Gates Of Hell Research Articles

GLOBAL WARMING COULD CANCEL `JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES'

[Extract] Pacific salmon–among the 'elite' athletes of the sea–hatch in rivers, spend their adult years in the ocean, and then make one last incredible journey up-river to reproduce in their natal streams. This final trek, or spawning run, returns 10 million salmon to North American west coast rivers annually where, for up to 1000 km, they encounter turbulent currents, narrow deep gorges (particularly the Fraser River's appropriately named Hell's Gate) and fluctuating temperatures. However, humans may have created a new hurdle that salmon may not be able to overcome. Tony Farrell and his colleagues in Canada suggest that increasing river temperatures profoundly affect the salmon's athletic capacity, and are largely responsible for salmon vanishing from their migration routes.

Factors influencing the breeding performance of the Augur Buzzard Buteo augur in southern Lake Naivasha, Rift Valley, Kenya

The breeding performance of the Augur Buzzard Buteo augur in 1995–1998 was compared between three different areas south of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. These were: (1) a national park (Hell's Gate), (2) an undisturbed Acacia woodland-pasture (Mundui) and (3) an intensively farmed horticultural area (Sulmac-Oserian). Augur Buzzards in Mundui had the most optimal nesting habitat, produced the most fledglings (1.6 chicks per year), enjoyed an abundant food supply as their land was not heavily grazed, and suffered the least persecution. In contrast, Augur Buzzards in Hell's Gate produced the fewest fledglings (0.5 chicks per year). Their food supply was not abundant and their nests were confined to cliffs and short shrubs making them vulnerable to predation. Augur Buzzards in Sulmac-Oserian performed intermediately, producing 0.8 chicks per year and suffering the highest adult mortalities (12%) from human persecution. Height of grass in fields within a pair's territory was the most important variable in predicting whether Augur Buzzards attempted to breed or not. Mean annual adult mortality was lowest at Mundui (4.8%) and highest at Sulmac-Oserian (12%). Adult mortality and the success of previous breeding attempts were the most important predictors in determining breeding performance.

Mapping the Body and the Brain: Neurology and Localization Theory in the Work of Rodin

Cet essai tente d’interpréter les formes expressives des sculptures de Rodin à la lumière des modèles médicaux du cerveau et du corps qui commencent à circuler vers la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Fondé sur la science neurologique, la théorie de la localisation stipulait que le cerveau se composait de sphères individuelles assumant des fonctions corporelles distinctes et que des canaux neurologiques spécifiques étaient reliés à ces zones particulières. La théorie de la localisation postulait que les activités du cerveau étaient compartimentées en se fondant sur la découverte que les deux côtés du cerveau n’étaient pas identiques. Se conformant à ces nouvelles théories, les figures de Rodin répondent à une multiplicité de stimuli internes, comme si diverses sensations, réactions et mouvements non totalement intégrés se produisaient simultanément. Alors qu’on doit à la neurologie la renaissance du concept du génie (artiste/poète) dément, le Penseur (artiste/poète) de Rodin adopte la posture emblématique de la mélancolie, traditionnellement associée à la fois au génie et à la pathologie. La théorie de la localisation et la neurologie ont servi de socle aux études sur les femmes hystérico-épileptiques menées par Jean-Martin Charcot. Dans Les Portes de l’Enfer de Rodin, juste en arrière du Penseur, on retrouve plusieurs figures de femmes damnées qui adoptent des postures associées à ce désordre.

Shaking the Gates of Hell: Faith-led Resistance to Corporate Globalization

Shaking the Gates of Hell: Faith-led Resistance to Corporate Globalization

Community structure of epibenthic meiofauna in the St. Lucia Estuarine Lake (South Africa) during a drought phase

