Pollution Gas Emissions Research Articles

Feasibility of co-disposal of lignite and eucalyptus wood in coal-fired power plants: thermogravimetric characterization, typical gaseous pollutant emission characteristics, and economic analysis

ABSTRACT Energy issues are becoming increasingly prominent, and biomass blending in coal-fired power plants can improve combustion performance and reduce gaseous pollutant emissions, thereby improving economic efficiency. In this study, a thermogravimetric analyzer, a horizontal tube furnace, and an infrared flue gas analyzer were used to investigate the combustion behavior and gaseous pollutant emissions of the co-combustion of LC and EW. The results show that blending EW into LC cofiring can inhibit the release of volatile matter and promote the decomposition of fixed carbon and lignin simultaneously. The HHV of EW (15.88 MJ/kg) reaches 63.7% of LC’s (24.90 MJ/kg), indicating EW has a high energy utilization value. With increasing combustion temperature, the average value of CR S increased from 47.09% to 59.94%, and the average value of CR Cl increased from 26.15% to 52.15%, leading to a significant increase in SO2 and HCl emissions. The decrease in combustion temperature slightly promoted the release of N (CR N increased from 11.76% to 14.45%). The results of the economic analysis show that the cost of CaO and NH3·H2O used for removing gaseous pollutants decreased the most, and the economic efficiency increased the fastest to 14,000 RMB/day when the EW blending ratio increased from 10% to 20%.

ASSESSING AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 2021 FOREST FIRES IN MARMARIS AND MANAVGAT, TÜRKİYE: INSIGHTS FROM SATELLITE-BASED MONITORING

Abstract. In recent years, the occurrence of forest fires has become almost inevitable worldwide due to the severe impact of climate change. Consequently, it is imperative to examine the consequences of these fires, pinpoint the affected areas, and take required measures following post-fire incidents. With the advent of modern remote sensing satellites, which allow for the rapid monitoring of vast expanses, they offer a valuable data source for addressing such emergency scenarios. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the extent of air pollutant gas emissions resulting from the forest fires that occurred in Marmaris and Manavgat, Türkiye, in the summer of 2021. To this aim, using the data obtained from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) sensor onboard the Sentinel-5P satellite, the amount of major air pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosol were investigated after the forest fires considering three different non-fire time periods. The findings of the experiments indicated that in Manavgat, there was a substantial rise in NO2 and average CO levels by 260.43% and 107.07%, respectively, when compared to the 10-day period preceding the forest fire event. Similarly, in Marmaris, there was an increase of 203.63% in NO2 levels and a 102.47% rise in average CO levels during the same period. Positive absorbing aerosol index (AAI) values were also observed during the events, which means that the amount of UV-absorbing aerosols increased due to the fire. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) maps derived from the Sentinel-2 MSI imagery were also used to investigate the severity of the forest fires, and to observe the relationship between the fire severity level and the air pollutants investigated.

Impact of Biomass Fuel Feeding Ratio in Co-firing Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study

Nowadays, our global population is on a notable rise, coupled with an annual surge in energy consumption. The prevailing reliance on fossil fuels, especially in electricity generation, has significantly contributed to environmental pollution and exacerbated global warming. The circulating fluidized bed, distinguished for its continuous operation and effective heat transfer in the combustion chamber, emerges as a prominent boiler type. Furthermore, the use of biomass fuel, recognized for its renewable and environmentally friendly characteristics, presents an attractive option. Hence, exploring a co-firing system incorporating both coal and biomass as fuel feeds for the boiler holds promise, necessitating optimization for efficient energy production and reduced gas emissions. This study employs computational fluid dynamics to simulate the intricate interactions of solid fuel and flue gas reactions within the boiler, utilizing the two-fluid method for multiphase flow simulation. The circulating fluidized bed boiler in focus employs subbituminous coal, woodchips as biomass sources, and sand as the bed material. Model validation against operational data, including bed temperature, flue gas velocity outlet, and carbon dioxide mass fraction, indicates minimal deviation. Examination of the biomass ratio's impact on fuel feed reveals a reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions with an increasing biomass ratio, attributed to the lower sulfur content in woodchips compared to coal. However, a heightened woodchip blending ratio results in diminished boiler efficiency due to the altered heating value of the mixed solid fuel. The optimized biomass-to-coal ratio in fuel feeding is determined as 59.15%, achieving a maximized boiler efficiency of 82.84% and minimized pollution gas emissions of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide in accordance with industrial standards.

