Gastrointestinal Glucose Absorption Research Articles

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study to Evaluate Postprandial Glucometabolic Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract, VitaminD, Chromium, and Fiber in People with Type2 Diabetes.

Reducing postprandial (PP) hyperglycemia and PP glucose excursions is important for overall glycemic management. Although most therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce caloric intake would affect this, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored. We evaluated the effects of a novel natural food adjuvant combining mulberry leaf extract (MLE) with other bioactive ingredients, in people with type2 diabetes (T2D) originating from Asia, on improving PP glucometabolic response in a randomized controlled exploratory crossover, two-center study (USA, Singapore). A 2-g blend of 250mg MLE [containing 12.5mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)], fiber (1.75g), vitamin D3 (0.75μg), and chromium (75μg), compared with a similar blend without the MLE, was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal (55.4g carbs) and PP blood glucose (primary exploratory endpoint), insulin, and incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP) were evaluated in blood samples over 3h. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) and maximum concentrations (Cmax) were compared. Thirty individuals (12 women, mean age 59years, HbA1c 7.1%, BMI 26.5kg/m2) were enrolled and the MLE-based blend relative to the blend without MLE significantly reduced glucose iAUC at 1h (- 20%, p < 0.0001), 2h (- 17%, p = 0.0001), and 3h (- 15%, p = 0.0032) and Cmax [mean (95% CI) difference - 0.8 (- 1.2, - 0.3) mmol/L, p = 0.0006]. A statistically significant reduction in 1h insulin iAUC (- 24%, p = 0.0236) was observed, but this reduction was no longer present at either 2h or 3h. No difference in GLP-1 was seen, but GIP response (iAUC and Cmax) was less with the MLE-based blend. The observation of a significant glucose reduction paralleled with a significant lower insulin response supports a reduced gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These results support the use of a 2-g natural blend of MLE, fiber, vitaminD, and chromium in T2D as a convenient dietary adjuvant to improve PP glucometabolic response. gov identifier NCT04877366.

Inhibitory Effect of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extract on Postprandial Increase of Blood Glucose

The tea of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) leaves has been commonly consumed by people living in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa prefecture, Japan, and is considered to be effective for improving diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to clarify the inhibitory potential of OG leaves extract (OG-ext) on gastrointestinal glucose absorption and to provide theoretical evidence for the anti-hyperglycemic effect of OG-ext. The increase of blood glucose after oral administration of α-starch and glucose in mice was suppressed by co-administration of OG-ext. An in vitro enzymatic assay suggested that amylase and maltase were inhibited weakly by the addition of OG-ext. In Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal epithelial model, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) 1-mediated uptake of fluorescence glucose analog was inhibited significantly by the addition of OG-ext in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect on SGLT1 is one of the mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the tea of OG leaves.

Characterization of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Commiphora myrrha and evaluating in vitro anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities

Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia. Reduction of gastrointestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes is one of in-vitro anti-diabetic therapeutic approach. This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Commiphora myrrha oleo-gum as well as identification of the bioactive compounds. Commiphora myrrha was extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate. The two extracts were used to evaluate their α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. Identification of the bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate was analysed by GC-MS gas chromatograph. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract had a stronger inhibitory activity on α-amylase (IC50=54.60µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50=58.7µg/ml) than methanol extract on α-amylase (IC50=124.01µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50= 191.2µg/ml). Also, ethyl acetate extract had a promising inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase (IC50= 107.8µg/ml) than methanol extract (IC50= 498.1µg/ml). Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate extract identified 31 compounds. Among them nobiletin (50.26%), metaproterenol (orciprenaline) (14.99%), morantel (8.86%) and tricetin (3.38%) were the main compounds. These findings proved that Commiphora myrrha has anti-diabetic and anti-obesity inhibition activity may be due to the bioactive compounds with interesting medicinal properties.

Residual Gastric Dilatation Interferes with Metabolic Improvements Following Sleeve Gastrectomy by Upregulating the Expression of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-1.