The St. Lucia Estuary is Africa's largest estuarine system. It is a major component of the iSimangaliso (formerly Greater St. Lucia) Wetland Park, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. The system has been severely affected by drought conditions which have culminated in the mouth of the system being cut off from the Indian Ocean since June 2002, for a period of almost five years. This study aimed to document the dynamics of meiofauna of the system during a drought phase, since (1) the effects of droughts on estuaries are poorly documented and understood and (2) because studies of meiofauna have never been undertaken in this system before. Meiofauna samples as well as physico-chemical data were collected at representative sites in February, April, August and October 2005. The drought had a major effect on the estuary, resulting in the development of hypersaline conditions (maximum 126 at Hells Gate), and to the complete evaporation of pelagic habitats, especially in the northern regions. The meiofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary was statistically separated into two distinct spatial clusters under drought conditions. The first cluster comprised sites in the Narrows and the southern region of South Lake, while the second comprised sites in the northern regions of South Lake and False Bay. Meiofauna of cluster 1, which was least affected by the drought, comprised nematodes, polychaetes, copepods, amphipods and ostracods, all of which accounted for 97% of meiofauna in this cluster. Cluster 2 on the other hand, which was more severely affected by the drought, was dominated by nematodes and copepods, which cumulatively contributed 97% to meiofauna in this group. Taxonomic richness and diversity of meiofauna were positively correlated with water depth, while abundance was inversely correlated with water temperature. The major effects of low water levels on the meiofauna of the system occurred through a negative impact on diversity and taxonomic richness, resulting in assemblages dominated by taxa most physiologically suited to such conditions. Secondly, at the peak of the drought, there was discontinuous water flow in the St. Lucia Estuary, resulting in parts of the northern and southern regions of the system being fragmented. This could have prevented the spread of meiofaunal taxa between the different basins of the system, and also explains the spatial separation of meiofauna into distinct clusters within the estuary.

Complete genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic methanotroph isolate V4, Methylacidiphilum infernorum, a representative of the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia

BackgroundThe phylum Verrucomicrobia is a widespread but poorly characterized bacterial clade. Although cultivation-independent approaches detect representatives of this phylum in a wide range of environments, including soils, seawater, hot springs and human gastrointestinal tract, only few have been isolated in pure culture. We have recently reported cultivation and initial characterization of an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic member of the Verrucomicrobia, strain V4, isolated from the Hell's Gate geothermal area in New Zealand. Similar organisms were independently isolated from geothermal systems in Italy and Russia.ResultsWe report the complete genome sequence of strain V4, the first one from a representative of the Verrucomicrobia. Isolate V4, initially named "Methylokorus infernorum" (and recently renamed Methylacidiphilum infernorum) is an autotrophic bacterium with a streamlined genome of ~2.3 Mbp that encodes simple signal transduction pathways and has a limited potential for regulation of gene expression. Central metabolism of M. infernorum was reconstructed almost completely and revealed highly interconnected pathways of autotrophic central metabolism and modifications of C1-utilization pathways compared to other known methylotrophs. The M. infernorum genome does not encode tubulin, which was previously discovered in bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter, or close homologs of any other signature eukaryotic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase subunits unequivocally supports grouping Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae into a single clade, the PVC superphylum, despite dramatically different gene content in members of these three groups. Comparative-genomic analysis suggests that evolution of the M. infernorum lineage involved extensive horizontal gene exchange with a variety of bacteria. The genome of M. infernorum shows apparent adaptations for existence under extremely acidic conditions including a major upward shift in the isoelectric points of proteins.ConclusionThe results of genome analysis of M. infernorum support the monophyly of the PVC superphylum. M. infernorum possesses a streamlined genome but seems to have acquired numerous genes including those for enzymes of methylotrophic pathways via horizontal gene transfer, in particular, from Proteobacteria.ReviewersThis article was reviewed by John A. Fuerst, Ludmila Chistoserdova, and Radhey S. Gupta.

The Pattern of Revival: John Wesley’s Vision of ‘Iniquity’ and ‘Godliness’ in Church History

On 24 August 1744, in a sermon at St Mary’s, Oxford, John Wesley indicted what he perceived to be a poverty of ‘Scriptural Christianity’ within the University. Wesley began his homily by portraying an early declension of the Church; already in apostolic times, he maintained, the ‘mystery of iniquity’ had grown up alongside the ‘mystery of godliness’. Wesley then painted a dramatic picture of enduring conflict between these two forces throughout church history, declaring, ‘Here we tread a beaten path: the still increasing corruptions of the succeeding generations have been largely described from time to time, by those witnesses God raised up, to show that he had “built his church upon a rock, and the gates of hell should not” wholly “prevail against her”.’

