Gateway Selection Scheme Research Articles

An Efficient Mobile Gateway Selection and Discovery Based-Routing Protocol in Heterogeneous LTE-VANET Networks

Coupling cellular communication networks with vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) can be a very interesting way out for providing Internet access to vehicles in the road. However, due to the several specific characteristics of VANETs, making an efficient multi-hop routing from vehicular sources to the Internet gateways through Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is still challenging. In this paper, an Internet mobile gateway selection scheme is proposed to elect more potential vehicles to behave as gateways to Internet in VANETs. Therefore, the discovery and the selection of route to those mobiles gateways is carried out via an efficient multiple metrics-based relay selection mechanism. The objective is to select the more reliable route to the mobile gateways, by reducing the communication overhead and performing seamless handover. The proposed protocol is compared with one recent protocol based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and overhead. The results show that the proposed protocol ameliorates significantly the network performance in the contrast of the other protocol.

Adaptive QoS-Aware Multi-Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme for Heterogenous Vehicular Network

A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET) is a promising network architecture that combines multiple network technologies such as IEEE 802.11p, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and third/fourth generation cellular networks (3G/4G). In this network area, vehicle users can use wireless fidelity access points (Wi-Fi APs) to offload 4G long-term evolution (4G-LTE) networks. However, when using Wi-Fi APs, the vehicles must organize themselves and select an appropriate mobile gateway (MGW) to communicate to the cellular infrastructure. Researchers are facing the problem of selecting the best MGW vehicle to aggregate vehicle traffic and reduce LTE load in HetVNETs when the Wi-Fi APs are unavailable for offloading. The selection process utilizes extra network overhead and complexity due to the frequent formation of clusters in this highly dynamic environment. In this study, we proposed a non-cluster adaptive QoS-aware gateway selection (AQAGS) scheme that autonomously picks a limited number of vehicles to act as LTE gateways based on the LTE network’s load status and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application’s QoS requirements. The present AQAGS scheme focuses on highway scenarios. The proposed scheme was evaluated using simulation of Urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator version 2 (NS2) simulators and benchmarked with the clustered and non-clustered schemes. A comparison was made based on the end-to-end delay, throughput, control packet overhead (CPO), and packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance metrics over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) applications. Using VoIP, the AQAGS scheme achieved a 26.7% higher PDR compared with the other schemes.

A Bio-Inspired Gateway Selection Scheme for Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The gateway selection is an essential issue in hybrid mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Current independent and random selections without supporting routing negotiation protocol may cause links or gateways overloaded when they are selected by multiple nodes simultaneously. Therefore, the network performance may not be in a proper way. Furthermore, the ad hoc nature of MANETs makes the topology change dynamically, so that the gateway selection becomes even more difficult. This paper presents a mathematical model for gateway capability and a novel approach, called bio-inspired gateway selection, where the gateways are selected according to the network status and associated with a cooperative mechanism for optimization. The novelty includes the use of attractor selection model, the self-adaptability and the autonomy of the biological system. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by simulation with different scenarios and compared with the conventional approaches being currently used in hybrid MANETs. The illustrated numerical results present the performance of the proposed approach in terms of packet delivery ratio, average delivery latency, normalized routing overhead, and gateway load balance under different network conditions. Furthermore, the numerical results are also able to demonstrate the significant performance gain compared with the conventional gateway selection approaches.

A Detailed Study on Internet Connectivity Schemes for Mobile ad Hoc Network

Integration of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with the fixed Internet has paid immense attention in the field of heterogeneous networks. Such integration has many advantages and offer many usage scenarios for both MANET and the Internet. The MANET routing protocol ad hoc on-demand distance vector and dynamic source routing provide communication within the MANET. However, MANET router which desires communication with the Internet require global connectivity. This paper presents a survey of most significant proposals for MANET-Internet connectivity by describing their characteristics, evaluation metrics, quality parameters and approaches referred. The study of various gateway discovery and gateway selection schemes have been presented based on routing metrics, load balancing, adaptive technique, fuzzy system, address configuration and ant colony optimization approaches. Summary of significant contributions of existing schemes and issues found in literature for MANET-Internet connectivity have been presented. The survey concludes with additional investigation for future research work.