Optimization of hybrid renewable-diesel power plants considering operational cost, battery degradation, and emissions

Renewable energy sources have immense potential for enhancing environmental sustainability; however, addressing their intermittency and irregularity is vital for optimizing economic benefits within microgrids. Integrating renewable energy systems with energy storage presents a promising solution. This study introduces an innovative energy management system designed for hybrid renewable power stations, incorporating battery energy storage systems and diesel generators. By accounting for battery degradation costs associated with charge depth and lifespan, the study transforms long-term battery expenses into real-time operational costs. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming framework with the objectives of minimizing operating costs, battery degradation costs, and pollutant gas emissions. Through diverse case studies reflecting various market profiles. The proposed approach demonstrates reductions in overall system costs.

Pollutant Gases to Algal Animal Feed: Impacts of Poultry House Exhaust Air on Amino Acid Profile of Algae.

Algae provide a rich source of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, making them valuable feed ingredients in animal nutrition. Beyond their nutritional benefits, algae have been recognized for their potential to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of poultry production. Poultry production is crucial for the global food supply but contributes to environmental concerns, particularly in terms of ammonia and carbon dioxide gas emissions. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing greenhouse gas and ammonia production in poultry operations by utilizing algae species suitable for animal consumption, highlighting the need for sustainable feed sources. This study investigated the effects of poultry exhaust air and culture conditions on the amino acid profiles of three microalgae species, namely, Scenedesmus sp. (AQUAMEB-60), Ankistrodesmus sp. (AQUAMEB-33), and Synechococcaceae (AQUAMEB 32). The experiments were conducted in a commercial broiler farm in Bursa, Turkey, focusing on reducing pollutant gas emissions and utilizing poultry exhaust air in algae cultivation. The highest protein content of 50.4% was observed in the biomass of Synechococcaceae with BBM and DI water. Scenedesmus sp. had the highest carbohydrate content of 33.4% cultivated with DI water. The algae biomass produced from Synechococcaceae growth with DI water was found to have the highest content of essential and nonessential amino acids, except for glutamic acid and glycine. The arsenic, cadmium, and mercury content showed variations within the following respective ranges: 1.076-3.500 mg/kg, 0.0127-0.1210 mg/kg, and 0.1330-0.0124 mg/kg. The overall operating costs for producing 1.0 g L-1 d-1 of dry algal biomass with the existing PBR system were $0.12-0.35 L-1 d-1, $0.10-0.26 L-1 d-1, and $0.11-0.24 L-1 d-1 for Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., and Synechococcaceae, respectively. The operating cost of producing 1.0 g L-1 d-1 of protein was in the range of $0.25-0.88 L-1 d-1 for the three algae species. The results provide insights into the potential of algae as a sustainable feed ingredient in animal diets, emphasizing both environmental and economic considerations. The results demonstrated a considerable reduction in the production costs of dry biomass and protein when utilizing poultry house exhaust air, highlighting the economic viability and nutritional benefits of this cultivation method.

Lean Biogas-Air Mixture Combustion on Porous Burner with a Flamethrower Ignition System

ABSTRACT Combustion in a porous medium burner is an effective technology that deals with low heat capacity fuels, producing low emissions of pollutant gases. Experimental investigations of filtration combustion were carried out on a laboratory-scale prototype developed by our research group. This prototype is outfitted with a novel spark ignition system attached in the middle of the reactor, which does not change the porous medium properties because it works as a flamethrower. The ignition system produces a flame front into the porous matrix that quickly reaches the operational combustion temperature of 1200 K. By applying pure methane and biogas with different CO2 contents (15% − 40%) for combustion processes, the influence of equivalence ratio, gas flow velocity, energy extraction efficiency and NOx emissions was evaluated. Experimental results such as temperature profiles, reaction stability and flammability limits also have been evaluated. According to the operational parameters tested in this study, this prototype setup presented a low time-consuming process to reach the temperature of combustion, almost ten times faster than those with electrical resistance. Furthermore, the prototype was capable of operating at an equivalence ratio of 0.4 and gas flow velocity of 0.2 m/s, maintaining high CO2 content in the fuel, to reach NOx emission values lower than 1.0 ppm.

