Gastroprotective Effect Research Articles

Gastroprotective and microbiome-modulating effects of ubiquinol in rats with radiation-induced enteropathy

Radiation enteritis is a frequently encountered issue for patients receiving radiotherapy and has a significant impact on cancer patients' quality of life. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in intestinal function, yet the impact of irradiation on gut microorganisms is not fully understood. This study explores the gastroprotective effect and gut microbiome-modulating potential of ubiquinol (Ubq), the reduced form of the powerful antioxidant CoQ-10. For this purpose, male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, IRR (acute 7 Gy γ-radiation), Ubq_Post (Ubq for 7 days post-irradiation), and Ubq_Pre/Post (Ubq for 7 days pre and 7 days post-irradiation). The fecal microbiomes of all groups were profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing followed by bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue indicated severe damage in the irradiated group, which was mitigated by ubiquinol with enhanced regeneration, goblet cells, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression. Compared to the irradiated group, the Ubq-treated groups had a significant recovery of intestinal interleukin-1β, caspase-3, nitric oxide metabolites, and thio-barbituric reactive substances to near-healthy levels. Ubq_Pre/Post group displayed elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) level, suggesting heightened benefits. Serum insulin reduction in irradiated rats improved post-Ubq treatment, with a possible anti-inflammatory effect on the pancreatic tissue. Fecal microbiota profiling revealed a dysbiosis state with a reduction of bacterial diversity post-irradiation, which was re-modulated in the Ubq treated groups to profiles that are indistinguishable from the control group. These findings underscore Ubq's gastroprotective effects against radiation-induced enteritis and its potential in restoring the gut microbiota’s diversity and balance.

Lamivudine protects mice from gastric ulcer by activating PGK1 to suppress ferroptosis

Gastric ulcer is a highly prevalent digestive tract disease across the world, which is recurrent and hard to cure, sometimes transforming into gastric cancer if left untreated, posing great threat to human health. To develop new medicines for gastric ulcer, we ran a series of screens with ethanol stress model in GES-1 cells, and we uncovered that lamivudine rescued cells from ethanol toxicity. Then, we confirmed this discovery using the well-established ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in mice and our findings suggest that lamivudine can directly activate phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1, EC 2.7.2.3), which binds and stimulates superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1, EC 1.15.1.1) to inhibit ferroptosis and ultimately improve gastric ulcer. Moreover, AAV-PGK1 exhibited comparable gastroprotective effects to lamivudine. The findings are expected to offer novel therapeutic strategies for gastric ulcer, encompassing both lamivudine and AAV-PGK1.

The Gastroprotective Effects of Anisomeles indica against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer through the Induction of IκB-α and the Inhibition of NF-κB Expression.

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is a traditional herb with multiple medicinal properties and with potential for preventing or treating various diseases. Acteoside, one of the active ingredients in A. indica, is prepared into commercially available products of A. indica HP813 powder. In this study, the gastroprotective effects of A. indica HP813 powder were evaluated. Wistar rats were treated with A. indica HP813 powder at doses of 0, 207.5, 415, and 830 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Then, gastric ulcers were induced by the oral administration of 70% ethanol (10 mL/kg body weight) on day 28. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the trial, and stomach tissues were collected. These stomach tissues were then used for macroscopic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical analyses. The results indicated that the area of gastric ulcer was 48.61%, 35.30%, and 27.16% in the ethanol-induced group, 415 mg/kg A. indica HP813 powder group, and 830 mg/kg A. indica HP813 powder group, respectively. In addition, the lesion scores were 2.9, 2.4, and 2.3 in the ethanol-induced group, 415 mg/kg A. indica HP813 powder group, and 830 mg/kg A. indica HP813 powder group, respectively. The immunochemical staining of the gastric tissue revealed that A. indica HP813 powder reduced the expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB proteins in the gastric tissue, which had been induced by ethanol. Finally, A. indica HP813 powder protected the gastric ulcer from ethanol damage through IκB-α induction. The present results demonstrated that A. indica HP813 powder has protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.