A new integrated VANET-LTE-A architecture for enhanced mobility in small cells HetNet using dynamic gateway and traffic forwarding

Connected Vehicle is a new intelligent transportation paradigm that uses wireless communications to improve traffic safety and efficiency. It has received a great deal of attention in recent years, across many communities. While the DSRC is widely recognized as the de facto standard for V2V, other wireless technologies are required for large-scale deployment of V2I communications. Thanks to its high data rates and large-scale deployment, the LTE-A enhanced by small cells (SCs) densification, is positioned as one of the major candidate technologies for V2I communications. However, using LTE-A small cells for V2I communications is challenging due to their small coverage which leads to frequent handoffs and more signaling overhead. In this paper, a novel architecture that integrates VANET and 4G LTE-A Heterogeneous Network for enhanced mobility in LTE-A small cells is introduced. First, we propose a new network-based mobile gateway selection scheme with one-hop clustering to efficiently relay traffic from neighboring vehicles toward the serving SC. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective binary programming problem. Then, for seamless mobility of connected vehicles, we propose a local k-hops anchor-based mobility scheme with three procedures, namely intra-domain, k-hops inter-domain and inter-domain procedures. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed mobility schemes for reducing the generated signaling load towards the core network.

The Effect of Network’s Size on the Performance of the Gateway Discovery and Selection Scheme for MANEMO

In the era of Internet technology, new applications are developed everyday requiring continuous and seamless connections. This urges for access availability solutions to the new scenarios. One of the critical architecture is the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Mobility (MANEMO). However, the integration of Ad-hoc and NEMO technologies came out with many complications like redundant tunnels and the existence of multiple Exit Routers. This paper presents a scheme to discover and select the optimum gateway to improve the robustness and the performance of the network irrespective of the used routing protocol. The MANEMO Gateway discovery and selection scheme (MGDSS) extends the Tree Discovery Protocol and the Neighborhood Discovery protocol used by NEMO and Ad-Hoc to carry the necessary gateway selection parameters. To compare the effect of network’s size on the performance of the proposed scheme, the standard NEMO BSP and the Multi-homed MANEMO (M-MANEMO) approaches OPNET Modeler 14.5 was used. The results show that the average data packets dropped, the end-to-end delay and the throughput of the proposed MGDSS outperform those for the standard M-MANEMO and standard NEMO BSP.

Gateway selection and clustering in multi‐interface wireless mesh networks considering network reliability and traffic

AbstractThis work considers the gateway selection and clustering problem in a multi‐interface wireless mesh network. The evolved reliability and traffic‐aware gateway selection scheme is here introduced to increase the performance in terms of throughput. There are 2 main phases in the proposed idea. In the first step, some Internet Gateway Candidates are selected from the mesh nodes in the network, based on the network traffic. Then, in the second step, using the path tracing method, the best of these candidates are selected as Internet gateways. Moreover, to decrease the network energy consumption, a refined evolved reliability and traffic‐aware gateway selection scheme is also proposed whose effect in simulation is shown. A clustering method is later proposed exploiting the genetic algorithm to give priority to the nodes with the shortest hop to connect to the cluster head. Simulation results demonstrate how our gateway selection and clustering scheme outperforms 2 successful approaches in terms of throughput and network energy consumption.

A Novel Reliability and Traffic Aware Gateway Selection Scheme in Wireless Mesh Networks

The increase in the users’ demand has led to massive success of wireless technology during the last two decades. Wireless mesh networks are a booming technology which have developed and grabbed attention significantly. In this paper, the problem of Internet Gateway (IGW) selection is addressed with regard to network traffic and reliability of routes and a Reliability and Traffic aware Gateway Selection scheme is proposed. To the best of our knowledge, no work in the literature has considered the impact of reliability of routes on the selection of gateways in their scenarios. Given the number of mesh nodes in the network, some Internet Gateway Candidates are selected regarding the traffic in the network. Then, the best of these candidates are selected to be equipped with gateway functionality taking into consideration of the path-tracing method. Simulation results demonstrate how our novel mechanism outperforms two successful approaches in IGW selection in terms of throughput, delay and network energy consumption.

Development of Gateway Discovery and Selection Scheme for MANEMO (MGDSS)

To achieve the requirement of the improvement applications and guarantee the Internet access for mobile hosts and networks, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed Mobile Ad Hoc NEMO (MANEMO) architecture. However, the integration of NEMO and MANET introduces many challenges such as the redundant tunnel problem and Exit Router selection when multiple Exit Routers to the Internet exist. This paper aims to propose a scheme that discovers and selects the gateway which improves the performance and the robustness of the network regardless of routing protocol used. This is done by extending the Tree Discovery Protocol (TDP) used by NEMO BSP and the Neighborhood Discovery protocol used by MANET and the gateway selection is based on multiple criteria: the hop count, the nested level, the stable time and the number of nodes registered at the intermediate nodes. The OPNET Modeler 14.5 is used to evaluate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with the standard NEMO BSP and the Multi-homed MANEMO (M-MANEMO) approach. The results show that the average data packets dropped of the proposed scheme is 28.6% less compared to the NEMO BSP and 63% compared to the M-MANEMO. And in a larger scale MANEMO with high traffic load and fast mobility, the proposed scheme outperforms the M-MANEMO with reduced end-to-end delay around 21.6%. Whereas NEMO BSP has 68.7% more end-to-end delay in compare. These delays cause that the proposed scheme has 66.6% less voice jitter compared to M-MANEMO.

