Stove Research Articles

Clustering of uninhabitable houses using the optimized apriori algorithm

Clustering is one of the roles in data mining which is very popularly used for data problems in solving everyday problems. Various algorithms and methods can support clustering such as Apriori. The Apriori algorithm is an algorithm that applies unsupervised learning in completing association and clustering tasks so that the Apriori algorithm is able to complete clustering analysis in Uninhabitable Houses and gain new knowledge about associations. Where the results show that the combination of 2 itemsets with a tendency value for Gas Stove fuel of 3 kg and the installed power meter for the attribute item criteria results in a minimum support value of 77% and a minimum confidence value of 87%. This proves that a priori is capable of clustering Uninhabitable Houses to help government work programs.

Clustering of uninhabitable houses using the optimized apriori algorithm

Clustering is one of the roles in data mining which is very popularly used for data problems in solving everyday problems. Various algorithms and methods can support clustering such as Apriori. The Apriori algorithm is an algorithm that applies unsupervised learning in completing association and clustering tasks so that the Apriori algorithm is able to complete clustering analysis in Uninhabitable Houses and gain new knowledge about associations. Where the results show that the combination of 2 itemsets with a tendency value for Gas Stove fuel of 3 kg and the installed power meter for the attribute item criteria results in a minimum support value of 77% and a minimum confidence value of 87%. This proves that a priori is capable of clustering Uninhabitable Houses to help government work programs.

Long-term viability of biochar-producing gasifier stoves for energy and agricultural solutions in rural Kenya

This report examines the long-term usage and satisfaction levels of a biochar-producing gasifier stove among rural households in Kenya. The primary objective was to investigate the factors that influence stove satisfaction and dissatisfaction among participants, with the aim of assessing the gasifier stove's viability as an alternative for rural households. Data for this study was collected from representatives from 30 households through survey-based interviews covering cooking practices, fuel collection, and user experiences with the gasifier stove six years after receiving it. The findings indicate that households typically use multiple stoves. Almost all participants used the three stone stove on a daily basis, while the gasifier stove had a lower use frequency. Although households acknowledged the benefits of the gasifier stove, they expressed difficulties in relying on it as their primary cooking appliance due to its lack of convenience. The main contributing factors were the additional workload required for fuel preparation and the extended cooking time. Participants prepared various dishes using the gasifier stove, and the char produced by the stove was utilized for cooking, farming, and other purposes. The differences between users and non-users in terms of perception of stove benefits were small, though users appreciated the biochar production more than non-users. The study offers insights into the long-term usage of the gasifier stove and its dual potential as a clean cooking solution, and a biochar-producing technology, for rural households across the world.

A Recipe for Disaster? Challenging Los Angeles’ Motion to Ban Gas Stoves on Equal Protection Grounds

A Recipe for Disaster? Challenging Los Angeles’ Motion to Ban Gas Stoves on Equal Protection Grounds

Measurement and quantification of methane emissions from residential gas stoves and tankless water heaters in China

Methane is a short-lived and potent greenhouse gas with a rapid warming effect. Gas stoves and water heaters, which are the most widely used domestic gas appliances (over 250 million in China), emit methane because of incomplete combustion and leakage. This study quantified the methane emissions of these two gas appliances at different ages through field measurements and laboratory tests to assess their impact on the climate. Their methane concentrations typically spiked quickly and decayed rapidly during ignition and extinguishment, but were low and stable during the steady-on state. Tankless water heaters emitted 1.69‰ (95% confidence interval: 1.44‰, 2.01‰) of the natural gas consumed, primarily during the on-pulse phase. More than four-fifths of the methane emissions from gas stoves occurred in the steady-on state, and the emission rates were positively correlated with the age of the gas stoves (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.001). Therefore, approximately 28.1 (27.5, 28.6) Gg of methane emissions annually can be attributed to Chinese residential gas appliances, corresponding to a 0.8 Mt. carbon dioxide equivalent over a 100-y scale.