Nitrogen sensing and regulatory networks: it's about time and space.

A plant's response to external and internal nitrogen signals/status relies on sensing and signaling mechanisms that operate across spatial and temporal dimensions. From a comprehensive systems biology perspective, this involves integrating nitrogen responses in different cell types and over long distances to ensure organ coordination in real time and yield practical applications. In this prospective review, we focus on novel aspects of nitrogen (N) sensing/signaling uncovered using temporal and spatial systems biology approaches, largely in the model Arabidopsis. The temporal aspects span: transcriptional responses to N-dose mediated by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the role of the master NLP7 transcription factor as a nitrate sensor, its nitrate-dependent TF nuclear retention, its "hit-and-run" mode of target gene regulation, and temporal transcriptional cascade identified by "network walking." Spatial aspects of N-sensing/signaling have been uncovered in cell type-specific studies in roots and in root-to-shoot communication. We explore new approaches using single-cell sequencing data, trajectory inference, and pseudotime analysis as well as machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches. Finally, unveiling the mechanisms underlying the spatial dynamics of nitrogen sensing/signaling networks across species from model to crop could pave the way for translational studies to improve nitrogen-use efficiency in crops. Such outcomes could potentially reduce the detrimental effects of excessive fertilizer usage on groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Global trends in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy for rural growth in Ukraine

Growing global environmental problems are forcing humanity to think about transforming the basic principles of doing business, as the traditional economic order leads to an increase in the volume of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, excessive depletion of the main types of fossil fuels, and considerable accumulation of industrial and household waste. In these circumstances, the alternative is to use low-carbon energy sources, which will minimise destructive environmental impacts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of bioeconomic activity and practical recommendations for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy in Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, the study employed general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research, specifically, at the theoretical level, the methods of theoretical generalisation, abstract-logical, hypothetical, historical, methods of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, etc. The empirical level includes comparative, descriptive, SWOT strategic analysis, graphs, and tables. Using the methods outlined in the historical retrospective study, the study monitored the volume of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions into the atmosphere due to the considerable use of fossil fuels, which provokes an increase in global environmental problems in society. Under these conditions, sustainable economic activity is gaining popularity, allowing for the production of renewable energy from renewable resources, agricultural, forestry and fishery residues, as well as organic industrial and household waste. The study outlined foreign practices and Ukrainian initiatives to promote bioeconomic activity, considering the country’s natural resource and intellectual potential, as well as financial national support for the bioindustry. Considering the findings of the study, the strengths and weaknesses of the sustainable bioeconomy were systematised using SWOT analysis, key threats to its formation in Ukraine were foreseen, and constructive opportunities for its development were identified. The practical value of this study lies in the scientific substantiation of proposals for promising strategic guidelines for the development of a sustainable bioeconomy with strengthening its capabilities and finding ways to minimise the destructive impact of key threats

A Survey of Photovoltaic Panel Overlay and Fault Detection Methods

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are prone to experiencing various overlays and faults that can affect their performance and efficiency. The detection of photovoltaic panel overlays and faults is crucial for enhancing the performance and durability of photovoltaic power generation systems. It can minimize energy losses, increase system reliability and lifetime, and lower maintenance costs. Furthermore, it can contribute to the sustainable development of photovoltaic power generation systems, which can reduce our reliance on conventional energy sources and mitigate environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in line with the goals of sustainable energy and environmental protection. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the existing detection techniques for PV panel overlays and faults from two main aspects. The first aspect is the detection of PV panel overlays, which are mainly caused by dust, snow, or shading. We classify the existing PV panel overlay detection methods into two categories, including image processing and deep learning methods, and analyze their advantages, disadvantages, and influencing factors. We also discuss some other methods for overlay detection that do not process images to detect PV panel overlays. The second aspect is the detection of PV panel faults, which are mainly caused by cracks, hot spots, or partial shading. We categorize existing PV panel fault detection methods into three categories, including electrical parameter detection methods, detection methods based on image processing, and detection methods based on data mining and artificial intelligence, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.