Source-Based Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are currently used to provide broadband access to the Internet anytime and anywhere. Generally, WMNs consist of mesh routers equipped with one or more interfaces allowing connectivity to the Internet through gateways. To route traffic from sources to destinations, many routing protocols have been proposed in the literature. However, most of them take into account at most one metric (e.g., interferences, packet losses, and load at gateways). Moreover, almost all of these schemes consider only one type of interferences: interflow or intraflow. In this paper, we propose a new source routing and gateway selection scheme, which is called source-based routing (SBR), that improves the performance of WMNs. SBR uses a novel routing metric, which is a combination of packet losses, intraflow and interflow interferences, and load at gateways, to select best paths to reach selected gateways. Simulation results show that the proposed SBR improves the network performance and outperforms existing routing schemes, which are based on expected transmission count (ETX), nearest gateway (NG; i.e., shortest path to gateway), load at gateways (LG), or interference ratio (IR); more specifically, SBR yields 33%, 26%, 13%, and 10% more throughput compared with LG, ETX, NG, and IR, respectively.

Role of Gateways in MANET Integration Scenarios

Background/Objectives: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, an auto configured wireless network using mobile devices without a predefined infrastructure can be integrated with infrastructure based network to overcome the problems in following networks. Methods/Statistical analysis: Integrating two entirely different communication technologies have enormous challenges. The integration process requires an intermediate entity named Gateway for connecting entirely different networks. This paper analyze the role played by gateway in solving issues related with integration using Mobile Ad Hoc Network in various heterogeneous networks and the various phases in communication between two networks using gateways. Findings: Recent researches in Green Communication, Machine to Machine Networks, Internet of Things, Device to Device Communication explores the use of Mobile Ad hoc Networks in deploying future wireless networks with less cost and overhead. This paper reviews various categories of networks so far integrated with Mobile Ad- hoc networks, issues discovered in such integration scenarios and importance of different gateways used in integration architectures. Paper also compared different gateway discovery and selection schemes so far adopted in integration scenarios. Applications/ Improvements: To support such endeavors paper propose some modification needed in implementation of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) gateways to survive in future wireless networking.

ENGLISH

Vehicular Adhoc NETwork (VANET) is the subcategory of MANET which has vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication environment. VANET enable vehicle to communicate with each other but it require an efficient and robust routing protocol for their success. Several gateway selection schemes have been selected the gateway nodes based on some parameters. To improve the network performance, it is essential to select the routing protocol. In this paper, the survey of gateway discovery, gateway selection and comparison of algorithm to choose the routing protocol has been discussed.

Service Environment for Smart Wireless Devices: An M2M Gateway Selection Scheme

Wireless standardization activities, such as the Bluetooth V4.x (Bluetooth smart), have led to an explosive growth in innovative short-range wireless devices capable of providing various services to assist everyday life. Allowing machine-to-machine (M2M) communication between these M2M devices also presents new commercial service opportunities. M2M service providers, including telecom carriers, may need to establish new networks to accommodate M2M interactions while identifying new business opportunities. Typically, M2M devices need another capable device, such as a smartphone, to act as a gateway to connect to the Internet to operate at their full potential. We propose a novel scheme in which any Internet-enabled device in the vicinity can act as an M2M gateway for M2M devices. This eliminates the need for the M2M device user to also own a smartphone or an Internet-enabled device to obtain services such as online-to-offline. This scheme faces new challenges, such as how to identify the best M2M gateway for a required service and the QoS. This paper proposes a method to select an M2M gateway from a large number of possibilities in order to increase service availability while also obtaining better signal strength for higher QoS. The methods presented are evaluated in terms of their performance, including energy consumption, and a service deployment guideline is derived using real-world data collected at an exhibition, which gave encouraging results.