Fuelwood use and household appreciation of improved and traditional cooking stoves in Rwanda

More than 90 % of the rural population in Rwanda (72 % of the total population) utilizes the inefficient traditional three-stone fireplaces (TSF), and 65 % of the urban population uses charcoal for cooking. Firewood is bulky and heavy to transport and store in urban areas, and charcoal stoves are more efficient and less smoky than TSF. However, most energy and wood are lost when converting firewood to charcoal. Traditional charcoal kiln often has an average of 12 % conversion efficiencies in Rwanda. Several improved cooking stoves (ICS) have been developed as alternatives to the TSF and charcoal stoves, but their efficiencies and household appreciation in real-life conditions are poorly understood. This study assesses the fuelwood use efficiency of two ICSs, MimiMoto and Kuniokoa stoves. The Kuniokoa is a rocket stove that uses firewood, while the MimiMoto is a top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) gasification stove fuelled with wood pellets. The MimiMoto stoves were delivered to 15 selected households using charcoal stoves, while the Kuniokoa stoves were given to 30 households using TSF. The amount of wood consumed and time spent during cooking were recorded for a standardized traditional dish. The Kuniokoa stove consumed 0.9kg/cooking session, while the TSF consumed 1.6 kg/cooking session. Switching from TSF to Kuniokoa stoves in rural areas reduces fuelwood consumption by 41 %. MimiMoto and charcoal stoves consume 0.50 and 0.48 kg/cooking session. However, 0.48 kg charcoal is equivalent to 4 kg firewood; hence, switching from charcoal stoves to MimiMoto stoves results in a firewood reduction of 88 %. Analysis of cooking times shows small differences between TSF, Kuniokoa, and MimiMoto, around 55–60 min, while cooking on charcoal takes significantly more time. The ICSs were highly appreciated by participating households, especially for their fuel saving, ease of use, reduced smokiness, and general cleanliness. Based on the results, it can be concluded that efficient rocket stoves, like Kuniokoa, are viable alternatives to TSF for household cooking in rural areas and that efficient TLUD stoves, like the MimiMoto, are good alternatives to replace charcoal stoves in urban and peri-urban areas. Aggregated to annual and national scales, such changes would have substantial positive implications for the environment and livelihoods.

Multifunctional gas safety monitoring and classification warning device

Due to the absence of automatic flameout and other essential functionalities in these devices, incidents such as gas leaks can easily lead to explosions. As a result, an autonomous safety monitoring and early warning device has been specifically developed for traditional gas stove equipment. This device is capable of activating a multi-tiered alarm and control mechanism when it reaches a predetermined threshold concentration. The main control of the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller development board serves as the foundation for this device, which utilizes the MQ-5 gas sensor and 1602 liquid crystal display module to provide real-time gas concentration display. It also incorporates a sound and light alarm system that triggers when the concentration exceeds the predetermined threshold. Additionally, it employs a human infrared sensor and flame sensor as modules for fire detection and occupancy monitoring respectively. Any abnormal changes in these parameters will activate the sound and light alarm system. Equipped with an LED light and buzzer, this system provides real-time monitoring around gas stoves. Experimental results demonstrate excellent responsiveness under current conditions. Given its significant relevance in ensuring gas safety, this multifunctional gas safety monitoring device with classification early warning capabilities holds immense potential for market applications.

Factors Determining Black Carbon Exposures among Pregnant Women Enrolled in the HAPIN Trial.

Residential biomass burning is an important source of black carbon (BC) exposure among rural communities in low- and middle-income countries. We collected 7165 personal BC samples and individual/household level information from 3103 pregnant women enrolled in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network trial. Women in the intervention arm received free liquefied petroleum gas stoves and fuel throughout pregnancy; women in the control arm continued the use of biomass stoves. Median (IQR) postintervention BC exposures were 9.6 μg/m3 (5.2-14.0) for controls and 2.8 μg/m3 (1.6-4.8) for the intervention group. Using mixed models, we characterized predictors of BC exposure and assessed how exposure contrasts differed between arms by select predictors. Primary stove type was the strongest predictor (R2 = 0.42); the models including kerosene use, kitchen location, education, occupation, or stove use hours also provided additional explanatory power from the base model adjusted only for the study site. Our full, trial-wide, model explained 48% of the variation in BC exposures. We found evidence that the BC exposure contrast between arms differed by study site, adherence to the assigned study stove, and whether the participant cooked. Our findings highlight factors that may be addressed before and during studies to implement more impactful cookstove intervention trials.