Gastroprotective Effect of oenothein B: a Romising Macrocyclic Ellagitannin

A peptic ulcer disease is a significant gastrointestinal disorder with a high prevalence of 80% in developing countries and 40% in developed countries. Oenothein B, a macrocyclic ellagitannin, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for this condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-ulcer activity of Oenothein B and elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in its gastroprotective effects. The anti-ulcer activity of Oenothein B was assessed using various experimental models, including ulcers induced by indomethacin, HCl/ethanol, and pyloric ligation. Several parameters were evaluated, including the quantification of volume, pH, total gastric acidity secretion, as well as catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. The role of prostaglandins in mediating the effects of Oenothein B was also examined. The results demonstrated that Oenothein B exhibited significant anti-ulcer activity when administered intraduodenally at a dose of 15 mg/kg in an acute protocol of induced ulcers. This treatment resulted in a reduction in volume and total gastric acidity secretion. Moreover, oral administration of Oenothein B was found to increase catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in the gastric mucosa. These findings suggest that Oenothein B exerts its anti-ulcer effects by reducing gastric acid secretion and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, the modulation of endogenous prostaglandin levels appears to play a role in mediating these effects. In conclusion, Oenothein B demonstrates promising anti-ulcer activity and may serve as a potential therapeutic option for the management of peptic ulcer disease. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of action and evaluate its efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

Exploring chemical composition and insecticidal activities of Alpinia calcarata rhizome essential oil against three major storage insects

Alpinia calcarata (Roscoe), generally recognized as snap ginger or lesser galangal of the Zingiberaceae family, undergoes widespread cultivation in tropical nations. It is characterized by its noteworthy pharmacological attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, reproductive, anti-cancer, and gastro-protective effects. Many storage pests now resist traditional chemical pesticides. Transitioning to organic alternatives is a preferable and sustainable solution. This research investigates the insecticidal activity of essential oil from A. calcarata rhizomes, obtained via hydro-distillation. Chemical analysis was conducted, and the study assessed its toxicity and repellent effects on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Callosobruchus chinensis (L). A yield of 0.44 ± 0.02 % essential oil was obtained from dry rhizomes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization revealed the major chemical constituents as 1,8-cineole (25.71 %), ethyl iso-allocholate (16.01 %), and fenchyl acetate (15.15 %). The findings from the investigation into the pesticidal characteristics of essential oils derived from the rhizome of A. calcarata unveiled significant contact (LC50 at 24 h was 10.9 mg/cm2 for T. castaneum, 1.0 mg/cm2 for L. serricorne and 0.5 mg/cm2 for C. chinensis) and fumigant toxicity (LC50 at 24 h was 4.05 mg/L air for T. castaneum, 1.75 mg/L air for L. serricorne, and 1.03 mg/L air for C. chinensis). The repellent efficacy was evaluated through an area preference test, revealing robust repellent activity at various concentrations. Undoubtedly, the essential oil extracted from the rhizome of A. calcarata is valuable and has the potential to be a safe, organic pesticide for controlling storage pests.

Hepatoprotective Potential of Murraya koenigii (Curry Leaves) against Xenobiotics, Heavy Metals, and Hepatotoxic Agents: A Comprehensive Review.

Liver disease, responsible for two million annual deaths, causes Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) and cirrhosis, causing roughly a million deaths yearly. Treatment options for liver injury induced by hepatotoxicity vary, including medication (N-acetylcysteine, corticosteroids, and ursodeoxycholic acid), lifestyle changes, and sometimes liver transplant. However, effectiveness varies, and some treatments carry risks and side effects, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Murraya koenigii (MK) is known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, wound-healing, anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory effects, etc. This review highlights the effectiveness of MK against liver damage induced by heavy metals, drug abuse, xenobiotics, etc. A comprehensive search across multiple databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and others for articles on various hepatotoxicants and hepatoprotective activity of MK was conducted. The researchers applied specific search terms and limits, resulting in 149 eligible articles for final analysis, meeting predetermined inclusion criteria and excluding irrelevant studies. According to the available literature, the phytochemical components of MK, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids present in various extracts, play a crucial role in reversing the hepatotoxic effects by modifying oxidative and ER stresses, re-establishing the hepatic biochemical markers and enzymes involved in metabolism denoting ameliorative activity, and controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To conclude, this review highlights that MK has great potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent, providing a versatile defense against a range of injuries caused by heavy metals, xenobiotics, and common hepatotoxic agents.

