Gasoline Engine Oil Research Articles

Revealing the Molecular Interaction between CTL Base Oil and Additives and Its Application in the Development of Gasoline Engine Oil

In order to improve fuel economy to meet the standard for passenger car oil, a new formulation with good viscosity–temperature performance for gasoline engine oil is required. In this study, coal-to-liquid (CTL) base oil, with a high viscosity index and good low-temperature performance, was selected as the base oil to develop the gasoline engine oil. A systematic study on the molecular interaction between the CTL base oil and the viscosity index improver (VII), including three kinds of hydrogenated styrene diene copolymers (HSD-type) and four kinds of ethylene propylene copolymers (OCP-type), was conducted. It was found that in general, in CTL base oil, the HSD-type VII exhibited a much higher viscosity index, a significantly lower shear stability index, a higher thickening ability, and a lower cold-cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity than that of OCP-type VII. Moreover, when comparing CTL base oil with mineral oil 150N, the combination of CTL base oil and the VII displayed a lower CCS viscosity than that of mineral oil, suggesting it had better low-temperature performance and was able to quickly form a protective oil film on the surface, which was beneficial for the cold start. The functional group distribution state of the VII in base oil was analyzed using synchrotron radiation micro-infrared microscope (SR Micro-IR) technology, which revealed that HSD-1 had a better molecular interaction with CTL6 than 150N because of the better uniformity of the C=C group distribution. Based on this, a SP 0W-20 gasoline engine oil was developed by the combination of CTL base oil and the HSD-1 viscosity index improver, together with an additive package, a polymethacrylate pour point depressant, and a non-silicone defoamer, which showed excellent low-temperature performance, thermal oxidation stability, and detergency performance compared to the reference oil.

Synthesis, Characterization of ZnO-based Nanocomposites and its Effect on the Viscosity of Gasoline Engine Lubricating Oil

This study represents the synthesis, characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and encapsulated composites with MWCNT, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the lubricating performance in petrol engine oil. The facile sol-gel process was used to synthesize ZnO and ZnO-based nanocomposites followed by annealing at 500 ºC. ZnO-based nanocomposite samples were prepared by adding different secondary encapsulating agents such as MWCNT (with different wt.% of 1, 2 and 3), SDS and CTAB. The as-synthesized ZnO and ZnO-based nanocomposite samples were further dispersed in 20W40 grade engine oil separately by taking 50 mL volume of oil. Different amounts of the synthesized samples of 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg were blended with the lubricant accordingly by the sonication process. After that the viscosity performances were carried out for all the prepared samples. The dynamic and kinematic viscosity were measured using a redwood viscometer and the temperature varied throughout the analysis at 34, 44 and 55 ºC to observe the optimum temperature effect on viscosity performance. The objective of this work is to determine the temperature effects on the viscosity of commercial lubricant 20W40 grade by blending with different suspended novel nanomaterials.

Rapid Separation and API Grades Identification of Base Oil in Low Viscosity Gasoline Engine Oil SN 0W-16.

Using low viscosity engine oil is one of the most economical and easily achievable ways to improve fuel economy. Base oil is a main component in low viscosity engine oils, and therefore, the separation and identification of its are of great significance for oil product developers to prepare high-performance lubricants. However, the extraction methods reported for base oils mainly adopt membrane dialysis, which not only fails to completely separate the base oil but also wastes a large amount of solvent. The reason for this result is that the concentration of substances inside and outside the membrane cannot always be in an imbalanced state of permeation resulting from manual operation. Additionally, most studies primarily focus on the characterization of base oil components, while there are few reports on grade identification. For the above reasons, an economically effective separation technique of base oil from low viscosity gasoline engine oil SN 0W-16 is successfully established by combining improved Soxhlet extraction and a column chromatography separation method. By applying this method, the yield of extracting base oil generally exceeds 96%, and the solvent can also save more than 3 times. Besides, an exclusion method is built through several simple characterization steps including viscosity index (VI), FT-IR, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and hydrocarbon composition, which can quickly identify the American Petroleum Institute (API) grade and brand of the base oils.

