Gastric Juice pH Research Articles

Microencapsulated cells of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei in biopolymer complex coacervates and their function in a yogurt matrix.

L. paracasei subsp. paracasei E6 cells were encapsulated by complex coacervation using whey protein isolate (WPI) and gum arabic and introduced in stirred yogurts after fermentation. For comparison purposes, yogurts without addition of L. paracasei and yogurts with free cells of L. paracasei were produced. The survival of free and microencapsulated L. paracasei cells was evaluated during storage of the yogurts for 45 days at 4 °C. In addition, yogurts were exposed to simulated gastric juice and the reduction in viable numbers of L. paracasei cells was assessed. The effect of complex coacervates' addition on the rheological properties of yogurts was also evaluated. Yogurts containing encapsulated L. paracasei cells showed a slightly improved cell survival (≤0.22 log CFU g-1 reduction) during storage when compared to yogurts containing free cells (≤0.64 log CFU g-1 reduction). Moreover, the microencapsulated L. paracasei cells exhibited greater survival compared to free cells upon exposure of the yogurt samples to simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0) for 3 h. Finally, the incorporation of complex coacervates did not significantly affect the rheological properties of yogurts especially when added at concentrations less than 10% w/w. Consequently, the inclusion of microencapsulated bacteria by complex coacervation in yogurts, could become an effective vehicle for successful delivery of probiotics to the gut, and hence contributing to the improvement of the gastrointestinal tract health, without altering the texture of the product.

Semipurified Ethyl Acetate Partition of Methanolic Extract of Melastoma malabathricum Leaves Exerts Gastroprotective Activity Partly via Its Antioxidant-Antisecretory-Anti-Inflammatory Action and Synergistic Action of Several Flavonoid-Based Compounds.

Recent study has demonstrated the gastroprotective activity of crude methanolic extract of M. malabathricum leaves. The present study evaluated the gastroprotective potential of semipurified extracts (partitions): petroleum ether, ethyl acetate (EAMM), and aqueous obtained from the methanolic extract followed by the elucidation of the gastroprotective mechanisms of the most effective partition. Using the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer assay, all partitions exerted significant gastroprotection, with EAMM being the most effective partition. EAMM significantly (i) reduced the volume and acidity (free and total) while increasing the pH of gastric juice and enhanced the gastric wall mucus secretion when assessed using the pylorus ligation assay, (ii) increased the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of the stomach tissue, (iii) lost its gastroprotective activity following pretreatment with N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; NO blocker) or carbenoxolone (CBXN; NP-SH blocker), (iv) exerted antioxidant activity against various in vitro oxidation assays, and (v) showed moderate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity via the LOX-modulated pathway. In conclusion, EAMM exerts a remarkable NO/NP-SH-dependent gastroprotective effect that is attributed to its antisecretory and antioxidant activities, ability to stimulate the gastric mucus production and endogenous antioxidant system, and synergistic action of several gastroprotective-induced flavonoids.

Chromatographic Release Profile of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients of Synthesized Prodrug and Codrug of Aspirin+Paracetamol and Indomethacin+Paracetamol in Physiological Fluids

