Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites Research Articles

Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter cats of central Italy.

In Italy, the limited resources and the large number of cats living in feline shelters may facilitate the spread of parasite infections that may affect the health of cats and expose shelter workers and adoptive owners to zoonosis. Prevalence and risk factors of potential zoonotic and host-specific gastrointestinal parasite infections were assessed in cats living in public and private shelters of central Italy. Individual fecal samples were examined macroscopically and then screened microscopically by fresh and Lugol stained fecal smears and by flotation and the Baermann tests. A commercial rapid immune-chromatographic assay was used to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. All animals were clinically examined to evaluate presence of clinical signs compatible to parasitic infections. Data were statistically analysed by multivariate analysis with logistic regression and chi square testing for bivariate analysis. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the shelter cats surveyed was 22% (29/132), with 26/132 (19.7%) of the animals infected with potentially zoonotic organisms. Upon statistical analysis, parasite infections were identified in significantly more cats younger than 18 months of age (p <0.05), and most often associated with the presence of compatible clinical signs (p <0.05). A higher prevalence of protozoan infections (18.1%, 24/132) than of helminth infections (12.9%, 17/132) was observed. Identified parasites were Giardia duodenalis (10.6%, 14/132), Toxocara cati (9%, 12/132), Cystoisospora felis (3%, 4/132), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.3%, 3/132), hookworms (2.3%, 3/132), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.6%, 2/132), Aonchotheca putorii (0.75%, 1/132), Tritrichomonas foetus (0.75%, 1/132) and Strongyloides sp. (0.75%, 1/132). Co-infections were identified in the 7.6% of animals surveyed. Results obtained from this study indicate high gastrointestinal parasite risk to shelter cats and public health in the examined areas and suggest the need for more effective control measures in shelters surveyed.

Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs (Canis familiaris) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria: Risk factors and zoonotic implications for human health.

Aim:This study was designed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and zoonotic implications of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A total of 200 rectal fecal samples were collected from dogs in Maiduguri for coprological examination using the saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Detection of eggs or oocyst was done on the basis of keys of identification of parasites based on the morphology and size of eggs or oocyst.Results:The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs was 31.5% (63/200) in Maiduguri. The prevalence of the infection was higher in young, male dogs kept outdoor in terms of age, sex, and management; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The parasites detected in Maiduguri include Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Dipylidium spp., Isospora spp., and Taenia spp., with Ancylostoma spp. (16%) having the highest prevalence rate.Conclusion:Gastrointestinal parasites have high prevalence in Maiduguri and constitute potential risk to human health because all genera of parasites detected in the study area are of public health importance.

Gastrointestinal Parasite Infection in Cats in Daegu, Republic of Korea, and Efficacy of Treatment Using Topical Emodepside/Praziquantel Formulation

The purpose of this study was 2-fold: 1) to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection in cats reared in Daegu, Republic of Korea and 2) to assess the efficacy and safety of a topical emodepside/praziquantel formulation for cats with parasitic infections. The gastrointestinal parasite infections were examined microscopically using the flotation method. Of 407 cats, 162 (39.8%) were infected by at least one gastrointestinal parasite, including Toxocara cati (63.0%), Toxascaris leonina (31.5%), Taenia taeniaeformis (3.7%), and Cystoisospora felis (1.9%). None of the infected animals had multiple infections. When the data were analyzed according to sex, age, and type of cat, stray cats showed statistically higher prevalence than companion cats (P<0.05). On the 5th day after treatment, no parasitic eggs were detected using microscopic examination. In addition, no adverse effects, such as abnormal behaviors and clinical symptoms, were observed in the cats treated with the drug. These results quantify the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cats in Daegu, Republic of Korea, and show that topical emodepside/praziquantel is a safe and effective choice for treating the parasitic infections in cats.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats slaughtered in Minna Modern Abattoir, Niger State, Nigeria