Purification of Used Lubricating Oils Using Vacuum Distillation

Engine oil (EO) is produced by mixing base oil derivatives from crude oil with chemical additives to the lubricity of moving parts and reduce the friction inside the engine. Used lubricating oil (ULO) is one of the hazardous materials that consists of pollution harmful to the environment, it needs to be managed properly. In this work, vacuum distillation technique is used to recycle used lubricating oil. Used lubricating oil samples from two different brands of diesel engine oil (20w-50) and gasoline engine oil (10W-30) are used in this study. Various properties of ULO and recycled oil were characterized such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, density, pour point, flash point, Sulphur content, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The yield recycles for ULO of gasoline engines, diesel engines, and mix (gasoline and diesel) by vacuum process were 85%, 74%, and 75% respectively, it was discovered that the sulfur component decreased from 9792.3 ppm of ULO to 405 ppm of yield distillates. The pour point results show an increase from -30 °C of used lubricating oil to -18 and -6 for distillates cut for vacuum distillation, compared to the pour point of Iraqi base oil 40 and 60 Stook (SN150 and SN200) -18 °C and -6 °C

Oil spills removal from seawater surface by magnetic biochar composite derived from Heglig tree bark and cobalt ferrite

Purpose This study aims to explore the possibility of using magnetic biochar composite (MBCC) derived from Heglig tree bark (HTB) powder (agricultural solid waste) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) for oil spill removal from seawater surface. Design/methodology/approach One-pot co-precipitation route was used to synthesize MBCC. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The densities of the prepared materials were also estimated. Crude, diesel engine and gasoline engine oils were used as seawater pollutant models. The gravimetric oil removal (GOR) method was used for removing oil spills from seawater using MBCC as a sorbent material. Findings The obtained results revealed that the prepared materials (CFO and MBCC) were able to remove the crude oil and its derivatives from the seawater surface. Besides, when the absorbent amount was 0.01 g, the highest GOR values for crude oil (31.96 ± 1.02 g/g) and diesel engine oil (14.83 ± 0.83 g/g) were obtained using MBCC as an absorbent. For gasoline engine oil, the highest GOR (27.84 ± 0.46 g/g) was attained when CFO was used as an absorbent. Originality/value Oil spill removal using MBCC derived from cobalt ferrite and HTB. Using tree bark as biomass (eco-friendly, readily available and low-cost) for magnetic biochar preparation also is a promising method for minimizing agricultural solid wastes (e.g. HTB) and obtaining value-added-products.

Enhanced Tribological Behaviour of Hybrid MoS2@Ti3C2 MXene as an Effective Anti-Friction Additive in Gasoline Engine Oil

Hybrid molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-MXene (Ti3C2) was added as an additive in SAE 5W-40-based engine oil in an attempt to reduce interfacial friction between contact surfaces. It was found that the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) were reduced by 13.9% and 23.8%, respectively, with the addition of 0.05 wt.% MoS2-Ti3C2 compared to base engine oil due to the interlaminar shear susceptibility of MXene. However, we postulate that the high surface energy and presence of -OH, -O and -F functional groups on the surfaces limited the dispersibility and stability of MXene in base oil, while high activity of MoS2 nanoparticles due to large surface area and vigorous Brownian motion prompted fast settling of nanoparticles due to gravitational force. As such, in the present study, hybrid MoS2-Ti3C2 were amine-functionalized to attain stability in SAE 5W-40-based engine oil. Experimental findings indicate that amine-functionalized 0.05 wt.% MoS2-Ti3C2 exhibited higher COF and WSD, i.e., 12.8% and 12.3%, respectively, compared to base oil added with 0.05 wt.% unfunctionalized MoS2-Ti3C2. Similarly, Noack oil volatility was reduced by 24.6% compared to base oil, indicating reduced oil consumption rate, maximal fuel efficiency and enhanced engine performance for a longer duration.