Prodrug is the precursor of drug which is made by derivatization of the same to enhance the bioavailability by pharmacokinetics, lipid solubility by partition coefficient and increase the physicochemical and biochemical parameters by pharmacodynamics. All two prodrugs showed different logP values and molecular weights according to the solubility parameters and electronegativity: logP profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A; molecular weight profile: Prodrug-B>Prodrug-A. The main side effect of NSAID is gastric acidity due to release of free H+ because all NSAIDs have free-COOH (carboxylic acid) group which act by competitive inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX1/COX2). Here the target of this project has been designed in such a way to convert the free –COOH/–OH of API (aspirin/paracetamol) into prodrug of two ester (–COO–) and one amide (– CONH–) linkage (Prodrug-A) and one ester and two amide linkage (Prodrug-B) which releases free API after metabolic hydrolysis in acidic pH: 1-4 and alkaline pH: 7-9. Since the prodrugs are repository forms so chances to release gastric acid has been minimized due to non-availability of free-COOH group in stomach. The biotransformation of active drug from prodrug takes such a time in stomach that all goes upto duodenum and then ileum of small intestine that chances of acidity is reduced. Finally all prodrugs go to small intestine where alkaline pH starts so gastric acidity is reduced. Since all two prodrugs are made of two NSAID: Prodrug-A (logP=2.15) releases Aspirin and Paracetamol, Prodrug-B (logP=3.94) releases Indomethacin and Paracetamol which shows distinct two Rt values in HPLC both in acidic an alkaline hydrolysis and these Rt values of Prodrugs match with the individual API components so the purpose of our goal has been completed successfully. The pH of gastric acid varies from 1.5- 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, the acidity being maintained by the proton pump H+/K+ ATPase. So the pattern for acid hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=3- 3.5 by HCl. The pH of intestine varies from 5.6-6.9, so the pattern for alkaline hydrolysis was adjusted at pH=7.0-8.0 by NaOH. In case of codrug which is made by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals interactions and π-interactions between two APIs, so the release of parent molecule will be faster than prodrug both in acidic as well as in alkaline pH because prodrug is made by covalent bonding between two APIs. log P profile: Codrug-B (3.42)>Codrug-A (1.55); molecular weight profile: Codrug-B (508.94g)>Codrug-A (331.31g).

Gastric Residual Volume Linked to Gastric Fluid pH in Infants with Very Low Birth Weight

Limited information exists regarding the correlation between gastric residual volume and gastric fluid pH before feedings in infants with very low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this relationship in infants with feeding tolerance compared with that in those with feeding intolerance. A total of 86 infants with very low birth weight were included in the study, including 43 with feeding tolerance (study group) and 43 with feeding intolerance (control group). Gastric residual volume was obtained using a feeding tube and acidity measured using a pH-test paper. The gastric fluid pH was measured before each feeding in both the groups and compared. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between very low birth weight infants with and without feeding intolerance. Significant differences were observed in the gastric fluid pH between groups (p < 0.05). The gastric fluid pH value significantly increased with increasing gastric residual volume in a linear fashion (Pearson correlation = 0.543; P < 0.05). There is a positive linear correlation between gastric residual volume and gastric juice pH value in infants with very low birth weight.

Anti Ulcer Activity of the Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts Of Mikania scandens in Rats

Background: Mikania scandens (family: Asteraceae), known as climbing hempvine, is a twining herb with long petioles, opposite leaves and small monogamous flower heads. It has been used in traditional medicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of the plant in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Ulcer was induced by pylorus ligation method in experimental Wistar albino rats. Gastric juice content, pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index and percentage of ulcer protection were used for evaluation. The aerial parts of the plant were collected, shade dried, powdered and successively extracted with ethanol and water (1:10 w/v in g/mL).The extracts were separately collected using rotary evaporator. Percentage yield of ethanol and aqueous extracts were 17.6 g, (9.8% w/w) and 24.3 g, (15.5% w/w). The crude extracts were tested qualitatively for presence or absence of selected phytoconstituents. The anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts was carried for the two selected common doses (100 and 200 mg/kg of b.w per day orally) for each of the extract against the standard drug, [lansoprazole (pure drug suspension)] at a dose of (8 mg/kg) day orally.Results: The phytochemical study has revealed that both extracts of M. Scandens contain flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins and glycosides. The anti-ulcer activity, the two extracts was found significantly high (p<0.05) at the dose of 200 mg/kg orally compared to lansoprazole (8 mg/kg).Conclusion: The present study of aerial parts of M.scandens in ethanolic and aqueous extracts has shown to possess effective anti-ulcer activity.