Livestock and their products are the major source of animal protein. They also play a crucial role in the economy of most nations including Nigeria. However, parasitism presents a major constraint limiting livestock production in most developing countries. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of commercial sheep and goats in Minna Abattoir, Niger Sate, Nigeria. A total of one hundred and sixty-eight (168) faecal samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites using saturated sodium chloride floatation techniques. An overall prevalence rate of 117 (69.64%) was recorded. Among the selected ruminants used, a prevalence rate of 48 (63.16%) and 69 (75.0%) was obtained for sheep and goats respectively. Seven (7) gastrointestinal parasites were detected; these were Strongyloides spp, Trichuris spp, Haemonchus spp., Eimeria spp., Taenia spp., Moniezia spp. and Fasciola spp. Among the parasite detected, Haemonchus spp. had the highest rate of infection 30 (25.6%) followed by Strongyloides spp. 23 (19.65%) while the least prevalence rate was recorded in Moniezia spp. 8 (6.8%). Overall, male ruminants were also more infected (Sheep: 64.44% and goats:77.78% than their females counterparts (sheep: 61.29% and goats: 71.05%). The older ruminants were more infected (sheep: 69.49% and goats: 73.91%). Chi–square analysis showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) on the infection rate in relation to gender and age. The results of this study suggest high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection among ruminants; therefore, effective control measures should be put in place to combat the despicable effects of gastrointestinal parasites on ruminants.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic pigeons and backyard chickens in Kalar and Khanaqin districts, Iraq

Domestic pigeons and backyard chickens are reared by a large number of people in Iraq for several purposes including meat, egg, commerce, and hobby. They are infected with different types of parasites which cause high mortality rate and great economic loss. The present study was conducted in two districts in Garmian region, Kalar and Khanaqin to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic pigeons and backyard chickens. A total of 720 fresh fecal samples from (401 backyard chickens and 319 domestic pigeons) were examined using direct microscopy and standard floatation technique. The overall prevalence of parasites was 38.61 %. The rate of infection in chickens was 32.91% (132/401) and the rate of infection in pigeons was 45.76% (146/319). Five genera of nematodes were identified in chickens: Ascaridia galli (5.98%), Heterakis gallinarum (4.48%), Capillaria sp. (3.24%), Oxyspirura mansoni (1.74%) and Trichostrongylus tenuis (0.75%). Two cestodes were also identified, Choanotaenia infundibulatum (6.73%) and Raillietina sp. (0.75%) and one protozoan, Eimeria sp. (15.96%). Five genera of parasites were identified in domestic pigeons as follows: three nematodes, Ascaridia columbae (2.82%), Heterakis gallinarum (1.25%) and Capillaria sp. (0.62%), one cestode, Raillietina sp. (1.56%) and one protozoan, Eimeria sp. (42%). Sexes of the birds had no effect on the rate of infection p>0.05. Regarding locations, pigeons from Khanaqin were highly infected with parasites compared to Kalar p

Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Associated with Exotic Dogs in Commercial Breeding Mills in Jos Metropolis-Nigeria