Experimental and simulation analysis of the performance of premixed vertical ejectors

Infrared gas stoves have advantages such as rapid combustion speed and high thermal efficiency. The ejector, a pivotal component of the infrared gas stove, plays a crucial role in influencing the mixing ratio of gas and air. The vertical ejector is modeled and the simulation method is validated through experiments. The impact of structural parameters on the vertical ejector performance is investigated in this paper, like the contraction tube length, inlet diameter, and mixing tube length. The simulation results indicate that with the change in the contraction tube length, the excess air coefficient peaks at approximately 1.16. An increase in mixing tube length leads to a decreasing trend in the excess air coefficient. For ejectors with throat diameters of 9.8 mm, 11.2 mm, and 12.6 mm, their excess air coefficient reaches peak values at diffusion angles of 3.5°, 4.7°, and 5.0°, respectively. Furthermore, Response Surface Methodology is utilized to study the comprehensive influence of structural parameters on ejector performance and obtain the optimal structure. The excess air coefficient is 1.13 with the optimal geometric structure.

Emission of volatile organic compounds during open fire cooking with wood biomass: Traditional three-stone open fire vs. gasifier cooking stove in rural Kenya

Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography – mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35–252 μg∙m−3 before cooking to 2235–5371 μg∙m−3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48–77 % (506–2778 μg∙m−3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034–9378 μg∙m−3 vs. 6727–8201 μg∙m−3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.

Gas stoves could be responsible for 19,000 premature deaths

Gas stoves could be responsible for 19,000 premature deaths

Implementasi Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) untuk Seleksi Biomassa pada Kompor Cerdas Berbasis IoT

The stove is an important component in the kitchen. Stoves can help cook food or drinks. Using a gas stove is very expensive. LPG gas is a stove fuel that is often used by people for cooking. The price of stoves and LPG gas is now increasing. Meanwhile, there are also a lot of cooking needs, so this will result in more gas usage and more expensive costs. Given this problem, the author created a smart stove that has advantages. This smart stove is medium in size and portable so it can be taken anywhere. Apart from that, this tool uses a supercapacitor, which can store the electrical voltage produced by the heat of burning biomass. This tool can produce electricity from biomass and solar cells. Selecting the type of biomass uses the simple additive weighing (saw) method, namely wood or waste. Internet of Things (IOT) is an information medium for the smart stove process. Apart from cooking, this tool can also light 1 LED lamp measuring 5–10 watts, can be used as a 5 volt cellphone charger or a charge time of 60 minutes. The advantage of this smart stove is that it really helps people, thereby reducing the cost of purchasing gas

Ultrasensitive Indium Phosphide Nanomembrane Wearable Gas Sensors

Air quality is deteriorating due to continuing urbanization and industrialization. In particular, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a biologically and environmentally hazardous byproduct from fuel combustion that is ubiquitous in urban life. To address this issue, we report a high‐performance flexible indium phosphide nanomembrane NO2 sensor for real‐time air quality monitoring. An ultralow limit of detection of ~200 ppt and a fast response have been achieved with this device by optimizing the film thickness and doping concentration during indium phosphide epitaxy. By varying the film thickness, a dynamic range of values for NO2 detection from parts per trillion (ppt) to parts per million (ppm) level have also been demonstrated under low bias voltage and at room temperature without additional light activation. Flexibility measurements show an adequately stable response after repeated bending. On‐site testing of the sensor in a residential kitchen shows that NO2 concentration from the gas stove emission could exceed the NO2 Time Weighted Average limit, i.e., 200 ppb, highlighting the significance of real‐time monitoring. Critically, the indium phosphide nanomembrane sensor element cost is estimated at &lt;0.1 US$ due to the miniatured size, nanoscale thickness, and ease of fabrication. With these superior performance characteristics, low cost, and real‐world applicability, our indium phosphide nanomembrane sensors offer a promising solution for a variety of air quality monitoring applications.

