Gaseous Salts Research Articles

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: XXI. Polymers of lithium, potassium, and cesium phosphates

Gas-phase reactions involving monomers and polymers of lithium, potassium, and cesium phosphates were studied. Standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of (MPO3)2, (MPO3)3, KCs(PO3)2, LiK(PO3)2, and (LiPO3)4 were determined.

The thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts formed by some 3d metal oxides

The existence of 48 new gaseous salts formed by 3d metal oxides was proved experimentally, and their standard enthalpies of formation were calculated. Gaseous oxides CrO, CrO2, VO, VO2, FeO, CoO, and NiO were found to possess amphoteric properties and form salts of two types as both cation-and anion-forming oxides.

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: XX. Phosphates of beryllium and beryllates of alkaline-earth metals

Gas-phase reactions involving beryllium phosphates and calcium, strontium, and barium beryllates were studied. The standard enthalpies of gaseous formation and atomization of BePO3, BePO2, CaBeO2, SrBeO2, and BaBeO2 salts were determined.

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: XIX. Nickel(II) salts

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: XIX. Nickel(II) salts

Thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts formed by Nickel(II) oxide

Thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts formed by Nickel(II) oxide

Gaseous Associates over Oxide Materials

The formation of associates in the vapor phase over a mixed oxide is analyzed in relation to the difference in acid-base properties and volatility between its constituent oxides. A method is proposed for assessing the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous oxy salts. Experimentally determined standard enthalpies of formation are presented for gaseous salts formed by CrO, CrO2, MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, and MgO.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-containing Acids: XVIII. Cobalt(II) Salts

Existence of gaseous salts formed by cobalt(II) oxide was established. The standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of the salts were determined.

Thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts formed by cobalt(II) oxide

27 When stainless steel or other nickel-containing materials are exposed to oxidative conditions at high temperatures, complex oxide components, in particular, oxygen-containing salts based on nickel(II) oxide, can convert to vapor. In this context, information on the molecular forms and thermodynamic properties of oxygen-containing nickel compounds in the gas phase is of considerable interest.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-Containing Acids: XVI. Iron(II) Salts

Existence of gaseous salts formed by iron oxide FeO was established, and their standard enthalpies of formation and atomization were determined.

THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF GASEOUS MANGANESE PHOSPHATES MnPO3 and MnPO2

In the present work, the stability of gaseous manganese-containing salts was proved by the high-temperature mass spectrometric method. New previously unreported species were found, MnPO3 and MnPO2. On the basis of equilibrium constants measured for gas-phase reactions the standard formation enthalpies for MnPO3 and MnPO2 were determined as −602.0 ± 10.0 kJ/mole and −299.0 ± 11.5 kJ/mole, respectively, and the standard atomization enthalpies as 1950 ± 14 kJ/mole and 1397 ± 14 kJ/mole, respectively.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-Containing Acids: XV. Manganese Molybdates and Tungstates

The existence of gaseous manganese molybdates and tungstates MnXO4 and MnXO3 (X = Mo, W) was confirmed, and their standard enthalpies of formation and atomization were determined.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-containing Acids: XIV. Barium and Chromium Phosphates

Gas-phase equilibria involving barium and chromium(II) phosphates were studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of gaseous BaPO2, BaPO3, CrPO2, and CrPO3 were determined.

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: XIII. Molybdates and tungstates of alkaline-earth metals

Gas-phase reactions involving molybdates and tungstates of alkaline-earth metals were studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. The standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of these salts were determined.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-containing Acids: XII. Alkali Metal Selenates

Vaporization of alkali metal selenates was studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry; the vaporization heats of these salts were measured, and the standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of gaseous K2SeO4, Rb2SeO4, and Cs2SeO4 were determined.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-containing Acids: XI. Alkaline-Earth Metal Titanates

Gas-phase equilibria involving beryllium, calcium, strontium, and barium titanates were studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. Standard enthalpies of formation and atomization were determined for BeTiO3, CaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaTiO3 molecules.

Thermochemical study of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: X. Potassium and rubidium bismuthites

The vapor formation of potassium, strontium bismuthites was studied by Knudsen's methodwith a gas phase mass-spectrometric analysis. The standard enthalpies of formation and atomization ofgaseous KBiO2 and RbBiO2 were determined.

Thermochemical Study of Gaseous Salts of Oxygen-containing Acids: VIII. Beryllium Molybdate and Tungstates

Gas-phase reactions involving beryllium molybdate and tungstates were studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. The standard enthalpies of formation and atomization of BeMoO3, BeWO3, BeWO4, and Be2WO4 were determined.

Corresponding states for ionic fluids

Corresponding states ideas are applied to correlate a number of equilibrium properties of ionic fluids. Consideration is given to the thermodynamic excess functions used to characterize dilute ionic fluids, to ion pairing and higher association, and to the characteristic coexistence curve and critical point found in many ionic fluids. The correlation applies to simple ionic fluids such as liquid or gaseous salts, to plasmas, and to ionic solutions as well as to the primitive model to the degree that the properties of all these systems are known. New HNC calculations are reported that were made to elucidate the structural changes in an ionic system as it is compressed along an isotherm corresponding to 2–2 aqueous electrolytes. Finally an evaluation is given of the usefulness of a number of approximation methods for calculating the equilibrium properties of the primitive model, and presumeably other Hamiltonian models, in various regions of the corresponding states diagram. Among these methods is the theory of Bjerrum (1926) which is surprisingly accurate, although some of its limitations are illustrated in the present work.

Belastungen von Waldökosystemen—Möglichkeiten der Vorbeugung und Abwehr

After a short description of the structures and functions of forest ecosystems and their interactions with adjacent systems, the various anthropogenic strains, which threaten the forests and/or their social and economic significance for society, are reviewed. Examples of strains on central European forest ecosystems in former times were: Rooting out; rough exploitation; fires; shifting cultivation; cattle and sheep grazing; litter gathering. Recent factors and tendencies, which should be examined with regard to the possible damage, the may cause to forest ecosystems, are: The continuing claim of forest areas for settlements, industrial plants and installations for the infrastructure; the use of pesticides; the accelerated mechanization of all forest operations; the overpopulation of big herbivores; the immission of gaseous or dusty materials and salts; the accumulation of tourists in some recreation areas; the spreading of urban or industrial wastes and large-scale fertilization. In discussing the influence of clearcutting on the nutrient budgets of landscapes and the possible effects of sewage sludge within forest ecosystems, it is demonstrated, that we have insufficient knowledge of the functioning of forest ecosystems under natural conditions as well as under the influence of human intervention. This situation should be considered as a challenge to an extraordinary scientific effort, aiming to develop the basis for the conservation of forest landscapes as natural, diverse, stable and well operating parts of the biosphere, by the means of long-term, well organized and interdisciplinary research.