In Nigeria, there has been an increasing trend towards establishing puppy mills for commercial breeding of exotic dogs. This study determined gastrointestinal parasites associated with exotic dogs of the existing puppy mills in Jos Metropolis Nigeria. A total of 150 dogs’ fresh feacal samples were collected from 25 different puppy mills and examined using formol ether and floatation concentration techniques. Data on risks factors variables of dogs’ age, number of dogs per kernel kennel type, nature of food and history of antiparasitic drugs usage were collected from the breeders using predesigned questionnaire. The result revealed an overall prevalence of 71.33% intestinal parasitic burden among the dogs. Chi square (χ2) analysis showed association (p&lt; 0.05) between breeds of dogs and occurrence of parasites. The gastrointestinal parasites associated were most prevalent dogs in Neapolitan mastiff (86.36%) followed by Rottweiler (75.70%) and German Shepherd (57.14%) was the least infected Predominantly, a total of seven (7) species of intestinal parasites; Ancylostoma caninum (28.00%) Dipylidium caninum (23.33%), Toxocara canis (14.00%), Trichuris vulpis (11.33%), Taenia sp. (5.33%) Giardia sp. (7.33%) and Coccidia sp. (5.33%) were identified. Among different gastrointestinal parasitic infections, occurrence of Ancylostoma caninum (28.00%) was highest, followed by Dipylidium caninum (23.33%). Multiple parasitic infections among positive dogs sampled were observed, however, risk factors variables did not (p &gt; 0.05) affect parasitic infection. Age based gastrointestinal parasitic infection peak (77.78%) was reported among 7 9 months old and decreased with ages of dogs The result showed no significant difference in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among age groups of the dogs (χ2 = 2.616, d.f. = 5, P = 0.624). This trend implies that puppies of younger age groups had higher prevalence and tendency for infection with gastrointestinal parasites than their older counterparts.This study provides baseline data on the spectrum of intestinal parasitic infection of exotic dogs in commercial puppy mills in Jos-Nigeria. Therefore, the phenomenon could represent an important health threat and needs to be regulated, so that breeders adhere to hygiene practices and veterinary guidelines. This will serve as an approach to reduce the tendency of increasing intestinal parasitic burden of local dogs as well as eliminate emergent zoonotic intestinal parasites in the dogs.

Epidemiological Survey on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Zoonosis in Cattle of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh

This study was conducted to evaluate the zoonotic gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle at Sirajganj district of Bangladesh during the period from February, 2016 to November, 2016 by coproscopy examination. A total of 150 fecal samples of cattle were collected from the study areas, which examined and found 41 (27.33%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infections that has zoonotic importance. The prevalence of parasitic infection was significantly higher in female (33.7%) than in males (19. 4%). The prevalence of parasite was recorded higher in cross breed than in indigenous cattle which are statistically significant (p≤0.05). In case of age groups, the highest rate of infection was observed in adult of &gt;1 years (28.5%) and the lowest in calves aged ≤1 year (25.4%). Moreover, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites were higher in poor body conditioned cattle (36.3%) than that of malnourished (34%) and healthy cattle (22.4%). In case of management system, the prevalence of parasitic infections was higher in cattle reared in free range (40.0%) than cattle reared in semi-intensive (28.5%) and intensive system (25.5%). Furthermore, parasitic infections were higher in summer (36.5%) followed by winter season (25.5%) and rainy season (15.7%). A significant correlation (P=0.00) has been found between diarrheic non-diarrhea cattle. Finally, prevalence was significantly (P=0.02) higher in cattle with no previous history of anthelmintic use. From this study, it is concluded that gastrointestinal parasitic infection is a major threat to cattle health and production at Sirajganj district irrespective of age, sex, management system, breed, season, diarrheic and anthelmintic usage.

Gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves from Fennoscandia: An epidemiological study.

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) host numerous parasites. Although there is a general knowledge about parasite diversity in reindeer, detailed baseline information about parasitic infections is limited. Detailed knowledge of parasite prevalence and diversity provide a pathway for more targeted parasite control, an increasing need expected in the future. The main aim of our cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in semidomesticated reindeer calves. The 480 reindeer calves included in our study were aged 6-7 months, originated from 9 reindeer herding cooperatives in Finland and 1 in Norway, and were slaughtered during September-November 2015 in 10 reindeer slaughterhouses. All the reindeer calves passed meat inspection, and the detected parasitic infections were subclinical. As the reindeer included in this study were young animals intended for slaughter, they had never been administrated any antiparasitic treatment. Assessments of gastrointestinal parasitism among these reindeer calves were based on fecal examination and morphological identification of coccidian oocysts or helminth eggs. Individual fecal samples collected from the rectum of each of the reindeer were examined using a modified McMaster method. Most (78.3%) of the reindeer calves had eggs or oocysts of at least one parasite species in their feces, and more than half (53.5%) had a mixed infection. Strongylid eggs were detected in 75.6%, Eimeria sp. oocysts in 50.6%, Moniezia sp. eggs in 28.1%, Nematodirus sp. eggs in 22.1%, Capillaria sp. eggs in 9.4%, and Trichuris sp. eggs in 0.6% of the samples. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was similar or higher relative to previous estimates from the region; the proportion of reindeer calves shedding strongylid eggs and the proportion of reindeer calves shedding Moniezia sp. eggs had increased. Prevalence varied by geographical region, which may reflect different herding practices or environmental parameters. Higher reindeer density was a risk factor for testing positive for Eimeria sp. oocysts, and the odds of testing positive for Nematodirus sp. eggs were higher if a peroral route was used for antiparasitic treatment in the reindeer herding cooperative. The mean proportion of reindeer estimated to receive antiparasitic treatment in Finland was 86% in 2004-2005 and 91% in 2014-2015. During the historical time frames of current management practices, this routine annual antiparasitic treatment of breeding reindeer has not decreased the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer calves, which can be seen as sentinels or indicators of the infection pressure.