Tetany Secondary to the Use of a Proton-Pump Inhibitor

Introduction: Chronic PPI use has been reported to cause hypocalcemia, bone density loss and osteoporoticrelated fractures but an acute drop in serum calcium level with PPI use is rare. We present a rare case of symptomatic hypocalcemia with 2 weeks use of PPI. Case Report: 61-year-old female with past medical history of hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism secondary to thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy came to the emergency department(ED) with complaints of spasm and twitching of her upper extremities associated with lethargy and difficulty ambulation. 2 weeks prior to this presentation patient had upper endoscopy done for dyspepsia which showed antral erythema and stomach biopsies came back positive for Helicobacter Pylori gastritis. Patient started taking omeprazole after the endoscopy and later she was given antibiotics treatment for Helicobacter Pylori which she started taking three days prior to the ED presentation. Prior to initiate the omeprazole patient's serum calcium was 8.1 mg/DL. The patient has been taking magnesium citrate 200 mg two times a day and calcium carbonate 1200 mg daily with meals since surgery. No recent change in the dosage of these medications. In ED, EKG done showed QT prolongation, serum calcium was 5.7 mg/DL, magnesium was 1.7 mg/DL and albumin was 3.3 g/DL Thyroid function was within normal limit and parathyroid hormone(PTH) was Discussion Gastric acidic PH is required for absorption of the calcium. Calcium carbonate is a widely use form of calcium supplement which become soluble in the gastric acidic PH and then get absorb in the small intestine. PPI increase the gastric PH so decrease the absorption of calcium which later can cause hypocalcemia. This effect is more seen in the patient with low PTH as it plays a key role in maintaining the serum calcium level within normal limit by stimulating bone resorption, renal tubular calcium reabsorption, and by enhancing gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. The patients with hypoparathyroidism when take PPI their serum calcium needs to be closely monitored to avoid the life threatening complication of hypocalcemia and should be advised to take calcium citrate as a calcium supplement which does not require gastric acidic PH.

Effects of two intravenous dose levels of omeprazole on the gastric juice pH of healthy horses