Development of a greenhouse gas - air pollution interactions and synergies model for Korea (GAINS-Korea)

This study aimed to create Greenhouse Gas - Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS)-Korea, an integrated model for evaluating climate and air quality policies in Korea, modeled after the international GAINS model. GAINS-Korea incorporates specific Korean data and enhances granularity for enabling local government-level analysis. The model includes source-receptor matrices used to simulate pollutant dispersion in Korea, generated through CAMx air quality modeling. GAINS-Korea's performance was evaluated by examining different scenarios for South Korea. The business as usual scenario projected emissions from 2010 to 2030, while the air quality scenario included policies to reduce air pollutants in line with air quality and greenhouse gas control plans. The maximum feasible reduction scenario incorporated more aggressive reduction technologies along with air quality measures. The developed model enabled the assessment of emission reduction effects by both greenhouse gas and air pollutant emission reduction policies across 17 local governments in Korea, including changes in PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm) concentration and associated benefits, such as reduced premature deaths. The model also provides a range of visualization tools for comparative analysis among different scenarios, making it a valuable resource for policy planning and evaluation, and supporting decision-making processes.

Nitrogen removal performance of improved subsurface wastewater infiltration system under various influent carbon-nitrogen ratios.

Subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS) has been recognized as a simple operation and environmentally friendly technology for wastewater purification. However, effectively removing nitrogen (N) remains a challenge, hindering the widespread application of SWIS. In this study, zero-valent iron (ZVI) and porous mineral material (PMM) were applied in SWIS to improve the soil matrix. Our results suggested that the addition of ZVI and PMM could simultaneously enhance N removal efficiency and reduce nitrous oxide emissions. This could be attributed to the abundant electrons generated by ZVI alleviating the electronic limitation of denitrification and the porous structure of PMM providing solid phase support for microbial growth. In addition, the abundance of microbial functional genes increased in modified SWIS, which could further explain the higher pollutant removal efficiency. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mitigation of wastewater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in SWIS. PRACTITIONER POINTS: ZVI and PMM can adapt to different C loads and enhance pollutant removal efficiency in SWIS. Increasing C-N ratios positively affected the nitrate removal performance and negatively affected ammonium removal performance in SWIS. The amending soil matrix promoted the reduction of the N2 O to N2 and greenhouse gas emissions were well controlled. The abundance of microbial functional genes increased with the improvement of the soil matrix.

Does e-shopping impact household travel? Evidence from the 2017 U.S. NHTS

How does e-shopping impact household travel? To answer this question, which is particularly relevant for policymakers concerned with congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, we analyzed data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey using propensity score matching. This allowed us to tackle the bias from households self-selecting into various levels of e-shopping and gain causal inference. Unlike other related papers in the literature, our unit of analysis is a household because travel and shopping decisions within a household are interrelated. We classified households into three groups based on how many orders per person per month they placed online: low (up to one), medium (more than once but less than four), and high (over four). We found that more e-shopping results in more household travel (number of trips, miles, and VMT), but this effect depends on e-shopping frequency and population density, and it affects weekdays more than weekends. E-shopping impacts household travel more for medium frequency e-shoppers in low density areas: compared to similar low frequency e-shoppers, on weekdays, they take on average 8 more monthly trips and travel ∼104 extra miles (including 31 miles for shopping). At the other end of the spectrum, high frequency e-shoppers in dense areas do not travel more on weekends than similar low e-shopping frequency households. To help reduce e-shopping induced travel, policymakers could encourage the creation of neighborhood depots where households would pick-up and return unwanted orders, and foster the development of virtual reality tools for shopping from home.

Adverse human health effects of climate change: an update.