Synthesis, characterization, and molecular docking studies of novel hippuric acid anhydrides as potential antiurolithic, analgesic and free radical scavenging agents

Hippuric acid is a biotransformation product in humans which is excreted through urine. Dietary intake of phenolic compounds increases its concentration in urine. Hippuric acid is experimentally proved to be a regulator of calcium oxalate super saturation in human urine and has a solvent effect on oxalate salts. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used analgesics employed in associated renal colic of urolithiasis. The objective of the present study was to chemically link hippuric acid through anhydride linkage to various NSAIDs to synthesize potential mutual prodrugs for urolithiasis and associated renal colic. Hippuric acid was linked to eleven NSAIDs through anhydride linkage by first synthesizing hippuryl chloride using oxalyl chloride as chlorinating agent, followed by its reaction with sodium salts of NSAIDs. Structures of obtained compounds were elucidated using UV spectrophotometry, FTIR spectrometry, 1H NMR and C-13 NMR spectrometry. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, in vivo acute toxicity, in vivo antiurolithic, in vivo analgesic and in vitro hydrolysis studies. Molecular docking analysis on TNF-α and COX-2 was carried out to determine target protein binding. Synthesized compounds showed stability at acidic pH which indicate potential gastro protective effect of synthesized conjugates. Compounds P9 an P6 showed maximum in vivo antiurolithic activity while P9 and P8 showed maximum in vitro antioxidant activity. All the conjugates except P2 showed significant analgesic activity which show that conjugation of hippuric acid to NSAIDs did not result in loss of analgesic potential. Docking studies showed better affinity with TNF-α as compared to COX-2.

Gastroprotective Effect of Isoferulic Acid Derived from Foxtail Millet Bran against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury by Enhancing GALNT2 Enzyme Activity.

Excessive alcohol consumption has led to the prevalence of gastrointestinal ailments. Alleviating gastric disorders attributed to alcohol-induced thinning of the mucus layer has centered on enhancing mucin secretion as a pivotal approach. In this study, foxtail millet bran polyphenol BPIS was divided into two components with MW < 200 D and MW > 200 D by molecular interception technology. Combined with MTT, cell morphology observation, and trypan blue staining, isoferulic acid (IFA) within the MW < 200 D fraction was determined as the effective constituent to mitigate ethanol-induced damage of gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, a Wistar rat model with similar clinical features to alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury was established. Then, gastric morphological observation, H&E staining, and assessments of changes in gastric hexosamine content and gastric wall binding mucus levels were carried out, and the results revealed that IFA (10 mg/Kg) significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Finally, we applied techniques including Co-IP, molecular docking, and fluorescence spectroscopy and found that IFA inhibited the alcohol-induced downregulation of N-acetylgalactosamintransferase 2 (GALNT2) activity related to mucus synthesis through direct interaction with GALNT2 in gastric epithelial cells, thus promoting mucin synthesis. Our study lays a foundation for whole grain dietary intervention tailored to individuals suffering from alcoholic gastric mucosal injury.