Recent paleolimnology of three lakes in the Fraser River Basin (BC, Canada): no response to the collapse of sockeye salmon stocks following the Hells Gate landslides

The use of paleolimnology to reconstruct the collapse of the Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations following the landslides at the Hells Gate section of the Fraser canyon (British Columbia, Canada) is explicitly tested. Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway caused a series of landslides in 1913-1914, partially blocking the Fraser River, preventing spawning salmon migration, and causing a near-complete collapse of upstream salmon stocks. We selected three sockeye nursery lakes upstream of Hells Gate, which varied in spawner density, migration length, and lake catchment characteristics. In each of the lakes, geochemical (stable nitrogen isotopes and C:N) and biological (diatoms) proxies failed to register the impact of a dramatic decrease in marine-derived nutrients (MDN). Additional variations in sockeye abundance, documented by the onset of commercial fishing and modern escapement records, were also not imprinted on the sediment record. Changes in diatom assemblages are coincident with 20th century climate warming and local catchment disturbances and are not attributable to variability in MDN subsidies. These results suggest that MDN do not remain within lakes in the Fraser River drainage long

The benthic macrofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary during the 2005 drought year

The St. Lucia Estuary is the largest estuarine system in Africa. The estuary is part of the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, which has been declared a World Heritage Site. This ecosystem has been subjected to severe drought conditions over the last four to five years, resulting in its mouth being closed off from the ocean in June 2002 for a period of over four years. The main aim of this study was to document the effects of the prevailing drought on the macrofauna of the system, since the last work on this benthic component had been undertaken over a decade ago, during a normal-to-wet phase. Macrofauna samples together with physico-chemical data were collected at representative sites in the Narrows, and the South and North lakes in February, April, August and October 2005. The drought exerted a strong influence on the system, leading to hypersaline conditions developing in its northern regions (maximum of 126 at Hell's Gate), and to the loss of aquatic habitat. Ordinations and clustering indicated that the macrofauna of the system could generally be separated into three clusters viz. (1) the Narrows and the southern portion of South Lake, (2) the northern half of South Lake, and (3) the North Lake–False Bay complex. Multivariate correlations indicated weak relationships between macrofaunal community structure and physico-chemical parameters. The distinction in macrofaunal assemblages between these clusters was probably caused by these habitats being physically separated at the peak of the drought, with no water flow between them, thereby preventing exchange of planktonic larvae and retarding colonisation of habitats. There was a northward decline in taxonomic richness and diversity of macrofauna in the system, which correlated positively with water depth and negatively with the biomass of microphytobenthos. It is evident that the drought structured macrofauna communities primarily through its effects on water depth and habitat fragmentation. The results of this investigation provide valuable information regarding the effects of droughts on estuarine–lake systems and the possible mechanisms by which they occur.

A Review of: “Learning to Govern: My Life in New York Politics, From Hell Gate to City Hallby Peter F. Vallone”

A Review of: “<i>Learning to Govern: My Life in New York Politics, From Hell Gate to City Hall</i>by Peter F. Vallone”

Fish versus Power: An Environmental History of the Fraser River

List of tables, figures, photographs and maps List of abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. 'A rock of disappointment' 2. Damming the tributaries 3. Remaking hells gate 4. Pent-up energy 5. The power of aluminium 6. Fish versus power 7. The politics of science Conclusion Bibliography Index.