Gastrointestinal Parasites of Local And Exotic Breeds of Turkeys [Meleagris gallopavo] In Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the gastrointestinal parasites in local and exotic breed of turkeys reared in Gwagwalada, Guinea savannah Zone of Nigeria. It was conducted between May and September, 2017. One hundred [100] faecal samples were collected from local and exotic breeds of turkeys in Gwagwalada Area Council and examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites eggs and oocysts using flotation and sedimentation methods. The following parasites eggs/oocysts were identified in the study; Ascaridia spp [47%], Strongyloides spp [32%], Cappilaria spp [26%], Heterakis spp [25%], Tetrameres spp [24%], Spirurid spp [15%], Raillientina spp[13%], Davainea spp [10%], Subulura spp [6%], Oxyuris spp [6%], Cyathostoma spp [5%], Syngamus spp [5%]. The Oocysts identified belonged to Eimeria spp [41%], Cryptosporidium spp [34%], Sarcocystis spp [6%], Trichomonas spp [4%]. A total of 95% of the turkeys were infected, with majority of the birds having mixed infection. Interestingly, none of the turkeys examined was infected with trematodes. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence [p&gt;0.05] among the Turkeys. There was difference [p&lt;0.05] in the prevalence of infected male and female turkeys. The females had higher Infestation with the parasites than the males. There was no significant difference [p&gt;0.05] among the age groups. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in this study shows a higher occurrence in exotic breed of turkeys 58.9% when compared to the local breed 41.1%. The domestic turkeys raised are hosts of a great number of gastrointestinal parasites which is attributed to the production system to which they belong. Therefore, Turkeys raised in free range condition of breeding should have a boundary and food served to them to reduce their search for food which exposes them to intermediate hosts of parasites.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle and sheep in three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountain.

Aim:The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in cattle and sheep from three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountain.Materials and Methods:Overall, 200 fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum in cattle and sheep. The presence of helminths eggs and coccidial oocysts in fecal samples was detected using McMaster and Dennis techniques. Identification of eggs or oocysts was done on the basis of morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts.Results:The global prevalence of GI parasites was 56.3%. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p>0.05), indicating that the prevalence was similar in the three municipalities. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in sheep (63%) as compared to that of cattle (50.5%), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). The most prevalent parasites were Eimeria spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongylida order. Regarding the results for Eimeria spp., different degrees of positivity were observed, but there was no statistical association (p>0.05) with respect to the age group. Likewise, there was no statistical association (p>0.05) between the prevalence for Strongylida order and F. hepatica with respect to the age group.Conclusion:Cattle and sheep in Colombian Northeastern Mountain were infected with helminths and coccidia. The prevalence values of GI parasites were moderate in both species warranting treatment. The presence of F. hepatica represents a risk factor to health public. Future studies are required to evaluate the parasitic dynamics throughout the year and the impact on animal production.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of red deer from Protected Landscape Area Štiavnické vrchy

