Gas Energy Research Articles

Microplastics as emerging contaminants in textile dyeing sludge: Their impacts on co-combustion/pyrolysis products, residual metals, and temperature dependency of emissions

As emerging contaminants in textile dyeing sludge (TDS), the presence and types of microplastics (MPs) inevitably influence the combustion and pyrolysis of TDS. Their effects on the co-combustion/pyrolysis emissions and residual metals of TDS remain poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify the impacts of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) on the transports and transformations of gaseous emissions and residual metals generated during the TDS combustion and pyrolysis in the air, oxy-fuel, and nitrogen atmospheres. Thermal degradation of the MPs in TDS occurred between 242–600 °C. MPs decomposed and interacted with the organic components of TDS to the extent that they increased the release of VOCs, dominated by oxygenated VOCs and hydrocarbons under the incineration and pyrolysis conditions, respectively. The presence of PE exerted a limited impact on the concentration and chemical form of metals, while PP reduced the residual amount of most metals due to the decomposition of mineral additives. Also, PP (with CaCO3 filler) reduced the acid-extractable content of cadmium, copper, and manganese in the bottom slag or coke but increased that of chromium. This study provides actionable insights into optimizing gas emissions, energy recovery, and ash reuse, thus reinforcing the pollution control strategies for both the MPs and TDS.

Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste through Co-Gasification Using Steam or Carbon Dioxide with Olive By-Products

The valorization of untreated municipal waste (MSW) biochar for energetic uses, through its co-gasification with olive stone (OST) biochar under a steam or carbon dioxide atmosphere, was investigated. The experiments were conducted in a fixed bed unit and a thermal analysis–mass spectrometer system. The thermal behavior, reactivity, conversion, product gas composition, syngas yield and energy potential were determined, while the influence of the fuel’s internal structure, chemical functional groups and operating conditions were examined. The concentrations of H2 and CO2 in the product gas mixture under a steam atmosphere were increased with steam/biochar ratio, while that of CO was reduced. At a steam/biochar = 3 H2 yield, the higher heating value and conversion for the OST were 52.8%, 10.8 MJ/m3 and 87.5%; for the MSW, they were 44.4%, 9.9 MJ/m3 and 51.5%, whereas for their blend, they were 50%, 10.6 MJ/m3 and 76.6%, respectively. Under a carbon dioxide atmosphere, the reactivity and conversion of the OST biochar (84%) were significantly higher as compared with the MSW biochar (50%). The higher heating value of the product gas was 12.4–12.9 MJ/m3. Co-gasification of the MSW with OST (in proportions 30:70) resulted in the enhanced reactivity, conversion, syngas yield and heating value of product gas compared with gasification of solely MSW material.

A Review of Multistage Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System Under Different Heat Sources

This review paper systematically analyzes the state-of-the-art developments, innovations, and applications of multistage vapour absorption refrigeration systems, emphasizing their adaptability to various heat sources. The manuscript navigates through the fundamental principles of vapor absorption refrigeration, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of single-stage systems. It then delves into the intricacies of multistage systems and their potential to enhance performance and efficiency. Various configurations are explored, offering insights into the key factors influencing system performance. The core of the review revolves around the compatibility of multistage vapor absorption refrigeration systems with a diverse range of heat sources, including waste heat, solar energy, geothermal sources, and industrial processes. Furthermore, this review paper addresses the challenges, limitations, and future prospects of multistage vapor absorption refrigeration systems, paving the way for an informed discussion on the advancement of sustainable cooling technologies. Key Words: Gas energy sources, VARS, VCRS, Absorption cooling system.