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is widely used in treating obesity because of significant weight loss and anti-diabetic effects, but there are still cases of long-term weight loss failure. Our aim was to explore the weight loss mechanism following SG in mice to learn how initial improvements in glucose metabolism are reversed in the long term. C57/BL6 mice were divided into two groups, one undergoing SG and the other sham surgery. Body weight, gastric volume, blood glucose level, and the expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) were assessed at 2weeks, 1month, and 2months after surgery. The SG mice had reduced food intake and lost weight during the 30days after surgery. However, food intake and weight recovered gradually and even surpassed the sham group after 30days. SGLT1 expression decreased within 1month after SG and then increased at 2months. Although initial SGLT1 expression levels in the stomach were much lower than at intestinal sites, levels increased following surgery and then decreased. The gastric volume decreased after SG, but was significantly increased at 2months, exceeding the gastric volume in the sham mice. The metabolic benefits of SG are achieved through reduced gastrointestinal glucose absorption as evidenced by decreased expression of SGLT1 without bypassing the proximal intestine as in other forms of bariatric surgery. In addition, SGLT1 expression in the stomach may play a greater role in post-surgical metabolic effects, but further studies are needed.

Serum Levels of Incretin Hormones - GLP-1 and GIP in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the glucose- dependent Insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are natural incretin hormones, which are secreted respectively by the L- and K-cells of the intestinal mucosa in response to the physiological gastrointestinal glucose absorption. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the incretin effect is reduced, whereas the results in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are heterogeneous, in some patients normal incretin response is observed. Comparative analysis of the basal serum levels of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP in patients with type 1 DM and in individuals without carbohydrate disorders. The study included 27 patients with diagnosed T1DM and a control group of 39 individuals without carbohydrate disorders. All participants in the study were subjected to the following clinical measurements and laboratory tests - height, weight, bioimpedance analysis of body composition, fasting blood sugar (BS 0'), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in T1DM patients, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL chol), triglycerides (TG), transaminase (AST and ALT), basal serum levels of GLP-1 and GIP. The serum levels of GIP in the patients with type T1DM were significantly higher, compared to the individuals without carbohydrate disorders (P<0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the GLP-1 levels. The significantly higher GIP levels and the similar GLP-1 levels in our patients with type 1 DM, compared to the individuals without carbohydrate disorders, support the hypothesis of intact incretin effect in this type of diabetes mellitus Key Words: Glucagon-like peptide-1, Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Major constituents of Cistanche tubulosa, echinacoside and acteoside, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1-mediated glucose uptake by intestinal epithelial cells

Echinacoside (ECH) and acteoside (ACT), the major constituents of Cistanche tubulosa, suppress the increase in postprandial blood glucose level. Although ECH and ACT have been reported to weakly inhibit α-glucosidases, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we focused on the regulatory mechanism of dietary glucose absorption. In this study, we aimed to clarify the inhibitory effects of ECH and ACT on sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1-mediated gastrointestinal glucose absorption. Uptake experiments were performed using human intestinal Caco-2 cells and the fluorescence glucose analogue, 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-d-glucose (2-NBDG). Sodium-dependent 2-NBDG uptake was successfully estimated and this uptake was completely inhibited by an SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. ECH and ACT inhibited sodium-dependent 2-NBDG uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. However, this inhibition was not observed under sodium-free condition. This study suggested that the inhibitory effects of ECH and ACT on SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake contribute to suppression of increased postprandial blood glucose level.

Bitter receptors and glucose transporters interact to control carbohydrate and immune responses in the gut