Summary Background: omeprazole suppresses gastric acid secretion and increases gastric juice pH by blocking the H+, K+ ATPase in the secretory membrane of parietal cells. Gastric juice pH below 4, long periods of no feed intake and stress are factors predisposing to gastric ulcers in horses. Objective: to determine the effect of 1 and 2 mg/Kg intravenous (IV) omeprazole on the gastric juice pH of Colombian Creole horses. Methods: seven horses were treated with two IV levels of omeprazole (1, and 2 mg/Kg body weight (BW)) in a crossover design. The omeprazole dose for each animal was reconstituted with 100 ml 0.9% NaCl. Gastric pH was measured using a portable pH-meter in stomach samples collected at time 0 (just before treatment), and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 24 hours post-treatment. Results: the gastric pH at time 0 fluctuated from 1.6 to 3.2 in all horses. Both omeprazole doses (1 and 2 mg/Kg) significantly increased the gastric pH (pH > 4.6) from 1 to 11 hours after the treatment. At 24 hours post-treatment, pH of the group treated with 1.0 mg/Kg significantly decreased to 2.8 ± 0.3, but remained elevated at 5.7 ± 0.87 for the group treated with 2 mg/Kg. Conclusion: the study demonstrated that a single IV omeprazole dose of 2 mg/Kg, but not 1 mg/Kg, maintained gastric pH above 4 during 24 hours. Keywords: equine, stomach, ulcer. Resumen Antecedentes: el omeprazole disminuye la secrecion de acido gastrico e incrementa el pH del jugo gastrico al bloquear la enzima H+, K+ ATPasa en la membrana secretora de la celula parietal. El estres y el pH gastrico por debajo de 4 durante largos periodos de ayuno predisponen a las ulceras gastricas en caballos. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de dos dosis diferentes de omeprazol intravenoso (IV) sobre el pH gastrico en caballos Criollos Colombianos. Metodos: siete caballos fueron tratados con una o dos dosis de omeprazol IV (1 vs. 2 mg/Kg de peso corporal (PC)) en un diseno cruzado. La dosis de omeprazol para cada animal fue reconstituida con 100 ml de NaCl 0,9%. El pH del jugo gastrico se determino con un medidor portatil a las: 0 (antes del tratamiento), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 y 24 horas post-tratamiento. Resultados: el pH gastrico a la hora 0 vario de 1,6 a 3,2 en todos los caballos. Ambas dosis de omeprazol (1 y 2 mg/Kg) incrementaron significativamente el pH gastrico (pH > 4,6) de 1 hora hasta 11 horas despues del tratamiento. A las 24 horas pos-tratamiento el pH en el grupo tratado con 1 mg/Kg IV disminuyo significativamente a 2,8 ± 0,3, pero se mantuvo elevado a 5,7 ± 0,87 en el grupo tratado con 2 mg/Kg. Conclusion: el estudio demostro que una sola aplicacion intravenosa de 2 mg/Kg de omeprazol, pero no de 1 mg/Kg, mantuvo el pH gastrico por encima de 4 durante 24 horas. Palabras clave: equino, estomago, ulcera. Resumo Antecendentes: o omeprazol diminui a secrecao de acido gastrico e aumenta o pH do suco gastrico atraves do bloqueio da enzima H+, K+ ATPasa na membrana secretora da celula parietal. O pH do suco gastrico inferior a 4 por longos periodos de jejum e estresse pode causar ulceras gastricas em equinos. Objetivo: determinar o efeito de 1 mg/Kg e 2 mg/Kg de omeprazol intravenoso (IV) sobre o pH do suco gastrico do cavalo Criollo Colombiano. Metodos: sete cavalos foram tratados com omeprazol (1 mg/Kg e 2 mg/Kg de peso corporal, IV), em um desenho cruzado. Uma dose de omeprazole de cada animal fue reconstituida com 100 ml de NaCl a 0,9% e foi administrada por via intravenosa. O pH do suco gastrico foi medido, usando um medidor de pH portatil nas amostras estomacais nas 0 horas (antes do tratamento), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 e 24 horas pos-tratamento. Resultado: o pH do suco gastrico quando 0 variou de 1,6 a 3,2 em todos os cavalos. Ambas as doses de omeprazol (1 e 2 mg/Kg) induziram um aumento significativo no pH do suco gastrico (pH > 4,6), a partir de 1 hora ate 11 horas pos-tratamento. As 24 horas pos-tratamento, o pH medio ± desvio padrao (DP) no grupo tratado con 1 mg/Kg IV, diminuiu significativamente para 2,8 ± 0,3 mas manteve-se elevado a 5,7 ± 0,87 no grupo tratado com 2 mg/Kg IV. Conclusao: o estudo demonstra que uma unica aplicacao intravenosa de omeprazol a 2 mg/Kg IV, mas nao a 1 mg/Kg em equinos, manteve o pH>4 no suco gastrico por 24 horas. Palavras-chave: equino, estomago, ulcera.

Identification and characterization of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-MDMA: a new MDMA precursor.

In September 2015, 80 litres of a viscous, light-red liquid, described as hair product, was seized by the Australian Border Force (ABF). Initial testing by ABF indicated that the liquid was the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) precursor chemical safrole and custody of the material was transferred to the Australian Federal Police (AFP) who coordinated all subsequent investigations. Initial gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis by the AFP indicated that the material was not safrole and samples of the liquid were transferred to the National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) for identification. Using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), GC-MS, infrared spectroscopy, and synthesis, the unknown substance was identified as N-tert.-butoxycarbonyl-MDMA (t-BOC-MDMA). The substance was also converted in high yield to MDMA (aqueous HCl, 80 °C, 30 min). The possibility that the t-BOC-MDMA may act as a pro-drug following ingestion was explored by exposure to simulated gastric juice (pH 1.5) and monitored by NMR (37 °C) at various intervals. The majority of t-BOC-MDMA was converted to MDMA after 305 min, which suggested that this derivatized form might serve as a pro-drug in vivo. An investigation into the chemistry of potential pro-drugs showed that t-BOC derivatives of methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine and 4-methylmethcahtinone (mephedrone) could also be prepared using di-tert.-butyl dicarbonate. The appearance of t-BOC-derivatives on the drug market requires further monitoring. © 2016 Commonwealth of Australia. Drug Testing and Analysis © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of acupoint laser irradiation on gastric acid secretion and NO content in chronic atrophic gastritis