A 3E analysis of a multi‐power generation system employing CO2, LNG, and Organic Rankine cycles

AbstractOne avenue in increasing the energy efficiency of energy systems is through utilizing the thermal energy of flue gases of industrial plants. On this thread, herein, a novel combined cascade cycle for heat recovery of flue gases of an industrial plant is proposed comprising of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), high‐pressure transcritical CO2 cycle, transcritical CO2 cycle, and a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification cycle. System analysis is conducted using energy, exergy, and eco‐exergy equations. The optimization is carried out using the TOPSIS multi‐objective method. Exergy efficiency, net output work, and cost are identified as the optimization objectives. The optimization process focused on fine‐tuning variables including the vapor generator pinch point temperature, ORC turbine inlet pressure, ORC condenser pressure, and ORC condenser pinch point temperature, with optimal values gauged at 19.31°C, 29.59 bar, 1.413 bar, and 14.52°C, respectively. The preheater had the largest exergy destruction share, followed by the heat exchanger unit. The analysis showed that the ORC condenser pressure and temperature difference between two working fluids in the heat exchanger were the most critical parameters in the proposed cycle, significantly affecting the system performance. Accordingly, the exergy efficiency, net output work, and cost values in the optimal state were equal to 15.2%, 6416 kW, and 0.7457 $/s, respectively. The advantages of the proposed system include efficient heat recovery through the coupling of the multiple cycles and enhanced energy conversion pertinent to a wider range of temperatures, maximizing the overall energy extraction from the waste heat.

Towards energy freedom: Exploring sustainable solutions for energy independence and self-sufficiency using integrated renewable energy-driven hydrogen system

In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the integration of renewable energy sources and hydrogen technologies has emerged as a promising avenue. This paper introduces the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System as a holistic approach to achieve energy independence and self-sufficiency. Seamlessly integrating renewable energy sources, hydrogen production, storage, and utilization, this system enables diverse applications across various sectors. By harnessing solar and/or wind energy, the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System optimizes energy generation, distribution, and storage. Employing a systematic methodology, the paper thoroughly examines the advantages of this integrated system over other alternatives, emphasizing its zero greenhouse gas emissions, versatility, energy resilience, and potential for large-scale hydrogen production. Thus, the proposed system sets our study apart, offering a distinct and efficient alternative compared to conventional approaches. Recent advancements and challenges in hydrogen energy are also discussed, highlighting increasing public awareness and technological progress. Findings reveal a payback period ranging from 2.8 to 6.7 years, depending on the renewable energy configuration, emphasizing the economic attractiveness and potential return on investment. This research significantly contributes to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy integration and underscores the viability of the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System as a transformative solution for achieving energy independence. The employed model is innovative and transferable to other contexts.

Implications of climate change mitigation and socioeconomic development on the U.S. electric power sector

Climate change poses a global challenge, and the electric power sector, as a major greenhouse gas contributor, plays a central role in tackling and curbing its effects. Despite significant research on global and national future pathways, there is a need for further exploration into the application of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to understand sub-national impacts on the electric power sector. This study employs the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM-USA) to analyze how climate change mitigation and socioeconomic development interact in the U.S. electric power sector at the state level. We developed four scenarios covering different levels of decarbonization efforts and socioeconomic development. Our research findings reveal a prevailing trend towards a less carbon-intensive U.S. electric sector, propelled by an expanding presence of natural gas and renewable energies in the energy mix. Such capital turnover leads to a significant reduction of overall CO2 emissions from the electric sector, albeit at a higher lifetime cost in particularly eastern states. The mitigation efforts also lead to overall decreased water withdrawal and increased water consumption in the electric sector, however, disparities in state-level responses are observed. While population growth predominantly shapes electricity generation, unique state-level electrification potential yields indirect population-electricity dynamics. The spatially heterogeneous response suggests complex trade-offs associated with reconciling climate mitigation objectives with local electricity demand and resource constraints. In sum, this research equips policymakers and stakeholders with invaluable insights to formulate mitigation strategies that align with the objective of the U.S. electric sector, both at a national and international level, while also catering to the unique characteristics of each state.