Emissions and exposure to NOx, CO, CO2 and PM2.5 from a gas stove using reference and low-cost sensors

Gas stoves and cooking are significant sources of indoor pollution. Using a combination of regulatory and calibrated low-cost sensors (LCS) we measured NO, NO2, CO and CO2 emission rates (g hr−1) and emission factors (g J−1) from a natural-gas stove and oven. The emission rates for gaseous pollutants were significantly higher, by factors of 2.6–29, from the oven compared to the stove for every pollutant measured.To evaluate the indoor air concentrations, we used a calibrated low-cost sensor (TSI Inc, AirAssure) to examine indoor concentration of CO, CO2, NO2 and PM2.5 for one month in one U.S. home with a gas stove during normal activities, including cooking. Indoor concentrations of one or more pollutants exceeded the U.S. EPA's Air Quality Index (AQI) level of 100 (for CO, NO2, and PM2.5) or 2000 ppm (for CO2) for an average of 99 min per day. The AirAssure, with only the manufacturer's calibration, was an excellent indicator of times when indoor concentrations of CO, CO2, and NO2 exceeded these reference levels. Without in-situ calibration, the AirAssure underestimated in-home PM2.5 concentrations. After in-situ calibration, the AirAssure correctly identified 1-min periods when the AQI was >100 85% of the time (up from 46% of the time without calibration).

Nitrogen dioxide exposure, health outcomes, and associated demographic disparities due to gas and propane combustion by U.S. stoves.

Gas and propane stoves emit nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution indoors, but the exposures of different U.S. demographic groups are unknown. We estimate NO2 exposure and health consequences using emissions and concentration measurements from >100 homes, a room-specific indoor air quality model, epidemiological risk parameters, and statistical sampling of housing characteristics and occupant behavior. Gas and propane stoves increase long-term NO2 exposure 4.0 parts per billion volume on average across the United States, 75% of the World Health Organization's exposure guideline. This increased exposure likely causes ~50,000 cases of current pediatric asthma from long-term NO2 exposure alone. Short-term NO2 exposure from typical gas stove use frequently exceeds both World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency benchmarks. People living in residences <800 ft2 in size incur four times more long-term NO2 exposure than people in residences >3000 ft2 in size; American Indian/Alaska Native and Black and Hispanic/Latino households incur 60 and 20% more NO2 exposure, respectively, than the national average.

Comparison of the environmental impacts of heating systems in Chile by life cycle assessment

The present study conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of heating technologies commonly used in Chile based on six environmental indicators: Climate Change (CC), Human Toxicity (HT), Formation of Particulate Matter (PM), Formation of Photochemical Oxidants (PO), Ozone Destruction (OD), and Water Depletion (WD). Due to the extensive length of the territory studied, it is demonstrated that the environmental impacts depend on the geographical location where the heating equipment is used. Stoves that use wet firewood presented the highest environmental impact in CC, PM, HT, and PO. Using dry firewood could reduce pollution by 14%–81%, compared to wet firewood. Replacing wood heating with natural gas, LPG, and kerosene stoves reduces the CC and HT indicators. On the other hand, switching to electric heating, such as split inverter heat pumps, could transfer these impacts to areas where electricity is generated using coal. When the pellet is a byproduct of the forestry industry and transportation distances are not very high, the pellet stove stands out for its lower CC. In Magallanes, electric heating appears environmentally attractive due to using natural gas for electricity generation.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СИСТЕМЫ ЭНЕРГООБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ВАРОЧНОГО КОТЛА С ПРОПОРЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕМ РАСХОДА ГАЗА

Until recently, heating of rural houses was carried out with coal or wood. Animal feed and food were prepared on electric stoves or on gas stoves with gas cylinder fuel. These are labor-intensive and energy-consuming technologies. The intensively developing gasification of rural areas makes it possible to universally transfer the heating of rural houses and the preparation of feed and food to natural gas. In the presented work, the main evaluation indicator of the digester is the efficiency factor. Equations are given that describe the useful energy consumption for preparing the product in a digester, as well as heat losses for heating metal structures, for compensating for energy losses from the boiler casing, for purging the steam jacket, and energy losses with flue gases. The energy consumption per unit of production was determined when loading the boiler from 100 to 20 liters. It has been revealed that the efficiency of the boiler decreases by almost 2 times if, instead of 100 liters, the cooking tank is loaded with only 20 liters. Based on experimental data, the useful component of the energy spent on heating 100 liters of water to a boil was determined and the boiler efficiency in automatic and manual mode was determined, which was: in automatic mode, efficiency = 0.84, in manual mode, efficiency = 0.7. Taking into account experimental data, the total gas consumption for the full cycle of feed preparation in automatic and manual modes was determined. The annual operating costs from burning gas in a digester in automatic and manual modes and cost savings on energy supply for the feed preparation process were determined.