Objective To study the effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on the pH value of gastric juice, the ultrastructure of gastric parietal cells and the content of nitric oxide (NO) in chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Methods Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model group, a drug group, an acupuncture group and a laser acupoint group, each of 12. A CAG model was successfully introduced to all except those in the normal control group through the administration of sodium salicylate and alcohol, combined with fasting and water deprivation, running fatigue and other interventions. The rats of the drug, acupuncture and laser acupuncture groups were given medications, acupuncture at Zusanli acupoint and laser irradiation at Zusanli acupoint accordingly. After 14 days of treatment, all of the rats were executed and diluted gastric juice and gastric tissues were collected. NO content in serum was determined using a nitrate enzyme reduction method, the pH value of gastric juice was measured, and the ultrastructure of the gastric mucosa was observed using a transmission electron microscope. Results The average pH of the gastric juice and the average serum NO content were both significantly higher in the model group than in the normal control group. In the model group the membrane structure of the parietal cells was absent or partly dissolved and the mitochondria were swollen. Drugs, acupuncture and laser irradiating at the Zusanli acupoint all corresponded with reduced pH and NO content, but the most significant improvements were observed in the laser acupuncture group. In the laser acupuncture group the membrane structure of parietal cells was complete, and the cytoplasmic organelles had nearly returned to normal. Conclusions Laser irradiation can promote recovery from CAG, increasing the secretion of gastric acid and decreasing the serum level of NO. Both have a good curative effect for CAG. Laser irradiation deserves further clinical research and promotion. Key words: Laser acupuncture; Lasers; Acupuncture; Gastritis; Nitric oxide

Effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on gastric acid secretion.

H2 S is an important gasotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenous H2 S on gastric acid secretion. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into physiological saline (PS) group, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; 50, 100, and 150 µmol/kg body weight) group, glibenclamide + NaHS group, and SQ22536 + NaHS group. PH of gastric juice before injection and after injection were determined by a PH meter. The results showed that NaHS, an exogenous H2 S donor, injected into the enterocoelia significantly reduced the PH of gastric juice, the same volume of PS administered similarly did not change PH of gastric juice, the promotional effect of NaHS on gastric acid secretion could be abolished by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel K(ATP) blocker SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenyl cyclase. The data from these experiments suggest that exogenous H2 S promoted gastric acid secretion, which may occur via K(ATP) channels and activate AC-cAMP pathway.

Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Different Extracts of Clitoria ternatea Leaves on Experimental Animals

We planned to evaluate the antiulcer effects of four different extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves. Gastric lesions were induced in rats by oral administration of Indomethacin (10 ml/kg). The antiulcer activity of Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea leaves (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body wt) was compared with standard drugs. The parameters studied were ulcer index, gastric juice volume and pH of gastric juice. Clitoria ternatea leaves showed a dose dependent curative ratio compared to ulcer control groups. Pretreatment with extract displayed significant antiulcer activity which is almost equal to that of the standard drug. The volume of acid secretion, and ulcer index were decreased and pH of the gastric juice was increased compared to ulcer control group. The petroleum extract showed maximum antiulcer activity compared to other extract.

Antiulcerogenic effect of gallic Acid in rats and its effect on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in stomach tissue.

In the present study, we investigate the antiulcerogenic effect of gallic acid against aspirin plus pyrolus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Rats were treated with gallic acid (100 and 200 mg/kg) and famotidine (20 mg/kg) for 1 week, followed by induction of gastric ulcer using the aspirin plus pyrolus ligation model. At the end of 4 h after ligation, the rats were sacrificed and ulcer index, gastric juice volume, pH and other biochemical parameter of gastric juice were evaluated. Stomachs of rats were evaluated biochemically to determine oxidant and antioxidant parameters. Pretreatment with gallic acid significantly decreased ulcer index, gastric juice volume, free and total acidity, total protein, DNA content and increased pH and carbohydrates concentration. Gallic acid at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg exerted 69.7 and 78.9% ulcer inhibition, respectively. The levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidise, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were increased while reduction in myeloperoxidase and lipid peroxidation were observed in the stomach tissues of the drug treated rats. The histopathological studies further confirmed the antiulcer activity of gallic acid. We conclude that the gallic acid possesses antiulcer effect and that these occur by a mechanism that involves attenuation of offensive factors, improvement of mucosal defensive with activation of antioxidant parameters and inhibition of some toxic oxidant parameters.