The world is currently facing a process of climate change, which may adversely impact human health in many different ways. The safety of food, water and urban environments is endangered by the consequences of climate change. Sea level and temperature rise, along with more frequent and longer heat waves, represent only a few of the effects of climate change. The increased risk of extreme climate events (e.g., cyclones, droughts and floods) is another serious public health issue. These adverse effects are enhanced in areas and countries not having the capacity to effectively deal with climate change. We primarily aimed at summarizing the impacts of climate change on public health. A further aim was to identify the most concerning consequences of this phenomenon and the vulnerability factors that amplify the negative effects of climate change. PubMed and other literature databases were used as literature sources for this narrative review based on the search terms 'climate change' and 'diseases categories' up to January 2024, in order to assess the most recent and relevant scientific evidence about the relation between climate change and public health, identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future research. We also screened the websites of major agencies devoted to human health protection and environmental health. Climate change appears to induce a broad spectrum of generally adverse effects on public health. It may increase the risk of infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancer and other diseases. Currently, we are not effectively counteracting this phenomenon, since pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing alongside temperatures. A host of measures are required in order to prevent and fight climate change and related health effects. These include the adoption of a holistic approach and the collaboration of different kinds of expertise in order to design more effective strategies. Special attention should be paid to those who live in disadvantaged countries, and those who are more vulnerable to the adverse health consequences of climate change.

Performance Characteristic of Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Energy Conversion with Renewable Fuels on Free-Piston Engines

Renewable fuels attract more attention owing to reduction of both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. The free-piston engine generator is a new energy conversion with compact structure, multifuel combustion mode possibility, and less friction loss, and it can be applied to a variety of renewable fuels. This study investigated the effect of operating parameters on power generation and motion characteristics for free-piston engine generator. A test bench and a detailed and validated numerical model of the free-piston engine generator were presented. Results show that with the increase of the average velocity, the output power root mean square (RMS) and efficiency of the generator gradually increase. The output power RMS grows rapidly, whereas the generator efficiency gradually stabilizes. Under the same average velocity but different strokes and frequencies, the generator power and efficiency are the same. This result means that the multiple-point operating condition can achieve the same output power and generator efficiency goals. Moreover, the optimal operating conditions can be selected comprehensively, considering factors such as fuel properties, combustion efficiency, and performance. The influence of the generator on motion characteristics of the system under pure resistive load and high-frequency operation should be noted.

Perbandingan Performansi Antara Differential Evolution dan Bat Algorithm pada Tuning PID Untuk Optimasi Kontrol Kecepatan Paralell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In the last decade, there have been many means of transportation that use fuel oil (Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)). This has a serious impact on the environment due to the emission of pollutant gases. One solution is the use of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) as a substitute for vehicles that use ICE. One of the performance that must be owned by the HEV is to have a stable speed when driving. In this study, several methods used in the metaheuristic algorithm in the disturbance observer have the advantage of describing the inverse model of the plant without making a mathematical model. The test is carried out by comparing the two methods of the metaheuristic algorithm, namely Differential Evolution and Bat Algirthm. The simulation results show that the method used in this HEV is to maintain its speed, so according to the test results it shows that the Differential Evolution method is the best method for controlling the speed of the Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

Performance Comparison Between Differential Evolution and Bat Algorithm in P.I.D Tuning for Optimization of Speed Control on Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In the last decade, there have been many means of transportation that use fuel oil (Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)). This has a serious impact on the environment due to the resulting pollutant gas emissions. One solution is the use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) as a replacement for vehicles that use ICE. One of the performances that a HEV must have is to have a stable speed when driving. In this research, several methods used in the metaheuristic algorithm in the disturbance observer have the advantage of describing the inverse model of the plant without creating a mathematical model. Testing was carried out by comparing two methods of metaheuristic algorithms, namely Differential Evolution and Bat Algirthm. The simulation results show that the method used on this HEV is to maintain its speed, so according to the test results it shows that the Differential Evolution method is the best method for controlling speed on a Parallel Hybrid Electic Vehicle.