EFFECTS OF SODIUM AZIDE TREATMENTS ON PLANT SURVIVAL AND PERFORMANCE OF SOY BEAN (GLYCINE MAX) IN THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SOIL

The present study investigated the effects of sodium azide (NaN3) treatments on plant survival and performance of soy bean in the phytoremediation of a hydrocarbon polluted soil. Soil was previously polluted separately with waste petrol-engine oil (WPEO) and waste diesel-engine oil (WDEO) respectively at 0, 1, 2.5, and 5% w/w oil in soil for two months prior to cultivation of soybean in polluted and control soils. Seeds were pre-treated with 0.016% w/v NaN3 solution `for 1 hour before sowing in polluted and control soils. Results showed that performance of soybean was adversely affected by oil pollution; the effects being more in the WDEO-polluted soil than in the WPEO-polluted soil. Number of pods per plant reduced comparatively with increase in level of oil pollution. There were 40 pods per treated plants in 1% WPEO, 30 pods in 2% WPEO, 23 pods in 5% WPEO, 25 pods in 1% WDEO, 19 pods in 5% WDEO and 11 pods in 5% WDEO, compared to 59 pods in the control plants. The removal of treated soybean plants necessitated significant removal of heavy metal fractions of the polluted soil. The present study also showed that removal of soybean plants resulted in significant reductions in pollution indices (hazard quotient and contamination factors) used in the study. Although oil pollution of soil negatively impacted on plant survival and yield performances of soybean plants, plant survival and phytoremediative capability were however enhanced by pre-treatment with NaN3.

Hardened wood as a renewable alternative to steel and plastic

Hardened wood as a renewable alternative to steel and plastic

Low-Cost System Based on Optical Sensor to Monitor Discharge of Industrial Oil in Irrigation Ditches.

Uncontrolled dumping linked to agricultural vehicles causes an increase in the incorporation of oils into the irrigation system. In this paper, we propose a system based on an optical sensor to monitor oil concentration in the irrigation ditches. Our prototype is based on the absorption and dispersion of light. As a light source, we use Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with different colours (white, yellow, blue, green, and red) and a photodetector as a sensing element. To test the sensor’s performance, we incorporate industrial oils used by a diesel or gasoline engine, with a concentration from 0 to 0.20 mLoil/cm2. The experiment was carried out at different water column heights, 0 to 20 cm. According to our results, the sensor can differentiate between the presence or absence of diesel engine oil with any LED. For gasoline engine oil, the sensor quantifies its concentration using the red light source; concentrations greater than 0.1 mLoil/cm2 cannot be distinguished. The data gathered using the red LED has an average absolute error of 0.003 mLoil/cm2 (relative error of 15.8%) for the worst case, 15 cm. Finally, the blue LED generates different signals in the photodetector according to the type of oil. We developed an algorithm that combines (i) the white LED, to monitor the presence of oil; (ii) the blue LED, to identify if the oil comes from a gasoline or diesel engine; and (iii) the red LED, to monitor the concentration of oil used by a gasoline engine.

Continuous separation of submicron-scale oil droplets in aqueous electrolyte by electrophoretic migration

Separation of tiny oil droplets, which is not readily achieved by conventional oily wastewater treatment, is becoming important in the petrochemical industries with regard to public health and the global environment. Herein, we report a continuous and filterless separation of submicron-scale oil droplets based on electrophoretic migration in a three-dimensional (3D) printed microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) device which is miniaturized system of conventional electrodialysis (ED). Microscale electrodialysis system with commercial ion exchange membrane (IEM) is proposed to control the dynamics of negatively (or positively) charged tiny oil droplets. We examined separation performance for various parameters, such as applied voltage, recovery ratio, flow velocity, solution concentration, and flow-channel dimension, with visualization of fluorescent oil droplets. Separation of several non-fluorescent submicron-scale oil droplets (e.g. gasoline engine, diesel engine, gear, and palm oils) were also investigated, including measurement of droplet diameters and surface charge (zeta potential). Future scale-up of the proposed microfluidic ED system will be a promising method for the treatment and relevant applications of industrial oily wastewater.

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for Distinguishing Oxidation Time of Engine Oil

Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, resulting in a range of total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavelength (190.5 – 849.5 nm) and selected wavelength ranges were evaluated to determine the wavelength or wavelength ranges that could best distinguish among all oxidation times. The best wavelengths and wavelength ranges were analyzed with linear regression to determine the best wavelength or range to predict oxidation time.