Low-Carbon Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Multiple Uncertainties and Electricity–Heat Integrated Demand Response

To realize the low-carbon operation of integrated energy systems (IESs), this paper proposes a low-carbon optimal scheduling method. First of all, considering the integrated demand response of price-based electricity and heating, an economic scheduling model of the IES integrated demand response based on chance-constrained programming is proposed to minimize the integrated operating cost in an uncertain environment. Through the comprehensive demand response model, the impact of the demand response ratio on the operating economy of the IES is explored. Afterward, the carbon emission index is introduced, and gas turbines and energy storage devices are used as the actuators of multi-energy coupling to further explore the potential interactions between the coupling capacities of various heterogeneous energy sources and carbon emissions. Finally, the original uncertainty model is transformed into a mixed-integer linear-programming model and solved using sequence operation theory and the linearization method. The results show that the operating economy of the IES is improved by coordinating the uncertainty of the integrated demand response and renewable energy. In addition, the tradeoff between the working economy and reliability of the EIS can be balanced via the setting of an appropriate confidence level for the opportunity constraints.

Spatial-temporal pattern and spatial convergence of carbon emission intensity of rural energy consumption in China.

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2005 to 2019, this paper uses Gini coefficient decomposition and kernel density estimation to investigate the regional differences and dynamic evolution trend of rural energy carbon emission intensity in China. Then, the convergence model is used to analyze the convergence characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emission intensity. The study found the following: (1) During the observation period, the carbon emissions of coal energy and oil energy were much higher than those of gas energy. The carbon emissions of rural energy consumption experienced three stages of development, and the carbon emission intensity showed a downward trend as a whole. The spatial distribution pattern of total carbon emissions present an "adder" distribution, and the spatial agglomeration phenomenon gradually strengthens with the passage of time. (2) The Gini coefficient of China's rural energy consumption carbon emission intensity shows a trend of "Inverted N-shaped." The Gini coefficient of carbon emission intensity in the eastern and northeastern regions shows an increasing trend, while the Gini coefficient of carbon emission intensity in the western and central regions shows a downward trend. The super variable density is the main source of carbon emission intensity difference. The peak value of the main peak of the nuclear density curve of the carbon emission intensity increased significantly, the bimodal form evolved into a single peak form, and the density center moved to the left. (3) The carbon emission intensity of rural energy consumption in the whole, central, and western regions of China has the characteristic of σ convergence, while the carbon emission intensity in the eastern and northeastern regions does not have the characteristic of σ convergence. There is a significant spatial positive correlation in the carbon emission intensity, there is also a significant β convergence characteristic, the speed of conditional β convergence is significantly higher than that of absolute β convergence, and the spatial interaction will further improve the convergence speed. Industrial structure, industrial agglomeration, and energy efficiency will increase the convergence speed. In terms of sub-regions, the conditional convergence rate of carbon emission intensity in the four regions shows a decreasing trend in the northeast, central, eastern, and western regions.

Using 3D Seismic Technology to Accurately Identify Faults and Reservoir Characteristics

With the accelerating development of the Chinese economy, the demand for oil and gas energy is increasing day by day. The accuracy and efficiency of fault interpretation are crucial for the exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs. The presence of oil and gas in reservoirs will inevitably cause changes in the geophysical response characteristics, and different types of reservoirs have different response characteristics in logging curves such as sound, discharge, and electricity. 3D seismic technology is currently one of the most effective techniques for obtaining fault structural features and identifying small faults, but conventional seismic data processing techniques are unable to meet the accuracy requirements of current seismic exploration. With the development of computer technology, more and more scholars are applying deep learning (DL) algorithms to the identification of faults and reservoirs to further improve the recognition effect. This article is based on the DL algorithm and utilizes 3D seismic technology to design a method for automatic and accurate recognition of fault and reservoir features. Obtain labeled seismic amplitude faults, reservoir data, and seismic amplitude data to be identified from the 3D seismic amplitude data volume, and construct a CNN training model to identify the fault and reservoir data. The experimental results show that the method designed in this article can improve the efficiency and accuracy of fault and reservoir identification.