Receptors of bitter taste (T2Rs) co‐localize with glucose transporters SGLT‐1, GLUT2 and GLUT5 in the gastrointestinal enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. Since plant‐based foods are the primary source of both carbohydrates and bioactive bitter substances in our diet, it is possible that gastrointestinal T2Rs evolved to perceive bitter‐tasting phytochemicals in anticipation of the incoming carbohydrate load, resulting in rapid changes in the gastrointestinal glucose absorption and utilization by paracrine signaling. Using a cell culture model of the small intestine, we confirmed that multiple classes of bitter phytochemicals activate bitter receptor signaling and suppress uptake of glucose from the intestinal lumen, mediated in part by cholecystokinin (CCK). Additionally, treatments with bitter extracts from chicory and other edible plants affected the PLC/PKC signaling pathway downstream of T2Rs, thus controlling biomarkers of immune and bioenergetic responses in the intestine. As alterations in normal glucose transport are strongly associated with multiple metabolic pathologies including obesity, diabetes, and cancer, these finding support the use of bioactive bitter phytochemicals to control postprandial glycaemia and reduce caloric intake in high‐risk populations in clinical and community settings.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported in part by NCSU Research and Innovation grant 2012‐2246 (SK); NCSU Office of International Affairs grant 2013‐1705 (SK); Plants for Human Health Institute grant 429350‐42567 (SK); and Cell Culture and Phenotyping Core of the Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University.

Anti-inflammatory salicylate treatment alters the metabolic adaptations to lactation in dairy cattle

Adapting to the lactating state requires metabolic adjustments in multiple tissues, especially in the dairy cow, which must meet glucose demands that can exceed 5 kg/day in the face of negligible gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These challenges are met through the process of homeorhesis, the alteration of metabolic setpoints to adapt to a shift in physiological state. To investigate the role of inflammation-associated pathways in these homeorhetic adaptations, we treated cows with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate (SS) for the first 7 days of lactation. Administration of SS decreased liver TNF-α mRNA and marginally decreased plasma TNF-α concentration, but plasma eicosanoids and liver NF-κB activity were unaltered during treatment. Despite the mild impact on these inflammatory markers, SS clearly altered metabolic function. Plasma glucose concentration was decreased by SS, but this was not explained by a shift in hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression or by altered milk lactose secretion. Insulin concentrations decreased in SS-treated cows on day 7 compared with controls, which was consistent with the decline in plasma glucose concentration. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) was then used to assess whether altered insulin sensitivity may have influenced glucose utilization rate with SS. The RQUICKI estimate of insulin sensitivity was significantly elevated by SS on day 7, coincident with the decline in plasma glucose concentration. Salicylate prevented postpartum insulin resistance, likely causing excessive glucose utilization in peripheral tissues and hypoglycemia. These results represent the first evidence that inflammation-associated pathways are involved in homeorhetic adaptations to lactation.

Impact of LX4211 on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

LX4211, a dual inhibitor of sodium glucose transporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1/2), demonstrated a clear dose reduction in plasma glucose concentration (HbA1C) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy in the Safety and Efficacy of LX4211 with Metformin in T2DM Patients with Inadequate Glycemic Control on Metformin study. SGLT1 is primarily responsible for gastrointestinal glucose absorption, while SGLT2 is primarily responsible for renal glucose reabsorption, leading to reductions in blood glucose levels and weight loss.

Alterations in Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, and Metabolic Processes After Bariatric Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

OBJECTIVEObesity leads to severe long-term complications and reduced life expectancy. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery induces excessive and continuous weight loss in (morbid) obesity, although it causes several abnormal anatomical and physiological conditions.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSTo distinctively unveil effects of RYGB surgery on β-cell function and glucose turnover in skeletal muscle, liver, and gut, nondiabetic, morbidly obese patients were studied before (pre-OP, five female/one male, BMI: 49 ± 3 kg/m2, 43 ± 2 years of age) and 7 ± 1 months after (post-OP, BMI: 37 ± 3 kg/m2) RYGB surgery, compared with matching obese (CONob, five female/one male, BMI: 34 ± 1 kg/m2, 48 ± 3 years of age) and lean controls (CONlean, five female/one male, BMI: 22 ± 0 kg/m2, 42 ± 2 years of age). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp tests, and mechanistic mathematical modeling allowed determination of whole-body insulin sensitivity (M/I), OGTT and clamp test β-cell function, and gastrointestinal glucose absorption.RESULTSPost-OP lost (P < 0.0001) 35 ± 3 kg body weight. M/I increased after RYGB, becoming comparable to CONob, but remaining markedly lower than CONlean (P < 0.05). M/I tightly correlated (τ = −0.611, P < 0.0001) with fat mass. During OGTT, post-OP showed ≥15% reduced plasma glucose from 120 to 180 min (≤4.5 mmol/L), and 29-fold elevated active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) dynamic areas under the curve, which tightly correlated (r = 0.837, P < 0.001) with 84% increased β-cell secretion. Insulinogenic index (0–30 min) in post-OP was ≥29% greater (P < 0.04). At fasting, post-OP showed approximately halved insulin secretion (P < 0.05 vs. pre-OP). Insulin-stimulated insulin secretion in post-OP was 52% higher than before surgery, but 1–2 pmol/min2 lower than in CONob/CONlean (P < 0.05). Gastrointestinal glucose absorption was comparable in pre-OP and post-OP, but 9–26% lower from 40 to 90 min in post-OP than in CONob/CONlean (P < 0.04).CONCLUSIONSRYGB surgery leads to decreased plasma glucose concentrations in the third OGTT hour and exaggerated β-cell function, for which increased GLP-1 release seems responsible, whereas gastrointestinal glucose absorption remains unchanged but lower than in matching controls.