Role of nitrite, urate and pepsin in the gastroprotective effects of saliva

Dietary nitrate is now recognized as an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (•NO) production in the gut. This novel pathway implies the sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrite, •NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides but the physiological relevance of these oxidants has remained elusive. We have previously shown that dietary nitrite fuels an hitherto unrecognized nitrating pathway at acidic gastric pH, through which pepsinogen is nitrated in the gastric mucosa, yielding a less active form of pepsin in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that pepsin is nitrated in vivo and explore the functional impact of protein nitration by means of peptic ulcer development. Upon administration of pentagastrin and human nitrite-rich saliva or sodium nitrite to rats, nitrated pepsin was detected in the animal's stomach by immunoprecipitation. •NO was measured in the gastric headspace before and after nitrite instillation by chemiluminescence. At the end of each procedure, the stomach's lesions, ranging from gastric erosions to haemorrhagic ulcers, were scored. Nitrite increased gastric •NO by 200-fold (p<0.05) and nitrated pepsin was detected both in the gastric juice and the mucosa (p<0.05). Exogenous urate, a scavenger of nitrogen dioxide radical, blunted •NO detection and inhibited pepsin nitration, suggesting an underlining free radical-dependent mechanism for nitration. Functionally, pepsin nitration prevented the development of gastric ulcers, as the lesions were only apparent when pepsin nitration was inhibited by urate. In sum, this work unravels a novel dietary-dependent nitrating pathway in which pepsin is nitrated and inactivated in the stomach, preventing the progression of gastric ulcers.

Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharide Mixture on the Bioavailability of Lysozyme as an Antimicrobial Agent.

In this study, we report an oral drug delivery system without any additional process using pH-sensitive biopolymer, alginate, and alginate oligosaccharide with lysozyme as a model drug. These biopolymers exhibited pH-sensitive characteristics such as shrinking at acidic pH and eroding with dissolution at alkaline pH. The incorporation of lysozyme and biopolymers was performed an artificial intestinal juice (pH 6.8). The immobilization efficiency and lysozyme stability in gastric juice (pH 1.2) has been tested by E coil antimicrobial activity. The lysozyme without biopolymer immobilization lost approximately 80-90% of antimicrobial activity than that of pure lysozyme. However, the pH-sensitive biopolymer-controlled lysozyme maintained similar antimicrobial activity compared to that of pure lysozyme (50-90% of cell mortality). Therefore, this simple, easy, and rapid system can be effectively and practically applied for pathogen treatment for in vivo oral drug delivery.

Antiulcer Activities of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Commiphora molmol&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Myrrh) Extract in Male Rats

Medicinal plants used in folk medicine contain a wide range of substances that can prevent and treat many diseases. The Antiulcer Activities effects of myrrh or Commiphora molmol extract (CME) were assessed in rats. In this experiment, thirty rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: G1) normal control (vehicle); G2) received aspirin without any treatment; G3) pretreated with Omeprazole (antiulcer drug) and groups (4), (5) and (6) were pretreated with CME at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt, respective-ly for 2 weeks. At the end of experiment the volume, pH and total acidity of gastric juices; mucus content and ulcer lengths were measured and protection percentages were calculated. Gross and histopathological examinations of stomachs were also performed. CME induced an antiulcer effect manifested by decreased volume and total acidity of gastric juice and increased mucus content and percentages of protec-tion from ulcer as well as partial amelioration of gross and histopathological lesions seen in stomach of ulcerated rats. In conclusion, the results denote that Commiphora molmol extract possess antiulcer effects in rats. These results affirm the traditional use of Myrrh extract for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Ulcer Protective Activity of Jatropha gossypiifolia Linn. in Wistar Rats.