Review paper of gateway selection schemes for MANET of NEMO (MANEMO)

The fast growth of Internet applications brings with it new challenges for researchers to provide new solutions that guarantee better Internet access for mobile hosts and networks. The globally reachable, Home-Agent based, infrastructure Network Mobility (NEMO) and the local, multi-hop, and infrastructure-less Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) support different topologies of the mobile networks. A new architecture was proposed by combining both topologies to obtain Mobile Ad Hoc NEMO (MANEMO). However, the integration of NEMO and MANET introduces many challenges such as network loops, sub-optimal route, redundant tunnel problem, absence of communication without Home Agent reachability, and exit router selection when multiple Exit Routers to the Internet exist. This paper aims to review the different proposed models that could be used to implement the gateway selection mechanism and it highlights the strengths as well as the limitations of these approaches.

Simplified gateway selection scheme for multihop relay in vehicular ad hoc network

SUMMARYIntegrating vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) could be a promising architecture for future machine‐to‐machine applications. This integration can help vehicles have steady Internet connection through the UMTS network and in communicating with other vehicles. However, dead spot areas and unsuccessful handoff processes caused by the high speed of vehicles can disrupt the implementation of this kind of architecture. In this paper, a new simplified gateway selection (SGS) scheme for multihop relay in a VANET‐UMTS integration network is proposed. The proposed scheme extends the coverage or/and calming of the frequent handoff process and allows vehicles to continue to be connected to the UMTS infrastructure network. An integrated simulation environment that combines VanetMobiSim and NS2 is used to simulate and evaluate the proposed scheme. The simulation results show that the SGS scheme performed better when it was implemented with ad hoc on a demand distance vector routing and destination‐sequenced distance vector routing protocols. Furthermore, the SGS scheme is compared with other cluster‐based gateway selections used in the previous works. The results show that our SGS scheme outperforms other cluster‐based gateway selections scheme in terms of selection delay, control packet overhead, packet delivery ratio, and overall throughput. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gateway discovery algorithm based on multiple QoS path parameters between mobile node and gateway node

Several gateway selection schemes have been proposed that select gateway nodes based on a single Quality of Service (QoS) path parameter, for instance path availability period, link capacity or end-to-end delay, etc. or on multiple non-QoS parameters, for instance the combination of gateway node speed, residual energy, and number of hops, for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). Each scheme just focuses on the ment of improve only a single network performance, i.e., network throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, or packet drop ratio. However, none of these schemes improves the overall network performance because they focus on a single QoS path parameter or on set of non-QoS parameters. To improve the overall network performance, it is necessary to select a gateway with stable path, a path with the maximum residual load capacity and the minimum latency. In this paper, we propose a gateway selection scheme that considers multiple QoS path parameters such as path availability period, available capacity and latency, to select a potential gateway node. We improve the path availability computation accuracy, we introduce a feedback system to updated path dynamics to the traffic source node and we propose an efficient method to propagate QoS parameters in our scheme. Computer simulations show that our gateway selection scheme improves throughput and packet delivery ratio with less per node energy consumption. It also improves the end-to-end delay compared to single QoS path parameter gateway selection schemes. In addition, we simulate the proposed scheme by considering weighting factors to gateway selection parameters and results show that the weighting factors improve the throughput and end-to-end delay compared to the conventional schemes.

SmartGate: A MAC Protocol for Gateway Discovery in Clustered Ad-Hoc Networks

In the absence of established infrastructure, Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) can provide a fast and efficient way of communication among the nodes. In this paper, we present a MAC protocol with clusterhead and gateway selection algorithm. Clustering schemes are expected to achieve better scalability since most of the topology changes within a cluster are hidden from the rest of the network. Here, we use Node Identifier Packet (NIP) to form the members of a cluster and depending upon several QoS metrics (e.g. bandwidth, battery life, SINR) the clusterhead has been selected. For inter-cluster communication, we choose the gateway nodes. However, during the gateway selection procedure, we ensure that the maximum number of clusters that can be connected with the help of a single gateway does not exceed its tolerable overhead. This paper also provides the computational overhead of packet transfer for the gateway selection scheme. Simulation results show the performance of the protocol under different scenarios.

QoS-aware Internet access schemes for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

Recently, the idea of integrating mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and the Internet are being explored to expand the reach of the Internet to MANET access networks. It will get us one step closer to the goal of ubiquitous Internet which is accessible anytime and anywhere. Among others, Internet gateway discovery and selection schemes pose more fundamental challenge to the problem. In this paper, we propose a load-adaptive access gateway discovery protocol and a QoS-enabled access gateway selection scheme that can exploit relevant network conditions. The gateway discovery protocol dynamically adjusts its proactive area according to network traffic. Among a set of the discovered candidate gateways, one is selected based on the number of hops to and the capability of them. Our performance evaluation study shows that the load-adaptive access gateway discovery and QoS-enabled selection schemes outperform existing mechanisms over various simulation scenarios.