Discordant Melody: Alexander Zemlinsky, His Songs, and the Second Viennese School

Preface Introduction Fin de siecle Vienna Getting Started The Real World Prague Berlin The Gates of Hell Had Opened Flight Zemlinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and Schoenberg's Circle Zemlinsky and the Eternal Feminine, Alma Schindler Poetry and Song The Songs Apprenticeship: Early Unpublished Songs A New Path: Unpublished Songs Maturity Unpublished Songs of 1916 Symphonic Songs Two Songs Appendix Bibliography Song Index: Listing by Title Subject Index

Marine birds of the Hell Gate Polynya, Nunavut, Canada

The importance of the Hell Gate Polynya to marine birds in High Arctic Canada has not been assessed for two decades. Our breeding season surveys in 2002–04 found 19 species of marine birds using the polynya, in annual numbers perhaps reaching 25 000 individuals. The site appears to support nationally significant populations of northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), Thayer’s gull (Larus thayeri) and High Arctic brant (Branta bernicla hrota), as well as locally important numbers of other species including common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) and black guillemots (Cepphus grylle). The polynya may be particularly important for migration, as many species are observed here earlier than elsewhere in the High Arctic.

"Untiring Joys and Sorrows": Yeats and the Sidhe

“Untiring Joys and Sorrows”:Yeats and the Sidhe Kathleen A. Heininge In popular culture, the idea of Irishness has long been associated with the idea of fairies and leprechauns. This association has been explored by scholars who treat the Sidhe—also known as the daoine maithe, or the "good people"—as either a sociological or a literary construct. Most often, the sociological construct is somewhat insidious and the literary construct tends to be romantic. Recently, Angela Bourke has explored how the folkloric understanding of the fairies may be used to explain the otherwise inexplicable—for instance, when hormonal changes that come about through puberty or menopause were explained by saying that the fairies have taken the real person and left a changeling instead. Bourke's The Burning of Bridget Cleary (1999) examines the case of Michael Cleary, who burned his relatively independent wife to death in the hopes of forcing the fairies to change her back to the acquiescent wife that he desired.1 Bourke finds the mythology of the fairy world so deeply ingrained in Irish culture that it blurs the lines between the literary construct and the sociological use. Bourke, however, is not the first to explore these associations. William Butler Yeats attempted to resolve where the line was between the literary and the sociological, and often shifted in his own evaluations of where that line was to be drawn. In his early writing, he collected fairy stories, carefully listening and evaluating, until he seemed to hold his own opinions about the existence of the Sidhe, opinions that were reflected in his own poetry and essays. But his own opinions were at best ambivalent, and at worst contradictory, as we can see in the following passage: Do not think the fairies are always little. Everything is capricious about them, even their size. They seem to take what size or shape pleases them. Their chief occupations are feasting, fighting, and making love, and playing the most beautiful music. They have only one industrious person amongst them, the lepracaun, the shoe-maker. Perhaps they wear their shoes out with dancing. Near the [End Page 101] village of Ballisodare is a little woman who lived amongst them seven years. When she came home she had no toes—she had danced them off.2 A life of dancing is surely delightful, but the vision of dancing until one's toes are gone is a vision of torturous agony. Did Yeats, then, believe a fairy life was a life to be desired, or a life to be feared? Yeats's works provide numerous instances that would shed light on the question of whether he himself believed that the Sidhe were—in the simplest terms—good or bad. Most of the criticism that addresses the question of how Yeats considered the Sidhe examines the source material that Yeats employed, and most critics conclude that, if we look to the source material, the fairy world is bad. The underlying assumption, of course, is that it must be one or the other, and cannot be both. From the perspective of postcolonial theory, however, Yeats's own system of belief regarding the Sidhe is entirely consistent with other movements in colonial literatures—precisely because of that apparent ambivalence. In W. B. Yeats and the Tribes of Danu (1987), Peter Alderson Smith offers several theories about the origins of the Sidhe. Each played some role in shaping Yeats's understandings of who he believes they are, and what their function might be. The Sidhe might be the spirits of the dead, or the ancient gods "in a degraded form," or "a folk-memory of a very ancient race of mortals."3 Of course, Christianity has had its effect on fairy faith, and, as with so many other Celtic traditions, the fairy faith was assimilated into Christianity. In Yeats's time, the Christian understanding of this tradition was that so many angels chose to leave heaven with Lucifer that God was in danger of being left alone. He therefore ordered the gates of heaven and hell to be shut simultaneously. Those who had already fallen as far as hell became devils; those who had not fallen at all remained...