Protective effect of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees against experimentally induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats: Experimental evidence from biochemical and histological analysis

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees (Acanthaceae) is traditionally used in the North East Himalayan region to treat stomach issues, including gastritis. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of 70% aqueous ethanol extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus flowers (PTE), standardized by HPTLC and LC-MS/MS, and to establish its possible mechanisms. The gastroprotective effect of PTE, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, was evaluated using both physical (pylorus ligation, PL; cold restraint stress, CRS) and chemical (ethanol, EtOH) ulcerogens-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into control, ulcer control, positive control and PTE-treated groups, with PTE administered orally twice daily for 5 days. The protective effect of PTE was assessed through various gastric ulcer parameters, including gastric pH, gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) content, microvascular permeability, endogenous antioxidant markers, and gastric histopathology. HPTLC and LC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of gallic acid, naringenin, β-sitosterol and ascorbic acid in PTE. The active components of PTE showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer index, with reductions of 28.59-50.03% in PL, 27.69-53.23% in EtOH and 31.14-57.53% in CRS models (P< 0.01). Additionally, PTE at 400 mg/kg significantly increased gastric pH by 23.41%, mucus content by 33.69%, and NP-SH levels by 37.24%. PTE also demonstrated significant antioxidant potential and histopathological studies confirmed its protective effect. The study suggests that the anti-ulcer effect of PTE may be attributed to its ability to preserve adhered gastric mucus, exhibit antisecretory effects, and scavenge free radicals.

Gastroprotective Effect of GABA in Metabolic Stress.

We studied the effect of enteral administration of GABA on the gastric mucosa in male Wistar rats (n=47) with modeled metabolic stress (food deprivation for 9 days with free access to water). The relative weights of the adrenal glands and thymus were determined, and histological examination of the stomach was performed. In control rats, modeling the metabolic stress was accompanied by the development of erosive damage to the gastric mucosa related to blood supply disturbances. Administration of GABA prevented erosions and exhibited a pronounced gastroprotective effect. Thus, administration of GABA can be a promising method for the prevention and treatment of erosive gastric lesions associated with metabolic stress.

Ocimum sanctum: The Journey from Sacred Herb to Functional Food.

In recent years, the growing demand for herbal-based formulations, including functional foods, has acquired significant attention. This study highlights historical, botanical, ecological, and phytochemical descriptions and different extraction mechanisms of Ocimum sanctum utilized in its processing. Besides this, it explores the utilization of Ocimum sanctum as a functional food ingredient in various food products such as bakery products (biscuits, bread), dairy products (herbal milk, cheese), and beverages (tea, juice, wine) while focusing on their evaluation parameters, preparation techniques, and pharmacological activities. In terms of other pharmacological properties, Ocimum sanctum-infused functional foods exhibited cognitiveenhancing properties, adaptogenic qualities, anti-obesity effects, gastroprotective, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic, and immuno-modulatory effects. Thus, the diverse properties of Ocimum sanctum offer exciting opportunities for the development of functional foods that can promote specific health issues, so future research should focus on developing and analyzing novel Ocimum sanctum-based functional foods to meet the growing demand of the functional food industry.

Gastroprotective Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus (Ex-Maradi Okra Fruit Variety) Against Ethanol-Induced Ulcers in Rats

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt The study evaluates the gastroprotective properties of the Ex-Maradi variety of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in Wister rats, specifically comparing fresh okra mucilage (FOM) and dried okra powder (DOP). The significant ulcer inhibition and antioxidant effects of DOP, particularly at a 500 mg/kg dosage, indicate its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for peptic ulcer disease. The research highlights the potential for developing green anti-ulcer formulations derived from okra, expanding the scope of nutraceutical applications for this commonly consumed vegetable. Full Abstract Peptic ulcer disease, a notable gastrointestinal disorder, results from an imbalance between gastric acid secretion and the factors maintaining gastric mucosal integrity. Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known for its mucilaginous and nutraceutical properties, also exhibits an antacid effect. This research aimed to examine the antacid properties of fresh okra fruit mucilage (FOM) and dried okra fruit powder (DOP) of the Ex-Maradi okra fruit variety against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in Wister rats. Rats were randomly assigned to seven groups consisting of six rats each. Rats in the FOM and that of the DOP group were pretreated orally with 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the FOM and DOP, respectively; the drug control (DC) group was pretreated orally with 20 mg/kg body weight of Cimetidine while the normal control (NC) group and the ulcer control (UC) group were pretreated orally with normal saline (2 mL/kg body weight). All the treatments were done for seven days before the induction of the ulcer. Ulcer index (UI), percentage inhibition (PI), gastric volume, gastric pH, total acidity, and total antioxidant power (TAP) were evaluated to assess the gastro-protective effect of the FOM and DOP in the rats. Both FOM and DOP groups demonstrated significant (P &lt; 0.05) protection with a low ulcer index (2.41 ± 0.12) and high ulcer inhibition (75.6 %) against the damaging effect of ethanol on the gastric mucosa of the animals. Additionally, DOP also exhibited a strong antioxidant effect with a good percentage inhibition value (56.53 ± 2.1%) compared to the ulcer control group. These results were further supported by the histopathological findings from the rats’ stomachs. In conclusion, the Ex-Maradi okra fruit, especially the DOP500, demonstrated significant (P &lt; 0.05) gastro-protective effects and maintained a relatively intact and continuous epithelial surface of the rats’ stomachs. Overall, its gastroprotective effects may be possibly mediated by its potential to modulate the antioxidant system and gastric acid levels. Hence, the dried okra fruit could be suitable for the development of green anti-ulcer formulations.