Count of red deer in some areas of Slovak republic exceeds standard count. To these areas belongs as well Protected Landscape Area Stiavnicke vrchy (N48°24'42'' E18°52'21''). High count of is a risk for spread of viral, bacterial as well as parasitic diseases. The aim of this study was to determined and evaluated prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Protected Landscape Area Stiavnicke vrchy in year 2016. Monitoring was realized through cooperation between Department of Veterinary Sciences at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra and District Veterinary and Food Administration in Zvolen as well as with Hunting Associations acting in area of Stiavnicke vrchy. Total 120 faecal samples (10 from each month of the year 2016) was analysed using flotation method and eggs and oocysts were identified. Highest prevalence was detected by Trichostrongylus axei, Eimeria spp. and Spiculopteragia boehmi. Prevalence of endoparasites is affected by age structure of red deer and then by using antiparasitics, climatic condition. Result of these was, that prevalence of total gastrointestinal parasites was lowest during months January to March, when Hunting Associations realised regular worming. The highest prevalence of total gastrointestinal parasites was in months July to December, when the relative humidity is higher and to red deer population belongs as well new offspring, which has high predisposition to gastrointestinal parasites.

Parasite Prevalence in The Palajunoj Valley: Water System Case Study in Candelaria, Guatemala

Background: Due to poor sanitation and lack of infrastructure in rural Guatemala, diarrheal disease is prevalent. The goal of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in children in the Palajunoj Valley and to conduct a case study in Candelaria – a rural Guatemalan community in the Palajunoj Valley – regarding the current state of their water system and household water practices. Methods: The Primeros Pasos Clinic, a primary care medical and dental clinic in the Palajunoj Valley, collected over 1,000 fecal samples in 2015 from children in the Palajunoj Valley and tested them for parasites presence. Interviews and water tests were conducted in January 2019 in Candelaria with community leaders and women in the community. Data was analyzed in February 2019. Results: 60.11% of children in the Palajunoj Valley and 50.47% of children in Candelaria presented with at least one type of gastrointestinal parasite. 37 out of 95 houses in Candelaria do not have access to tap water. Unfiltered tap water was highly contaminated with hydrogen peroxide producing bacteria. Boiled water and filtered water presented lower levels of contamination. Conclusions The high level of parasite prevalence is at least partially due to lack of access to clean water. The three major issues in Candelaria are lack of infrastructure, financial barriers, and lack of sufficient education.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats in Aeolian Plains of Haryana, India

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats in Aeolian Plains of Haryana, India

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non-human primates of zoological gardens in North-Eastern region of India

ABSTRACT The increasing emergence of wildlife diseases with the possibility of ecological threats as well as domestic animals and human health has prompted the importance of understanding disease dynamics and associated risks in biological conservation. The present study was undertaken from the North Eastern part of India from July 2017 to June 2018 to identify different gastrointestinal parasites based on faecal sample examination in various captive non-human primates (NHPs). Fresh stool sample (10–15 g) was collected and examined by both sedimentation and floatation techniques to identify parasitic ova and cysts. Out of 145 NHPs examined, 32 (22.06%) were found positive for any of the gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites based on morphological characteristics of either ova or cyst. It can be inferred from the study that captive NHPs are much more susceptible to GI parasite infection. Proper management is necessary to maintain this part of the ecosystem.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of pigeons (Columba sp. Linnaeus, 1758) in three temples of Pokhara valley, Nepal