First-principles study on adsorption of gas molecules by metal Sc modified Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>

MXene materials have received increasing attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>, as a typical MXene material that has been prepared, has been widely studied. The adsorption characteristics of two-dimensional materials for gas molecules can be significantly improved through transition metal modification. However, there are few studies on the use of transition metals to modify Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>. In this work, the adsorption processes of different harmful gases (CO, NH<sub>3</sub>, NO, SO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S) on the surfaces of these two materials, i.e. Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> and metal Sc modified Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2,</sub> are studied and analyzed based on first-principles density functional theory and generalized gradient method. The geometric optimization calculation of the metal-modified adsorption harmful gas structure is carried out, and the kinetic energy cutoff energy of the plane wave basis set is taken as 450 eV. The calculation results show that the structure in which Sc atoms are located above the C atoms in the hollow position has a large binding energy, but it is smaller than the experimental value of the cohesive energy of solid Sc (3.90 eV). Sc atoms can effectively avoid clustering. Surface Sc metal provides active sites for gas adsorption. By analyzing the optimal adsorption points, adsorption energy and other parameters of different gases, the adsorption effects of metal Sc-modified Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> on these gases are analyzed. Among them, the adsorption effect of SO<sub>2</sub> is better, the adsorption energy is increased from –0.314 eV to –2.043 eV, and the adsorption effects of other gases are improved. Due to the introduction of new atoms on the surface of Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>, the carrier density and carrier mobility of the material are increased, thereby improving the charge transfer on the surface of the material, which is beneficial to its sensitivity to gas molecules. The results of density of states and work function further verify that the carrier density and carrier mobility of Sc-Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> are increased, which is beneficial to gas adsorption. It is expected that the metal Sc-modified Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> becomes an excellent gas-sensing material for the detection of CO, NH<sub>3</sub>, NO, SO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S, and the present work can provide a reference for theoretically studying the gas-sensing performance of metal Sc-modified Ti<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> materials.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПОРОХОВЫХ ЗАРЯДОВ В СИСТЕМЕ АВАРИЙНОГО ВЫПУСКА ШАССИ ВОЗДУШНОГО СУДНА

Problematic issues related to the operation of the landing gear system of modern aircraft are considered. Some specific requirements for similar systems used on military aircraft are indicated. A constructive solution is proposed in the form of an original development for the use of the energy of powder gases in the emergency landing gear system using the example of the Yak-130 aircraft. The author carried out an analysis of the additional equipment necessary for the operation of the proposed method of extending the landing gear, as well as its impact on the flight performance of the aircraft related to a possible increase in weight as well as changes in the dimensions of the aircraft. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using powder charges in the emergency system of an aircraft landing gear.

Including Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide Production in the Lifetime Costs of Buildings

Reduction in the consumption of operational (primary) energy and emissions of harmful gases has recently become the focus of attention of the civil engineering sector. In this context, there is also emphasized the energy consumption and emission production values associated with the whole life cycle of the construction materials used, which is referred to as “bundled energy consumption” and “bundled emissions”. This paper analyses the energy performance certificates in combination with the SBToolCZ methodology. Sustainability Building Tool is a methodology designed to assess the sustainability of buildings. This methodology is used to assess the environmental impact of buildings at different stages of their life cycle, such as production, operation and demolition of the building. The amount of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced during the life cycle of buildings was determined by analysing and extending the building assessment data by the SBToolCZ methodology, which was subsequently valued and incorporated into the lifetime costs. The data from 17 case studies from the Czech environment were analysed. Taking these environmental impacts into account, valuing them and analysing the cash flows of investors and society shows the importance of paying increased attention to sustainable construction and reducing its negative impact on the environment and climate. Research data shows that 30% of the operating costs of buildings are the societal costs associated with CO2,eqv. and SO2,eqv. production.