Background:Several synthetic drugs are useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer, but almost of these drugs are used in prolonging time, it may cause several adverse reactions. However, the herbal medicines are more potent to the treatment and minimize the side effects.Objective:To evaluate the methanol extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia Linn. (MEJG) for gastro protective activity against Wistar rats.Materials and Methods:Anti-ulcer potency of MEJG (100 and 200 mg/kg, b.w.) was assessed using aspirin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) plus pylorus ligation ulcer model and the parameters studied were ulcer index (UI), gastric juice volume, pH, total acidity, and total acid output. Same extract was studied by ethanol-induced (80%, 5 mL/kg, intragastrically) ulcer model, and the UI and biochemical parameters were studied.Results:The oral administration of MEJG (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated the ulcer score and anti-secretary parameters (such as the volume of gastric content, free acidity, total acidity, and total acid output) in the aspirin plus pylorus ligation rats. The extract also significantly attenuated (P < 0.001) ulcer score in ethanol-induced ulcer model and lipid peroxidation level and significantly increased the level of glutathione peroxides, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. The MEJG may possess active constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenes, which may play a major role in gastroprotective effect in Wistar rats.Conclusion:The present study provides scientific support for the anti-ulcer activities of extracts of JG and also claimed that antioxidant potential of the extracts. However, substantiates the traditional claims for the usage of this drug in the treatment of gastric ulcer.SUMMARY The methanolic extract of jatropha gossypiifolia Linn. for gastro protective activity against aspirin plus pyloric ligation and ethanol induced ulcer models was studied in Wistar rats. JG shows significantly attenuated the ulcer score in both models. And also attenuated in anti-secretory parameters in aspirin induced ulcer model. MEJG may possess active constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and terpenes, which may play a major role in gastroprotective effect in Wistar rats. Abbreviation Used: MEJG: Methanolic extract of jatropha gossypiifolia, mg: Milli gram, kg: Kilogram, b.w.: Body weight, p.o.: Per oral, UI: Ulcer index, pH: Concentration of H+ ion, mL: Milli litre, JG: Jatropha gossypiifolia,USD: United States Dollar, NSAIDs: Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, v/v: Volume by volume, w/v: Weight by volume, SCMC: Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, g: Gram, h: Hour, °C: Degree centigrade, n: Number, Rpm: Rotation per minute, Min: Minute, N: Normality, NaoH: Sodium hydroxide, mM - Millimole, TBA: Thiobarbituric acid, nmol: Nanomole, nm: Nanometer, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, GSH: Reduced glutathione, H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, ANOVA: Analysis of Variance, μmol: Micromole

Antiulcer Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Salvadora indica (W.) Leaves on Albino Rats.

Ulcer can be developed inside the inner lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Both the ulcers are also cumulatively referred as peptic ulcers. It affects nearly 10% of world population. To investigate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora indica W. leaves (ESIL) on albino rats. The present study was carried by pylorus ligation, ethanol and cysteamine induced ulcer models in albino rats. The antiulcer activity of ESIL (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days) was compared with standard drugs (Ranitidine). In pyloric ligation induced ulcer model, the studied parameters were gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index whereas in ethanol and cysteamine induced ulcer model, the ulcer index was determined for severity of ulcers. The parameters studied were ulcer index, gastric juice volume, pH, free acidity and total acidity. In pyloric ligation model; the volume of gastric content, total/free acidity and pepsin activity was significantly decreased at p<0.05 and p<0.01 and pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased at p<0.05 and p<0.01 in ESIL treated groups as compared to control group. All the doses of ESIL showed dose dependent antiulcer effect as well as significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) reduction in the ulcer index as compared to control group in all the experimental models. The results of the study indicate that the ESIL have better potential against ulcer which supports the traditional claims in folklore medicine.