Model-based assessment of insulin sensitivity of glucose disposal and endogenous glucose production from double-tracer oral glucose tolerance test

A new mathematical model of short-term glucose regulation by insulin is proposed to exploit the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which is commonly used for clinical diagnosis of glucose intolerance and diabetes. Contributions of endogenous and exogenous sources to measured plasma glucose concentrations have been separated by means of additional oral administration and constant intravenous infusion of glucose labeled with two different tracers. Twelve type 2 diabetic patients (7 males and 5 females) and 10 control subjects (5 males and 5 females) with normal glucose tolerance and matched body mass index (BMI) participated in this study. Blood samples for measurement of concentrations/activity of unlabeled and double-tracer glucose and insulin were collected every 15 min for 3 h following the oral glucose load. A minimal model combined with non-linear mixed-effects population parameter estimation has been devised to characterize group-average and between-patient variability of: (i) gastrointestinal glucose absorption; (ii) endogenous glucose production (EGP), and (iii) glucose disposal rate. Results indicate that insulin-independent glucose clearance does not vary significantly with gender or diabetic state and that the latter strongly affects, as expected, insulin-dependent clearance (insulin sensitivity). Inhibition of EGP, interpreted in terms of variations from basal of insulin concentrations, does not appear to be affected by diabetes but rather by BMI, i.e. by the degree of obesity. This study supports the utility of a minimal modelling approach, combined with population parameter estimation, to characterize glucose absorption, production and disposition during double-tracer OGTT experiments. The model provides a means for planning further experiments to validate the new hypothesis on the influence of individual factors, such as BMI and diabetes, on glucose appearance and disappearance, and for designing new simplified clinical tests.

Effects of oral administration of some herbal extracts on food consumption and blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats

Previous studies in our laboratories suggest that oral administration of some herbal extracts reduce blood glucose concentrations in rats, possibly by interfering with food consumption and/or gastrointestinal absorption of food. Accordingly, we monitored the amounts of food consumed and body weights in separate groups of nondiabetic and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats, orally treated with some plant extracts (20 mg 100 g -1 body weight) daily for 5 weeks. Control animals were administered the vehicle, citrate buffer (0.1 ml 100 g -1 body weight). Separate groups of rats administered allopathic hypoglycemic drugs metformin (50 mg 100 g -1 body weight) or glibenclamide (5 microg 100 g -1 body weight) acted as positive control animals. After 5 weeks, blood glucose concentrations were reduced in all the groups. Tapinanthus nyasicus leaf, Ficus thoningii bark, Solanum incanum fruit, and Morus alba leaf extracts decreased weekly food consumption throughout the 5-week study period. Similar results were obtained for the groups treated with metformin or glibenclamide. However, food consumption was increased by S. incanum root, Aloe chabaudii leaf, or Allium sativum bulb extracts, and this was associated with high prevalence of diarrhea. The herbal extracts and metformin did not affect serum insulin concentration in nondiabetic rats, while glibenclamide increased serum insulin concentration. In conclusion, it may be inferred that the herbal extracts examined produced hypoglycemia, probably by interfering with either food intake or gastrointestinal glucose absorption (as reported for metformin). These findings merit long-term investigation.

