystic ovarian syndrome receptors as the Xanthosine showed significant binding energies of -8.9 and -8.2 Kcal/mol and the Alpha.-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl 2,3-bis-O showed -8.2 and -9.7 Kcal/mol against CYP17 and Follistatin. The Kalarchi Chooranam has to be studied more reveal all its pharmacological activities.

Phytochemical analysis of chitraka granthikadi kashaya—an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Background: Chromatographic fingerprinting of herbal formulations is a useful tool for explaining the scientific background and to develop a more targeted treatment methodology. Thus, this study has undertaken to report the characteristic parameters of chitraka granthikadi kashaya an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation to validate its quality. Materials and Methods: The root of Shodhita (purified) Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica L.) and Eranda (Ricinus communis L.), dried rhizome of Shunti (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), fruit of Pippali (Piper longum L.), and Saindhava lavana (Rock salt) were the ingredients of chitraka granthikadi kashaya. The Kwatha (medicated decoction) was prepared and evaluated for its phytochemical parameters and thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatography parameters in accordance with the standard methods. Results: The phytochemical screening, GC–MS study, and TLC of the formulation reported the presence of 13 potential bioactive compounds. The action of these compounds based on the available literature has given a close similarity with the therapeutic action of the formulation. Conclusion: The presence of 13 bioactive compounds was found in this formulation with different peak values. Major compounds present are piperine, B-sitosterol, geranyl isovalarate, hexacosane, etc. Few compounds were very minimal and even no sufficient literature data available for them.

GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds in methanolic leaf extract of Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich.

Medicinal plants are rich sources of several diverse bioactive constituents with a wide range of biological effects. The screening of bioactive compounds plays a vital role in the protection of human health. Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich., belonging to the family Capparaceae, is an important medicinal plant used in many ayurvedic formulations. The main aim of the current investigation was to study the phytochemical compounds in the leaves of M. oblongifolia using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GC–MS study revealed the presence of 21 phytochemical compounds with high and low molecular weight chemical entities. The main bioactive compounds are hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (RT-19.171; 2.03%), n -Hexadecanoic acid (RT-19.515; 2.07%), 13-Octadecanoic acid (RT-20.869; 2.49%) and Oleic acid (RT-21.209; 2.34%). The compounds have been identified by interpretation of the mass spectra. The presence of various bioactive compounds with diverse chemical structures confirms the application of leaves of M. oblongifolia for several diseases with fewer side effects. Hence, the plant is suggested as pharmaceutically important. Further, isolation of individual bioactive compounds may be necessary to find a novel drug.

Analysis of bioactive compounds from Sapindus marginatus (Willd.) by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique

This experiment was performed to detect the beneficial compounds present in seed oil of Sapindus marginatus. The oil from the seeds of S. marginatus (Sapindaceae family) was extracted by the Soxhlet extraction technique using petroleum ether as solvent at 60-80°C. 22.18% oil was recovered from seeds sample. The chemical compositions of seeds were examined by using GC-MS technique. The GC-MS analysis showed that oil of S. marginatus contained more than 40 compounds in total peaks area, out of which we discussed here mainly six monounsaturated compounds according their retention time (RT) and percentage of peak area, molecular formula and molecular weight. GC-MS study revealed the presence of cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1), cis-13-octadecenoic acid (C18:1) and trans-13-octadecenoic acid (C18:1) at RT 22.18 and its peak area was 40.48% of the compounds present in high amounts; whereas cis-13-eicosenoic acid (C20:1), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (C20:1) and cis-10-nonadecenoic acid (C19:1) at RT 23.56 and peak area 7.74 normally present in low amounts in seed oil, these are prominent components in the seed oil.