Oil Spill Removal from Water Surfaces using Zinc Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles as A Sorbent Material

In this study, zinc ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4, ZFO MNPs) were employed as a sorbent for the removal of oil spill from water surfaces. ZFO MNPs were synthesized via a sol-gel process and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Both the apparent density and magnetic force were determined. ZFO MNPs presented a considerable magnetic force (40.22 mN) and an adequate density (0.5287 g/cm3), which are important for the magnetic separation and flotation. Four oil samples (gasoline engine oil, crude oil, used motor oil and diesel engine oil) were used to investigate the gravimetric oil removal capability of ZFO MNPs. The oil sorption capacities were found to be 23.00-6.13, 27.65-7.42, 22.62-7.01 and 30.54-9.93 g/g for crude, diesel engine, gasoline engine, and used motor oil, respectively. The current findings demonstrate that ZFO MNPs exhibit good properties (e.g., magnetic and density) and can be used as a sorbent for oil spill cleaning-up from water surfaces.

Identification of Base Stock in Engine Oils by Near Infrared and Fluorescence Spectroscopies Coupled with Chemometrics

Engine oils are produced with a blend of almost 80% (w/w) base oils and 20% (w/w) of different additives. This study investigates, for the first time, the capabilities of NIR (Near Infrared) and EEM (Emission-Extraction Matrix) fluorescence spectroscopies coupled with chemometrics as low-cost, green and non-destructive methods in identifying the type of base stock into engine oil. In order to reach this goal, base stocks of different American Petroleum Institute (API) groups were analysed without any pre-treatment. PCA (Principal component analysis) performed on NIR and unfolded EEM spectra showed that samples form clusters according to their API groups and to chemical composition. PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis) was also applied on 3-way fluorescence data and outcomes were consistent with PCA results. PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis) was able to classify the base stock samples according to the API groups and satisfactory results were achieved: the correct prediction abilities on an external test set using NIR and EEM fluorescence spectroscopies were 87% and 85%, respectively. In addition, the determination of the base oil group at different gasoline engine oil performance levels was used as a method to evaluate the efficiency of the lubricants. Both spectroscopic methods appear to be fast and non-destructive to characterize the base stocks in analysing pure base stocks and engine oils with different performance levels.

Tribological properties of polyol ester – commercial motorbike engine oil blends

This current study investigates the effect of blending bio-lubricant with commercial lubricant on physico-chemical and tribological properties. The synthesis of TMP and PE ester are optimized to obtain 100% long chain tetra-esters and extreme care was taken during preparation of bio-lubricant to lessen deterioration of physio-chemical properties by blending with commercial oil. SM grade commercial petrol engine oil was blended with Tri-methylolpropane (TMP) ester, Penta-erythritol (PE) ester derived from Calophyllum-inophyllum in 10, 15, 20 and 25% v/v. The tests for anti-wear, anti-friction and extreme pressure properties are conducted on the sample oils on a four-ball wear tester. The friction coefficient and wear of bio-lubricant – commercial oil blends have decreased significantly up to 20% blending percentage. In the extreme pressure test, there is a substantial improvement in the weld load and marked improvement in the load wear index signifying the better load-bearing capacity of commercial oil – bio-lubricant blends. A synergy between bio-lubricant and additives in the commercial oil was found from a metallographic examination of worn balls after the EP test. The optimum volume percent of blend was found to be 15% PE blend and 10% TMP blend for optimum overall performance.

Evaluating petrol engine oil deterioration through oxidation and nitration parameters by low-cost IR sensor

For the proper working of the internal combustion engine, engine oil plays a significant role. The performance of the engine is greatly affected by oil that has degenerated. In order to determine the optimal gap between oil changes, it is crucial to measure the deterioration in the engine oil. Multiple parameters like oxidation, nitration, viscosity and so on are brought into use. One of the methods used to quantify the deterioration in the engine oil is the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The main parameters of the engine oil are distinguished by this method by utilizing Infrared (IR) absorption at different bandwidths. The two significant parameters in engine oil deterioration are oxidation and nitration. However, the limitation of the FTIR method is that it is more expensive and since it uses huge machinery, it requires a lot of area. Hence, the use of this method is not possible in the field area due to the need for space. It is this major limitation that is the motivation for proposing an inexpensive, yet handy system, using an IR sensor set up, in this paper. This system is used for measuring the transmittance of engine oil that has degenerated. For this paper, we collected random samples at various times from service stations that were specifically authorized. These samples were used in experiments based on the FTIR spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometer and the results were compared using the IR sensor setup. Investigation of the experimental results showed that monitoring oil transmittance using an IR sensor setup is possible, and a robust relationship between oxidation and nitration and the transmittance of the oil was observed. Moreover, a pattern of deterioration for a specific engine oil (SAE 5W30) which is utilized for passenger cars and light duty vehicles was also established.