Gastroprotective Effects of Curcuma zedoaria in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers of Experimental Rats

Gastroprotective Effects of Curcuma zedoaria in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers of Experimental Rats

Gastroprotective effect of Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. methanolic fruit rind extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rat

Gastroprotective effect of Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. methanolic fruit rind extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rat

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

Wood calamint ameliorates ethanol-induced stomach injury in rats by augmentation of hsp/bax and inflammatory mechanisms.

Clinopodium menthifolium (wood calamint) is a folkloric medicinal plant ingested as a treatment for many human disorders including gastric disorders. Our study evaluates the anti-ulcer potentials of Clinopodium menthifolium ethanol extracts (CMEE) in induced gastric ulcers in rats. Thirty Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: normal and ulcer controls, treated orally with Tween 20%; reference rats treated with Omeprazole 20mg/kg, and the remaining two groups received 250 and 500mg/kg CMEE for 2 weeks. After that, food was taken away for 24h, and then, rats received ethanol-induced gastric ulceration (except normal control), 80% (1ml/rat). After anesthetization and sacrificing, the ulcer index, mucus content, and other ulcer measurements were obtained from dissected rat stomachs. Stomach tissues were also analyzed by different histology procedures and homogenized stomach tissues were assessed for their antioxidant contents. The toxicity trial showed the absence of any toxic signs in rats supplemented with 2 and 5g/kg of CMEE. The gastroprotective results showed a significantly lower ulcer index and higher gastric mucin content in CMEE-ingested rats compared to ulcer controls. Furthermore, CMEE treatments significantly increased the intensity of periodic acid Schiff stained (PAS), HSP 70 protein, and down-regulation of Bax protein expression in the stomach epithelium. Rats supplemented with 500mg/kg revealed noticeable changes in their serum inflammatory cytokines along with positive regulations of antioxidant enzymes. The outcomes provide a scientific backup behind the gastroprotective potential effect of CMEE that could serve as a natural resource against peptic ulcers.

Protein and sugar contents, total antioxidant capacity, analgesic and antiulcer activities of quince fruit extract

Cydonia oblonga belongs to the Rosaceae family, known in Algeria as sfarjel. It is a good source of secondary metabolites with antidiabetic, antihemolytic and antiallergic effects. The present study was undertaken to estimate total proteins and sugar contents and in vitro antioxidant, analgesic, and gastroprotective activities of quince fruit ethanolic extract (QFEE). Proteins and sugar contents of QFEE were determined to be 0.06 ± 0.002 mg BSA E/ g of dry extract and 111.95±0.02 mg GE/g of dry extract, respectively. Using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), QFEE demonstrated a critical antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.39±0.008 mg/ml. Oral administration of QFEE at 200 and 600 mg/kg doses to rats gave a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect in an ethanol model-induced ulcer, with protection percentages of 77.75 and 91.81 %, respectively. The same doses of extract had analgesic activities against acetic acidinduced abdominal contraction. According to these findings, quince extract is an essential source of antioxidant compounds that may have analgesic properties and shield the stomach from developing ulcers. Keywords: Cydonia oblonga Mill, Sugar content, protein content, Antioxidant activity, Analgesic, Ulcer