The present study was conducted to determine the general prevalence, identification, compare area-wise as well as infection-wise prevalence and find out activities on health care of pigeon (Columba sp.) in three temples viz. Bhadrakali temple, Bindhyabasini temple and Tal Barahi temple of Pokhara valley. Iodine wet mount and different concentration technique (floatation and sedimentation) were used for faecal qualitative tests whereas verbally administered questionnaires for interview and Microsoft Excel and “R” software packages were used inanalyzing data. Out of 120 faecal samples collected by opportunistic random faecal sampling method examined, general prevalence rate of parasitic infection was 69.16%. Total of seven gastrointestinal parasites that includes one subclass of protozoan: Coccidia (19.16%) and six genera of helminths: Capillaria sp. (31.67%), Ascaridia sp. (21.66%), Echinostoma sp.(7.50%), Syangamus sp. (5.83%), Hymenolepis sp. (3.33%) and Hetarakis sp. (2.50%) were identified and reported first time in Nepal. The prevalence rates (55%) of helminths were higher than protozoan parasites (19.16%). The higher prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was in Bhadrakali temple with 77.50% followed by Tal Barahi temple (72.50%) and lowest in Bindhyabasini temple (57.50%). Statistically, the difference in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection among study area was found to be insignificant whereas the difference in prevalence of single infection (43.83%) and mixed infections (25.83%) were also insignificant. No any activities on health care of pigeon regarding the gastrointestinal parasites were found. The study indicates that pigeons in three temples of Pokhara valley were highly susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites.

Gastrointestinal parasites of Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae Latham, 1790) in Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd Gongoliya, Rupandehi, Nepal

Ostrich and Emu farming have been lunched with a very new concept to Nepalese market for their product in which parasitic diseases may cause significant effect to their production. In order to determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of Emu, a total of 100faecalsamples were collected during the month of May/July 2015. All samples were microscopically examined by using direct smear and concentration techniques (floatation and sedimentation).Out of 100 faecal samples, 65% were found positive for gastrointestinal parasites. Overall, seven different species of gastrointestinal parasites including two protozoan, three nematodes and two cestodes were recorded. Amongprotozoan parasites, Eimeria sp. (30%) was more prevalent compared to Entamoeba sp.(10%). Among helminthes parasites, Ascaris sp. (15%)showed the higher prevalence rate followed by Dromaestrogylus sp. (10%), Davainea sp.(9%), Raillietina sp. (5%) and Heterakis sp. (5%). This study suggested that parasitic infection could be a serious problem in the farm hence needed to adopt appropriate control strategies in order to strengthen the successful emu production in Nepal.

Antineoplastic Chemotherapy and its Effects on the Gastrointestinal Parasitism of the Dog

Background:In veterinary medicine, an increasing incidence of neoplastic diseases has been followed by a growth in the use of chemotherapeutic drugs, often associated with opportunistic infections.Objective:This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, as well as their evolution throughout the protocol and respective effects of chemotherapy on dogs’ lifestyle.Methods:Faecal samples were collected in a group of 30 dogs being treated for neoplastic diseases under different protocols, previous (G1) and during chemotherapy (G2). In total, 60 samples were analysed by Willis flotation, natural sedimentation, Baermann technique and faecal smear stained with Ziehl-Neelsen. A survey to characterize animal lifestyles and deworming care were also conducted with dog’s tutors.Results:In total, there were two positive samples for the protozoanGiardiasp., one of which is in association with the nematodeToxascaris leonina. The two dogs only obtained positive results during chemotherapy (G2). An overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases of 6.7%, in G2, and 0%, in G1, was obtained.Conclusion:The low parasite prevalence has not allowed the evaluation of an association between the use of antineoplastic compounds and infections by gastrointestinal parasites. However, it was concluded that the studied groups were efficiently dewormed, as well as they did not experience any obvious changes in their parasitological component and its lifestyle.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in bonnet macaque and possible consequences of their unmanaged relocations.