Surface albedo measurements over Antarctic sites in summer

Surface albedo data from several Antarctic sites were compared to determine spatial and temporal variability in albedo. The highest degree of variability was observed at Hells Gate Station on the Ross Sea coast. The temperature close to the melting point and the reduced katabatic winds during summer allowed a strong metamorphism of the snow. At Neumayer, a coastal station by the Weddell Sea, snowfall and drifting snow were more frequent, and the surface albedo was constantly high. The albedo increased by an average of 0.07 from clear days to days with snowfall and overcast sky. Surprisingly, the hourly variation in albedo at Hells Gate Station showed a trend similar to the one observed at Neumayer Station and at Dome Concordia Station on the high plateau, when only those days with fresh snow at the surface were considered. The albedo steadily decreased during the day for solar zenith angles less than 80°. Snow metamorphism, sublimation during the day, and refreezing and/or crystal formation/precipitation during the night can explain the observed trend. To represent the daily trend in albedo over ice and fresh snow, we propose two parameterizations, which can be easily applied over other Arctic and Antarctic sites in summer. Small‐ and large‐scale surface roughness elements can result in distortion in the measured albedo. The data at Reeves Névé Station show the effect produced on the albedo by changing slightly the sampling area immediately over a sastruga.

A comparative study of the breeding behaviour of the Augur Buzzard, Buteo augur, in two different land-use areas in southern Lake Naivasha, Kenya

A comparative study of the breeding behaviour of the Augur Buzzard Buteo augur was made in two contrasting areas on the southern side of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hell's Gate National Park represented a natural site, and the lake environs an agricultural site. Locations of adult birds and their activity time budget during the breeding cycle were studied fromApril to October 1995. Factors influencing prey delivery and nestling feeding rates, and intra-/inter-specific interactions were given special attention. Augur Buzzard pairs in the lake environs spent more time caring for chicks than their counterparts in Hell's Gate. This was apparent in the increased maternal care and paternal foraging which resulted in larger broods and more prey deliveries to nests respectively. Prey and biomass delivery rates to nests showed an increasing trend as the nestling period progressed. This was significant in the lake environs where brood sizes were larger than in Hell's Gate. Overall nestling feeding rates were also significantly greater in the lake environs than in Hell's Gate. Augur Buzzards in Hell's Gate spent significantly more time interacting with conspecifics and other species compared to those in the lake environs. We suggest that reduced predation pressure from conspecifics and other raptors in the lake environs as a result of lower inter-/intra-specific interactions enabled Augur Buzzards to maximise provisioning of their young hence potentially increasing productivity.

Social and environmental change at Hells Gate, British Columbia

This paper analyzes the contestation of a resource—salmon—and a site—Hells Gate, British Columbia, Canada—in a context of rapid environmental change. The focus is the Fraser River and its salmon fisheries during and following landslides at Hells Gate from 1912 to 1914. The landslides obstructed salmon migrations and affected salmon populations in future spawning cycles. Different social groups debated the causes and consequences of the landslides and vied for access to and control of Hells Gate and the salmon.

Observations on coastal biokarst, Hells Gate, Lord Howe Island, Australia

Observations on coastal biokarst, Hells Gate, Lord Howe Island, Australia

Gold‐bearing Quartz Veins and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Paleozoic Epithermal System in the Francis Creek Area, North Queensland, Australia

Abstract. The Francis Creek area located at the Sybil graben in North Queensland, Australia, has some features of epithermal gold mineralization such as gold‐bearing quartz vein and silica body hosted in rhyodacitic rocks of the Late Carboniferous Hells Gate Formation. In order to understand the nature of the paleo‐hydrothermal activity in this area and to aid exploration for an economic gold deposit in this area, we carried out hydrothermal alteration mapping surrounding the veins and silica body, over an area of about 7 times 5 km2.We defined two alteration zones and inferred the center of hydrothermal activity. Fluid inclusion shows the boiling feature, and the microthermometry analysis resulted in the trapping temperature of 240°C and low salinity. This temperature is consistent with the formation temperature of clay mineral in the host rocks. On the basis of whole‐rock composition, the silica body was identified as silicified rocks. Precious metal minerals such as electrum and acanthite coexist with sulfide minerals. Iodagylite was identified as a product of weathering. The sulfide minerals imply that the low‐sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization occurred in the Francis Creek area.