In vitro-In vivo Drug Interaction Study of Paracetamol and Propranolol Hydrochloride

Introduction: Propranolol Hydrochloride is a non-cardio selective beta-adrenergic antagonist, used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders, including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism and migraine. Paracetamol is an antipyretic agent which is also known for its analgesia and is concurrently administered to patients who are on treatment with propranolol hydrochloride in the management of migraine. Objective: In the present work, an in vitro and in vivo drug interaction was assessed to establish the relationship between drug dissolution and plasma drug concentration and pharmacokinetics of selected drugs. Method: In vitro drug release studies were performed in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.2). The in vitro drug dissolution and changes in plasma concentration of the drugs in vivo in Wistar rats were determined individually and in the presence of other drug at different time interval. Results: A significant delay in the dissolution of propranolol hydrochloride in the presence of paracetamol was observed and the paracetamol dissolution was prolonged in the presence of propranolol hydrochloride. t max of propranolol Hydrochloride was prolonged and extended t 1/2 was found when propranolol hydrochloride was administered with paracetamol concurrently. A delay in t max of paracetamol and shortened t 1/2 was observed. Conclusion: The results show the existence of correlation between in vitro drug dissolution and in vivo plasma concentration and the corresponding pharmacokinetics of propranolol hydrochloride and paracetamol. Key words: Correlation, Drug interaction, In vitro – In vivo , Propranolol hydrochloride, Paracetamol.

Effects of Simulated Gastric Juice on CAD/CAM Resin Composites-Morphological and Mechanical Evaluations.

To evaluate the effects of simulated gastric juice on CAD/CAM resin composites by means of morphological and mechanical (i.e., hardness) evaluations. Fourteen specimens of each resin composite (Lava Ultimate and Paradigm MZ100) were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. They were submitted to erosive challenges in a simulated gastric juice (pH = 1.2) solution for 6 and 24 hours. Vickers microhardness and surface roughness (Ra , Rq ) evaluations were taken before (baseline) and after acid exposure. Morphological analysis was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls's test (α = 0.05). Paradigm MZ100 demonstrated higher microhardness than Lava Ultimate regardless of the storage time period (p ≤ 0.001), and microhardness was not affected by the acidic challenge (p = 0.58). After 6 hours of acid exposure, a significant decrease in Ra and Rq was seen for Paradigm MZ100 when compared to the baseline (Ra p = 0.032; Rq p = 0.013); however, for Lava Ultimate only Rq decreased (p = 0.021), while Ra remained unchanged (p = 0.38). After 24 hours of acid exposure, while Paradigm MZ100 exhibited no additional changes in surface roughness (p ≥ 0.75), Lava Ultimate became rougher (Ra p = 0.041; Rq p = 0.014), as confirmed by SEM imaging. The acidic scenario tested in the present study changed the surface roughness of the resin composites but not their Vickers microhardness. Moreover, both resin composites seem suitable for use under acidic scenarios, although Paradigm MZ100 showed enhanced stability compared to Lava Ultimate.

Functional Properties of Filamentous Fungi Isolated from the Indonesian Fermented Dried Cassava, with Particular Application on Poultry

The study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties, antioxidant activity and fermentative capacity of Acremonium charticola and Rhizopus oryzae isolated from the Indonesian fermented dried cassava, with particular application on poultry. A. charticola inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus. A. charticola and R. oryzae grew in potato dextrose agar (PDA) adjusted to pH 3 and 8 or in PDA supplemented with bile salt up to 0.8%. After soaking for 8 hr, the survival rate of A. charticola in the simulated gastric juice (pH 2) and bile solutions (2% bile salt) was lower than that of R. oryzae. A. charticola and R. oryzae exhibited strong antioxidant activities. Compared to unfermented cassava pulp (control), the fibre content of cassava pulp tended to be lower after fermentation with A. charticola for 14 days. The populations of A. charticola and R. oryzae were significantly higher in fermented cassava pulp than in unfermented one. Coliform was higher in cassava pulp fermented with R. oryzae or A. charticola + R. oryzae compared to control after 7 days of fermentation, however, the bacteria were not different between A. charticola-fermented cassava pulp and control. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were higher in A. charticola- and R. oryzaefermented cassava pulp than those in control, however, no difference of LAB was observed between A. charticola + R. oryzaefermented cassava pulp and control. In conclusion, A. charticola exhibited antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal persistence and fermentative capacity that may be beneficial for poultry industry.