Longitudinal versus radial effects of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on gastrointestinal glucose absorption in dogs

Many water soluble fibers have been shown to favorably affect the postprandial glucose profile in humans. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), a fiber which has been shown to increase glucose tolerance in dogs and noninsulin dependent diabetics, was chosen to study the luminal interactions which mediate this effect. The ability of HPMC to influence upper gastrointestinal (GI) viscosity, transit, and water flux of 5% and 20% glucose solutions was studied in five female dogs fistulated at the proximal duodenum and/or midjejunum. HPMC elevated intraluminal viscosity, with a linear relationship existing between input and luminal viscosity. The ability to modify intraluminal viscosity was greater for isoosmotic (5%) glucose solutions than for hyperosmotic (20%) glucose solutions. HPMC also modified the transit profile of isoosmotic (5%) glucose solutions at midgut by both increasing the lag times before the onset of chyme recovery from 5.5±3.1 min to 9–55 min (depending on the viscosity of the administered solution) and decreasing the first-order transit rate constants from 0.115±0.07 min −1 to 0.014–0.035 min −1. By contrast, the transit profile of hyperosmotic (20%) glucose solutions was not significantly affected. Net cumulative water flux across the gut wall was not significantly affected in either case by the presence of HPMC. These results, in combination with the amount of glucose recovered from midgut fistula, suggest that following the administration of glucose solutions, HPMC effects on blood glucose levels are mediated by mechanisms which relate to the increased intraluminal viscosity but vary according to the input glucose load. For isoosmotic glucose loads, both the decreased upper GI transit rate and hindered radial movement play a role. Although HPMC modifies glucose absorption from hyperosmotic solutions, this study shows that luminal effects occurring before midgut are modest.

Influence of combined intravenous and oral glucose administration on splanchnic glucose uptake in man

The influence of intravenous plus oral glucose administration on splanchnic glucose handling was examined in healthy young individuals by combining the hepatic vein catheterization technique with the double glucose tracer method. After 1 h of steady state hyperglycaemia (11.7 mM) induced by intravenous glucose alone (hyperglycaemic clamp technique), subjects ingested 89 +/- 1 g of glucose, and the hyperglycaemic plateau was maintained for the subsequent 4 h by adjusting the exogenous glucose infusion rate. Over the 4-h absorptive period, only 51 +/- 4 g of oral glucose (i.e. 58 +/- 4% of the ingested load) appeared in the systemic circulation, while 193 +/- 15 g (1.072 +/- 0.83 mol) of glucose had to be infused exogenously to sustain the hyperglycaemia. Endogenous glucose production was suppressed by over 60%. Net splanchnic glucose balance switched from a positive value (i.e. net uptake) of 5.06 +/- 2.56 mumol min-1 kg-1 with intravenous glucose alone (0-60 min) to a negative one (i.e. net output) of 12.50 +/- 2.44 mumol min-1 kg-1 during 4 h (60-300 min) of intravenous + oral glucose. The mean rate of splanchnic glucose uptake was estimated to be 6.39 +/- 4.67 mumol min-1 kg-1 with intravenous glucose alone, and 8.83 +/- 4.28 mumol min-1 kg-1 with intravenous + oral glucose. In either case, the large majority (80-90%) of the glucose appearing in the systemic circulation was disposed of by extrasplanchnic tissues. These results indicate that pre-existing hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia inhibit gastrointestinal glucose absorption, and that oral glucose administration does not result in a major redistribution of intravenous glucose between splanchnic and extrasplanchnic tissues.