Oil Spill Removal from Water by Absorption on Zinc-Doped Cobalt Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles

In the present study, Zn-doped cobalt ferrite (CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4) magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method. The prepared materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The apparent density and magnetic force of CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4 nanoparticles were determined. The results revealed that the prepared materials display an adequate density and considerable magnetic force. The gravimetric oil removal capability tests were also performed to investigate the oil absorption properties of CoFe1.9Zn0.1O4 nanoparticles using four types of oil samples (crude, diesel, gasoline and hydraulic oil) as water pollutant’s model. The oil removal capabilities of the prepared absorbent were found to be 13.72 ± 0.42-5.50 ± 0.53 g/g, 14.99 ± 0.95-8.86 ± 0.42 g/g, 18.23 ± 1.01-8.06 ± 1.26 g/g and 10.58 ± 0.49-5.24 ± 0.31 g/g for crude, diesel engine, gasoline engine and hydraulic oil, respectively. The results suggest that the prepared magnetic nanoparticles can be used as absorbent materials for removing oil spills from water surface.

Absorption Wavebands for Discriminating Oxidation Time of Engine Oil as Detected by FT-IR Spectroscopy

Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) samples that were exposed to seven different oxidation times (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h) to determine the best wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges for the discrimination of the oxidation times. The thermal oxidation process generated oil samples with varying total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavenumber (400–3900 cm−1) and wavenumber ranges identified from the literature and this study were statistically analyzed to determine which wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges could discriminate among all oxidation times. Linear regression was used with the best wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges to predict oxidation time.

Expression of Concern on "Monitoring of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Gasoline Engine Oil during Its Usage".

Expression of Concern on "Monitoring of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Gasoline Engine Oil during Its Usage".

Occupational hand dermatitis in car repair workers.

IntroductionExposure to used gasoline engine oils during oil change and other automobile repair services is common for many mechanics, electrical technicians, and other car service workers. We aimed to determine the prevalence of hand dermatitis in car repair workers with different specialty and actual dermal exposure hazards in the workplace.MethodsWe examined the dermal problems in 153 male car repair workers and compared it to 140 office workers. Exposed and control groups were administered a Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire. Dermal exposure score also was calculated.ResultsThe prevalence of hand dermatitis in car repair workers (19.0%) was significantly higher than office worker (7.9%) [OR: 2.74, (95% CI = 1.31, 5.73)] and also higher than general population. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis was significantly higher in exposed group that had hand dermatitis compared with those who had no hand dermatitis (P < 0.001). The highest hand dermatitis as well as actual dermal exposure was observed in the mechanics and transmission technician respectively.ConclusionCar repair workers have an elevated prevalence of hand dermatitis in comparison with office workers. The most important risk factors for hand dermatitis among car repair workers are atopic dermatitis and the next the level of skin exposure to potential skin hazards.

Error Sources and Distinctness of Materials Parameters Obtained by THz-Time Domain Spectroscopy Using an Example of Oxidized Engine Oil.

Gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W-20) was subjected to thermal oxidization (TO) for four periods of time (0 h, 48 h, 96 h and 144 h) and exposed to THz-time domain spectroscopy (TDS) measurement. Error contributions from various error sources, such as repeatability errors, assembly errors of the probe volume and errors caused by the TDS system were evaluated with respect to discernibility and significance of measurement results. The most significant error source was due to modifications of the TDS setup, causing errors in the range of 0.13% of the refractive index for samples with a refractive index around 1.467 and a probe volume length between 5 and 15 mm at 1 THz. The absorption coefficient error was in the range of 8.49% for an absorption around 0.6 cm−1. While the average of measurements taken with different setup configurations did not yield significant differences for different TO times, a single, fixed setup would be able to discern all investigated oil species across the entire frequency range of 0.5–2.5 THz. The absorption coefficient measurement showed greater discernibility than the measurement of the refractive index.