Design and performance evaluation of inverted downdraft biomass gasifier cook stove for improving the kitchen environment of rural area

The use of biomass is becoming increasingly important as an alternative energy resource for developing countries. In India, various Chula or biomass Gasifier stoves are utilized in various restaurants, including kitchens and roadside tea stands. These Chula or existing biomass Gasifier stoves have higher smoke emissions as well as lower thermal efficiency. Therefore, sustainable design and performance evaluation of biomass Gasifier cookstoves are required. IDBG cookstove has an inner diameter, outer diameter, and height of 19 cm, 21.5 cm, and 45 cm used for experimentation. Wooden blocks, Charcoal, and Animal dung were used as feedstocks with three repetitions of experimentations. The present case study illustrated the design and analysis of an inverted downdraft Biomass gasifier (IDBG) cook stove. It was tested in climate conditions of A D Patel Institute of Technology, Anand, Gujarat, India. Animal Dung found outstanding performance compared to other feedstocks, such as wooden blocks and Charcoal, with a thermal efficiency of 11-20% from the experiments. It has also been found that smoke emission of up to 20 to 40% is reduced using the IDBG cookstove. The current research has concluded that the IDBG cookstove reduced smoke emissions and improved thermal efficiency.

Impact assessment of mandatory safety device installation for gas stoves.

Numerous fire accidents have occurred in Japan owing to food overheating when cooking on gas stoves because users left the cooking area unattended. In response, authorities enacted a legal revision mandating temperature sensor installation on gas stove burners. Nevertheless, the actual effectiveness of this measure remains uncertain. Furthermore, prior studies have raised concerns about the efficacy of specific safety standards for consumer products owing to insufficient evidence of reduction in accidents. Consequently, this study seeks to assess the impact of the standards revision implemented in 2008, requiring the placement of safety devices on all gas stove burners. Through a comprehensive analysis, it was aimed to ascertain how these measures have precisely influenced safety outcomes in cooking-related incidents. The data in this study were subdivided to mitigate potential bias from user attributes during data collection. The analysis employed the difference-in-differences method, specifically utilizing one-burner gas stoves unaffected by the standards revision. The data used in this study include accidents associated with gas stoves, spanning the period 2007-2019. To estimate the likelihood of overheating accidents, a binomial distribution model that utilized the Markov chain Monte Carlo methods was applied. For gas stoves with two or more burners, which were affected by the standards revision, the estimated probability of overheating accidents decreased by approximately 80%. In contrast, no decreasing trend was observed for one-burner gas stoves. The analysis suggests that the mandatory installation of safety devices on gas stoves has indeed resulted in a significant reduction in overheating accidents.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Biomass-Based Injera Baking Gasifier Stove: A Case Study of Clean Cooking Technologies in Ethiopia.

The primary energy source in Ethiopia is biomass. Over 80% of Ethiopians are rural dwellers who rely on biomass energy for lighting and cooking. In most parts of Ethiopia, injera is traditionally baked using an open fire, a three stone, or a device using woody biomass. These baking stoves have very low efficiency and consume a significant amount of fuel. Moreover, these traditional baking stoves have released large amounts of indoor air pollution, which has led to different types of health-related risks, especially for women and children in the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate efficient and fuel-saving injera baking technologies. Rigorously, an injera baking gasifier stove was designed, developed, and characterized in detail through water boiling and control cooking test methods. The indoor air pollution level was evaluated using particulate matter measuring instruments. The result indicated that the developed gasifier stove had a thermal efficiency of 21.8%. Furthermore, an 86% fuel savings performance was demonstrated by the controlled cooking test for the injera baking gasifier stove. The average emission concentrations of particulate matter and carbon monoxide were 608 µg/m3 and 9 ppm, respectively, during indoor air pollution determination. The study showed that injera baking gasifier stoves are a promising cooking technology for societies where baking is mostly dependent on traditional biomass fuel.