Пространственная организация рынков продукции топливно-энергетического комплекса России

The article analyzes the markets of fuel and energy complex products in Russia, i.e. of oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, and heating energy. Among the emphasized features of the markets of fuel and energy complex products are the manifold of regulatory influences, the dependence of geographical boundaries of the markets on the development of the corresponding infrastructure, the presence of vertical and horizontal integration, the high dependence of the national markets of the complex products on the corresponding world markets. The combination of the described features on each of the markets of fuel and energy complex products forms a variety of conditions for their functioning within the boundaries of the national economy, which sets the direction of commodity flows and determines the development of the relevant transport infrastructure, which, in turn, are manifested in the spatial organization of product markets (their geographical segmentation). The research algorithm consisted of the analysis of sectoral markets based on the following parameters: properties of energy as a commodity, resource base, characteristics of producers, consumption structure, infrastructure development, and institutional conditions. Based on the combination of parameters, segments were identified for each of the fuel and energy complex product markets. The oil, natural gas, coal and heating market have two segments each: western and eastern. In the coal market, the eastern segment itself has two segments: eastern coastal and eastern mainland. The electricity market has three segments: western, eastern and northeastern. The analysis allows us to identify the western and eastern segments in each of the fuel and energy complex product markets, which are diametrically different in their characteristics. The stability of the distribution of the country’s territories by segments suggests the presence of invariants determined by the parameters of physical space, the effect of which is weakly susceptible to regulatory influences

Responsive CO2 capture: predictive multi-objective optimisation for managing intermittent flue gas and renewable energy supply

A predictive control framework is developed to maximise enhanced weathering reactor CO2 capture rate, whilst simultaneously minimising non-renewable energy consumption.

Pulse crops: nutrient density, affordability, and environmental impact.

Sustainable foods need to be nutrient-rich, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Pulses, which include beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dried peas are a food group that can fit all those criteria. These concepts were tested serially using nutrient profiling methods that focused on protein and were extended to include food prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy demand. The present sustainability analyses were based on the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient composition and food prices data. Environmental impact data came from life cycle assessments (LCA). First, the USDA Protein Foods Group was disaggregated into animal and plant proteins. Plant proteins were separated into pulses, soy products, and nuts and seeds. Pulses were among the lowest-cost protein sources (per 100 g and per 100 kcal) and had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions GHGE and energy demand. Pulses were among the most sustainable foods when monetary and energy costs were expressed per 50 g of protein (equivalent to 100% DV). Pulses scored well on the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) nutrient profiling system and on the related Affordable Nutrition Index that assessed nutrient density per penny. Pulses are a source of low-cost plant-based protein and a variety of priority vitamins and minerals, have low carbon footprint and energy demand, and are a valued culinary ingredient across diverse regions and cultures. As dietary guidance turns to plant-based diets, pulses need to be integrated into the global sustainability framework.

«Зелена» енергетика як основа економічного відновлення України в умовах нестабільності зовнішнього середовища

Green energy has become especially important in the modern world due to the exacerbation of climate change problems, the depletion of traditional energy sources and the need to maintain environmental stability. In the context of changes in the natural and socioeconomic environment, the transition to renewable energy is an important part of the development strategies of different countries. Ukraine, which is currently facing economic and political challenges, has a huge potential for the development of green energy, which can become a key factor in Ukraine’s economic recovery. The aim of the article is to study and analyze the conception of green energy as the basis for the economic recovery of Ukraine in the context of instability of the external environment. The article analyzes the definition of «green energy» and provides the authors’ own definition of this term. The key aspects of green energy are defined, among which the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, sustainable development and environmental safety should be highlighted. The main factors influencing the development of green energy in Ukraine, such as economic instability, war, regulatory barriers and changes in tariff policy, are identified. The impact of green energy on the economy of Ukraine is studied. As a result, a positive impact on such aspects as the economic potential of green energy, energy independence and security has been identified. The government programs and plans to stimulate the development of green energy, in particular the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2050 and the National action plan on energy efficiency and renewable energy, are analyzed. The main directions of introduction of the latest technologies in green energy, in particular solar and wind energy, energy storage systems and Smart Grid technologies, have been identified. The use of these technologies will help improve the efficiency and reliability of energy systems. Therefore, green energy should be considered a key area of sustainable development, the main idea of which is to maximize the use of renewable energy sources and reduce emissions of harmful substances during the production and consumption of energy.

Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels using Monte Carlo Simulation

Biofuels are a viable alternative to fossil fuels, providing potential advantages in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy security. Nonetheless, the environmental sustainability of biofuels requires thorough evaluation across their whole life cycle. This report provides a thorough Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of biofuels, emphasizing greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and resource depletion. Monte Carlo simulation is used to address variability and uncertainty in critical parameters, yielding a reliable assessment of environmental consequences. Findings demonstrate that biofuels may decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 45-60% relative to fossil fuels; however, considerable heterogeneity is seen based on feedstock type, agricultural methods, and conversion technology.

Low Carbon Operation Control Technology for Smart Parks Combined with Intelligent Optimization Algorithms

Abstract This paper first calculates carbon emissions based on the carbon emission factor method and other methods and constructs a linear programming model for low-carbon operation of smart parks with economy, independence, and carbon emissions as objective functions, and constrains them from four aspects: power grid, natural gas pipeline network, equipment output, and energy storage battery limit. The problem can be solved using the sparrow optimization algorithm. Finally, the carbon emissions, power dispatching, and power consumption of the sample parks under the low-carbon operation control mode were analyzed. The results show that the carbon emissions of the park are reduced by 2035.93kg, and the total operating cost is reduced by 1680.11 yuan during the typical daily operation in summer after the intelligent optimization algorithm is used. The park’s carbon emissions decreased by 1686.53kg, and the total operating cost decreased by 1582.42 yuan during the typical daily operation in winter. The importance of this study lies in the low-carbon and modernization of smart parks.

The role of co-creation in the introduction of innovative clean city logistics alternatives - Lessons learnt from demonstrations.

The HARMONY project supports and enables several metropolitan areas to lead a sustainable transition to a low-carbon new mobility era. For city logistics, innovative services and developments can serve as promising solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in metropolitan areas. The focus of this paper is on the importance of co-creation to achieve the desired reduction in emissions, including both engagement activities and (small scale) demonstrations. The constant and simultaneous involvement of cities, service and technology providers, research entities but also the civil society, is crucial for identifying success factors and lessons learnt.

Renewable energy intensity and efficiency of fossil energy fuels in the nordics: How environmentally efficient is the energy mix?

In recent years, energy intensity-efficiency has improved in the Nordic states and largely among the European Union member states, thus accounting for the region's impressive performance in terms of environmental sustainability. Clearly, there is paucity of literature on the criticality of renewable energy efficiency/intensity as compared with disaggregated fossil fuel efficiency. To offer more novelty, environmental sustainability (de) merit of renewable energy intensity is compared with fossil (oil, natural gas, and coal) fuel efficiency in the panel of Nordic states over the period 1990–2020 by employing relevant econometric approaches such as the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL). Importantly, the result shows that a percentage increase in renewable energy intensity mitigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by ∼0.45% against ∼0.29% by oil energy efficiency in the long run, thus suggesting that environmental performance of renewable energy intensity outweighs the efficient use of oil fuel. Additionally, renewable energy intensity also outperforms efficient use of natural gas and coal energy by ∼0.51%–∼0.37% and ∼0.43%–∼0.17% respectively. However, economic growth and environmental-related innovations spur GHG emissions, implying that the Nordic countries are decoupling economic performance from environmental setbacks amidst structural shift via technological innovations. The results are considered formidable for the specificity of energy mix policy especially in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.