Relocation is one of the mitigating measures taken by either local people or related officers to reduce the human-bonnet macaque Macaca radiata conflict in India. The review on relocations of primates in India indicates that monkeys are unscreened for diseases or gastrointestinal parasites (henceforth endoparasites) before relocation. We collected 161 spatial samples from 20 groups of bonnet macaque across their distribution range in south India and 205 temporal samples from a group in Chiksuli in the central Western Ghats. The isolation of endoparasite eggs/cysts from the fecal samples was by the centrifugation flotation and sedimentation method. All the sampled groups, except one, had an infection of at least one endoparasite taxa, and a total of 21 endoparasite taxon were recorded. The number of helminth taxon (16) were more than protozoan (5), further, among helminths, nematodes (11) were more common than cestodes (5). Although the prevalence of Ascaris sp. (26.0%), Strongyloides sp. (13.0%), and Coccidia sp. (13.0%) were greater, the load of Entamoeba coli, Giardia sp., Dipylidium caninum and Diphyllobothrium sp. were very high. Distant groups had more similarity in composition of endoparasites taxon than closely located groups. Among all the variables, the degree of provisioning was the topmost determinant factor for the endoparasite taxon richness and their load. Temporal sampling indicates that the endoparasite infection remains continuous throughout the year. Monthly rainfall and average maximum temperature in the month did not influence the endoparasite richness. A total of 17 taxon of helminths and four-taxon of protozoan were recorded. The prevalence of Oesophagostomum sp., and Strongyloides sp., and mean egg load of Spirurids and Trichuris sp. was higher than other endoparasite taxon. The overall endoparasite load and helminth load was higher in immatures than adults, where, adult females had the highest protozoan load in the monsoon. The findings indicate that relocation of commensal bonnet macaque to wild habitat can possible to lead transmission of novel endoparasites that can affect their population. Thus, we suggest avoidance of such relocations, however, if inevitable the captured animals need to be screened and treated for diseases and endoparasites before relocations.

Prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in wild and soft-release Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in Lamandau Wildlife reserve, Central Kalimantan

Faeces samples were collected from 35 orangutans in Lamandau Wildlife Reserve. The orangutan consists of wild and soft release orangutan in four camp (Gemini, JL, Rasak, Buluh). Samples were collected in November until December 2017. Faeces were examined to measure the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite in wild and soft-release orangutan. The examination performed by flotation and sedimentation (formalin-ethyl acetate concentration). The results showed the percentage of orangutan infected with gastrointestinal parasite was 91,4%. High prevalences were found for Strongyloides sp. (68,6%), Hookworm (71,4%), Enterobius sp. (20%) and Trichuris sp. (17,1%). Most orangutan infected with mixed infection parasite (62,8%) dominated by a combination between Strongyloides sp. and hookworm and only 28,6% infected with single infection.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections and Assessment of Deworming Program among Cattle and Buffaloes in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection is a serious issue in cattle management. The effects of GI parasites may vary with age, sex of cattle, nutritional condition, and severity of infection. Prevalence of GI parasites among cattle population in Gampaha District has not been studied and there is no published study available. A total of 45 farms rearing cattle were selected randomly in three areas, namely, Kelaniya, Ganemulla, and Welisara, under three Veterinary Surgeon Divisions (VSD) in Gampaha District (Mahara, Gampaha, and Welisara). Freshly voided cattle fecal samples were collected randomly from the selected farms during March 2017–December 2017. Out of 163 cattle and buffaloes examined, 13.39% (n=22) were positive for eggs of one or more species of GI parasites. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in buffaloes (31.25%, 5/16) as compared to that of cows (11.56%, 21/147), but the difference was not significant (P >0.05). Hookworms (Bunostomum spp.), whipworms (Trichuris spp.), digenetic trematodes (Paramphistomum spp.), cestodes (Moniezia spp.), and oocysts of protozoans (coccidians) were found during the study. The nontreated animals indicated the highest percentage of parasitic infections accounting for 46.67% (n= 14), followed by partially treated individuals (15.15%, n= 5). GI parasite prevalence in males was higher when compared to that of females, but the difference was nonsignificant (P >0.05). General Linear Modelling (GLM) revealed that the effect of treatment status was significantly associated with the prevalence of GI parasites. The calves and yearlings had the highest rate of GI parasitic infections. The highest infection rate was observed at Kelaniya, followed by Welisara. Future investigations are necessary to evaluate the economic impact of GI parasites in the study areas.