A Randomized Study of SMS 201–995VersusBromocriptine Treatment in Acromegaly: Clinical and Biochemical Effects

Twenty-six acromegalic patients were randomized to treatment with either SMS 201-995 or bromocriptine in increasing doses and were investigated before treatment, after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of treatment, and 2 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. There were two dropouts from the bromocriptine group and one from the SMS 201-995 group. Amelioration of clinical signs and symptoms was seen in both groups during treatment. After 8 weeks mean 12-h GH concentrations had declined from 13.8 +/- 5.2 to 2.9 +/- 4.4 (mean +/- SEM) in SMS 201-995-treated and from 18.8 +/- 7.5 to 5.4 +/- 1.2 micrograms/L in bromocriptine-treated patients. Somatomedin-C concentrations fell from 3.04 +/- 0.36 to 1.43 +/- 0.36 in SMS 201-995-treated and from 2.93 +/- 0.40 to 2.13 +/- 0.27 U/mL in bromocriptine-treated patients. Size reduction of the pituitary tumor was seen in one patient receiving bromocriptine. Gastrointestinal glucose absorption was delayed, and insulin secretion suppressed during treatment with SMS 201-995. Hemoglobin-A1 concentrations remained unchanged in SMS 201-995-treated patients, but declined in the bromocriptine group. Side-effects were common, but usually tolerable, with both treatments. It is concluded that both drugs are of benefit in the treatment of acromegaly.

Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in normal and diabetic subjects

To investigate the effect of ethanol on carbohydrate homeostasis in circumstances in which food and ethanol are usually ingested, ethanol was administered hourly in the afternoon prior to the ingestion of a glucose load at 5:00 p.m. in a group of normal subjects and in mild diabetics. In both groups the blood glucose levels following the glucose load were 30–80 mg 100 ml lower and the early insulin secretory response (15–45 min) was 35%–40% higher after ethanol ingestion. In contrast, ethanol intake had no effect on the glucagon response to glucose ingestion. These data suggest that ethanol enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The dampened blood glucose rise observed with ethanol may be related to the augmented insulin response or to decreased gastrointestinal absorption of glucose. In mild diabetic patients, moderate intake of ethanol is without acute deleterious effects on carbohydrate homeostasis and may in some instances improve the blood glucose response to ingested carbohydrate.

Glucose and fructose absorption in chronically immobilized rat

1. 1. The effect of chronic immobilization on gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and fructose was studied in rats restrained from 5 to 25 weeks. 2. 2. Glucose absorption studies have failed to indicate any significant differences in the transport system while fructose results showed a significant increase in sugar absorption in restrained animals throughout the 25-week period. 3. 3. Although the exact mechanisms causing altered gastrointestinal absorption of fructose are unknown, the increase in ability of restrained animals to absorb fructose is attributed to either a stimulatory effect on intestinal uptake or change in metabolic utilization of sugar occurring during chronic immobilization.

The effect of a new diuretic, triflocin (4-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-toluidino)-nicotinic acid) on blood glucose in the rat and dog.

SummaryThe data obtained in the present study indicate that triflocin, a new diuretic, has no propensity for evoking hyperglycemia. In fact, it is so weakly hyperglycemic that special conditions, such as glucose loading, must be invoked before an increased blood glucose can be demonstrated. A greater tendency is for the drug to produce hypoglycemia, presumably by interference with the gastrointestinal absorption of glucose.

Glucose-galactose malabsorption

This is the first report in the American literature of a patient with a deficiency of gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and galactose. The disease is characterized by severe, chronic, watery diarrhea starting soon after birth. Marked improvement occurs following the substitution of the offending sugars by fructose. The disease is probably inherited through an autosomal recessive mode. This is the first report in the American literature of a patient with a deficiency of gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and galactose. The disease is characterized by severe, chronic, watery diarrhea starting soon after birth. Marked improvement occurs following the substitution of the offending sugars by fructose. The disease is probably inherited through an autosomal recessive mode.

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rats With Acute Uremia

To define areas of carbohydrate metabolism which might be altered in uremia, determinations of gastric and intestinal absorption of glucose and deposition of glycogen in the liver of 9 acutely uremic and 24 control rats were performed. Residual gastric and intestinal glucose contents and hepatic glycogen contents were determined 3 hours after glucose lavage in rats fasted for 24 hours. No statistically significant difference was observed in gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and in hepatic deposition of glycogen of the uremic and control animals.