A Drink with Shane MacGowan (review)

accidental. Both poets reteU bibUcal stories in a contemporary (though elevated) language, attempting to delineate through this retelling a cohesive, redemptive theology. The necessity of experience to Hinsey's theology, the idea that human salvation arises out of action—both these elements also have correlations in Blake. Structurally, the "Thirteen Aphorisms on the Nature of Evil" is certainly reminiscent of Blake's "Proverbs of Hell," and the various prose "Fragments" are simUar in both construct and theme to a number of Blake's prose passages as well. Hinsey's coUection is anything but derivative, however. Reclaiming one's soul is a central theme, but the path to this is very different than in Blake. The self-awareness that serves as the prerequisite to propermoral and ethical acts can only come through experiencing its opposite, for "only firsthand knowledge ofevU can transform meditation into action." The problem, according to Hinsey, ties in the temptation that evU represents, a temptation strengthened by the love evil "borrows from the heart." Indeed, whUe love, in aU its aspects, is a key element to salvation in Blake's work, Hinseysees itas, ifnotoutright deception , at best a tool inadequate to the task. Instead, we are to find ourselves in differentplaces: inNature's "miraculously " continuing patterns or internaUy , amidsttheelementswhich "beat true/Against the hard frame of the mind." Heady stuff. In some ways, this is more a phtiosophical text than a poetry coUection, yet these poems are written with such clarity and beauty that they transcend the subject matter , seeming to exist without time or place, eternal: prayer turned to music. (BM) A Drink with Shane MacGowan by Shane MacGowan and Victoria Mary Clarke Grove Press, 2001, 359 pp., $14 (paper) A true achievement and an almost unclassifiable book, A Drink with Shane MacGowan possesses a passion and an intelUgence one might assume would require a more literary approach than a series ofdrunken conversations between a pop star and his longtime girlfriend. Playing the role of moderator, Victoria Mary Clarke prods MacGowan on such subjects as the IRA, the great Irish poets, the Cathotic mass and MacGowan 's altogether unique self and lifestyle. Here is a man who drank stout at the age of five and actuaUy ate a vinyl record in a drug-induced state of psychosis. Utterly likable despite his egregiousquaUties ,MacGowan—besides being one of the finest songwriters of the past fifty years—is a riveting conversationalist, obsessing on one idea, then just as quickly tossing it aside for another. Some of his rants (that murder is art, the catechism a great and necessary staple of religious propaganda and Yeats a faUed Irish poet) come off as those of a man, a bloke, as MacGowan would say, simply taking the piss. Yet he is, for aU of the talent he has supposedly wasted, hüarious. The book is divided into eight "acts," which Clarke sets up with brief introductions , though she mostly stays out of the way. Occasionally she stops 194 · The Missouri Review MacGowan to inform him that he is dripping snot aU over himself, which he doesn't seem to mind. Appended to the conversations are MacGowan's "Unconditional Apology ," which includes the lines, "When I spewed this stuff I was a stranger in my own soul," along with a declaration of unconditional love for everyone he has thoroughly slandered and whom he believes he will see at the gates of hell. A genuine one-off. (CF) The Phantom Limbs ofthe Rollow Sisters by Timothy Schaffert BlueHen Books, 2002, 50 pp., $23.95 You might expect two sisters named LUy and Mabel RoUow who live in their own antique store in rural Nebraska to be a pair of whitehaired biddies harping and screeching at each other. But the Lily and Mabel in Timothy Schaffert's debut novel, The Phantom Limbs of the Rollow Sisters, are twenty-somethings who toss around four-letter words, fight over the same boy, drink cheap booze and generaUy do their best to exorcise the demons of their past—namely, their father's suicide and their mother's subsequent abandonment . Two young girls with old-fashioned names incongruously placed in a house cluttered with antiques . . . the fact that...