Protein and sugar contents, total antioxidant capacity, analgesic and antiulcer activities of quince fruit extract

Cydonia oblonga belongs to the Rosaceae family, known in Algeria as sfarjel. It is a good source of secondary metabolites with antidiabetic, antihemolytic, and antiallergic effects. The present study was undertaken to estimate total proteins and sugar contents and in vitro antioxidant, analgesic, and gastroprotective activities of quince fruit ethanolic extract (QFEE). Proteins and sugar contents of QFEE were determined to be 0.06 ± 0.002 mg BSA E/ g of dry extract and 111.95±0.02 mg GE/g of dry extract, respectively. Using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), QFEE demonstrated a critical antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.39±0.008 mg/ml. Oral administration of QFEE at 200 and 600 mg/kg doses to rats gave a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect in an ethanol model-induced ulcer, with protection percentages of 77.75 and 91.81 %, respectively. The same doses of extract had analgesic activities against acetic acidinduced abdominal contraction. According to these findings, quince extract is an essential source of antioxidant compounds that may have analgesic properties and shield the stomach from developing ulcers. Keywords: Cydonia oblonga Mill, Sugar content, protein content, Antioxidant activity, Analgesic, Ulcer.

Gastroprotective effect of vanillic acid against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats: involvement of the NF-κB signalling and anti-apoptosis role.

Vanillic acid (VA; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a flavouring agent found in various natural sources such as olives, fruits, and green tea. While VA exhibits numerous pharmacological effects, its potential protective effects against gastric injury warrants further investigation. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to elucidate investigate the gastroprotective properties of VA against ethanol-induced gastric injury. Rats were orally administered either saline or VA at different doses (50, 100, and 200mg/kg/day), with omeprazole (20mg/kg) serving as a positive control, for fourteen consecutive days before ethanol administration. Blood and gastric tissue samples were collected one hour after ethanol administration for biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. Pre-treatment with VA before ulcer induction alleviated both macroscopic and microscopic damage. It also increased antioxidant glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity, along with reducing inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Additionally, VA pre-treatment reversed the elevation of Bax mRNA expression and gastric caspase-3 levels induced by gastric damage. It also mitigated the reduction in Bcl-2 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that VA exerts protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. It achieves this by augmenting gastric antioxidant capacity and mitigating oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic damage.

The gastroprotective effect of Yucca filamentosa standardized crude leaves extract versus its nano-cubosomal formulation in ethanol-induced gastric injury

Yucca filamentosa (YF) is widely used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory effects. Our study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of YF extracts. Additionally, the gastroprotective efficacy of its crude leaf extract and nano-cubosomal formulation was assessed in a rat model of ethanol-induced gastric injury by altering the HMGB-1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.The phytochemical composition of YF was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and LC-MS/MS techniques. Standardization was further accomplished using HPLC. Rats were treated orally with yucca crude extract or its nano-cubosomal formulation at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. Famotidine (50 mg/kg, IP) was used as a reference drug. After 1 h, rats were administered ethanol (1 ml, 95 %, orally). One hour later, the rats were sacrificed, and the serum was separated to determine TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Stomachs were excised for the calculation of the ulcer index and histopathological examinations. Stomach tissue homogenate was used to determine MDA and catalase levels. Additionally, the expression levels of HMGB-1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB were assessed.Phytochemical analysis confirmed the predominance of steroidal saponins, sucrose, organic and phenolic acids, and kaempferol. The nano-cubosomal formulation demonstrated enhanced gastroprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory efficacy compared to the crude extract at all tested doses. The most prominent effect was observed in rats pretreated with the YF nano-cubosomal formulation at a dose of 100 mg/kg, which was similar to normal control and famotidine-treated rats.Our results highlighted the enhanced gastroprotective impact of the yucca nano-cubosomal formulation in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests its potential use in preventing peptic ulcer recurrence.