Detection of gaseous pollutants emitted from engine powered by biodiesel and diesel mixtures

Nowadays air pollution has been regarded as a serious environmental problem. One of the main generators of air pollution is the transportation, since the gas combustion from various chemical species is emitted mainly in urban transportation, using mainly diesel fuel. The use of renewable fuels is an attractive alternative choice to reduce environmental impacts. Brazil stands out in the current world scene as a major of alternative energy producer. Brazilian government introduced a program that includes blends of biodiesel to diesel in order to reduce the environmental impact caused by air pollution. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the emission of gaseous pollutants using a diesel engine bench with mixtures of B5, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B50 of biodiesel in diesel. For this type of analysis, the Infrared Analyser was used to detect CO2 in the range of 1.88 to 2.76 %, electrochemical sensors were used to detect CO in the range of 1161 to 1485 ppmv and NOx in the range of 213 to 351 ppmv.

Electric vehicles in |Brazil as an alternative to the reduction of air pollution caused by fossil fuels

The pollution has increased of significant form since 1° Industrial Revolution. The atmospheric pollution is most significant for provoking illnesses and deaths in the whole world and the main cause is the derivative of the fosseis fuel burning. In Brazil the happened pollution of the transport represents the main generating source of pollution. Although 88% of the fleet of cars produced in Brazil have engines flex that they emit little pollutant gases, exists 36% of the composed national fleet for models with superior age of 20 years, that use gasoline and diesel and are responsible for emitting about 150 times more pollutant than the new models. In 2016, had died in the world about 6,5 million people due the pollution of air and in Brazil, had been approximately 22 a thousand people and the perspective is that 36 thousand deaths occur up to 2040. Brazil has assigned international agrements to reduce the emission of CO2 and, internaly, creat the Program of Control of Air Pollution by automotive vehicles. Although these initiatives, little is had advanced in the reduction accomplishes of the emission. It is necessary to rethink the question of the use of the electric vehicles as alternative to assist in the reduction of the emissions of pollutant gases.

Long-term implications of municipal solid waste (MSW) classification on emissions of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants: Five-year field study in a full-scale MSW incinerator in southern China

Understanding how municipal solid waste (MSW) classification influences the physiochemical properties and incineration emission characteristics of MSW is imperative for sustainable waste management. To investigate how long-term changes in the composition and physical properties of MSW resulting from MSW classification affect the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and multiple flue gas pollutants, a five-year experiment (2018–2022) was conducted in a full-scale MSW incinerator in Shenzhen City, China. After MSW classification, the food waste in MSW was substantially reduced while the paper, textile, and wood components were notably increased. MSW classification also remarkably decreased the water and chlorine contents of MSW while concomitantly increasing the wet-based calorific value, sulfur content, and nitrogen content. Consequently, the PCDD/Fs emissions declined from 106.7 ng I-TEQ/t MSW in 2018 to 26.0 ng I-TEQ/t MSW in 2022. Moreover, a process-tracing experiment demonstrated noticeable decreases in PCDD/F synthesis in the post-combustion area, with mass-reduction efficiencies of 23.6 %–95.4 %. In a correlation analysis, the PCDD/F emissions were significantly positively correlated with food waste, water content, and chlorine and negatively correlated with the wet-based calorific value and nitrogen content. Furthermore, MSW classification reduced the emissions of conventional flue gas pollutants (SO2, CO, and HCl) and multiple heavy metals (total sum of Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, and Ni). In summary, the long-term study demonstrated that MSW classification can feasibly separate incombustible waste, improve combustion quality, and reduce pollutant emissions from sources. These findings offer practical guidance for promoting MSW classification.

Green Finance and Low-carbon Sustainable Development -- from the Perspective of Commercial Bank Management

Low-carbon and green development is an significant part of sustainable development. In the context of sustainable development, commercial banks, as a major social body, have derived a variety of financial products by strengthening green management. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), green finance is a service that reduces pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in environmental protection, improves the efficiency of natural resource utilization and reduces resource waste while achieving economic growth. Green finance is a business activity corresponding to commercial banks and a concrete manifestation of green development in the financial field. Faced with the challenge of reducing carbon emissions, commercial banks have accelerated the transformation and upgrading of business concepts and developed into green industries. The basic nature of a bank is to provide reliable services and obtain corresponding profits by providing financial products and services to responsible entities. At this stage, banks have accelerated development of green financial products, forming different forms of green credit, green bonds and other content. Meanwhile, commercial banks are also facing many challenges and problems in this context.