Gas Storage Facilities Research Articles

Application of Bayesian Networks in Modeling of Underground Gas Storage Energy Security

Energy security is a multidimensional and multifaceted concept, therefore defining it is a complex problem. It requires the consideration of a wide set of factors from the fields of economics, geology, ecology and geopolitics, all of which have an influence on energy security or the lack thereof. The article focuses on natural gas, which is a very specific fuel in the European context. It is the most “politicized” source of energy, as a consequence of its growing importance as a transition fuel in the energy transformation process. In order to identify dependencies between variables on the gas market and analyze their impact on it (in particular on underground storage), the authors chose a set of variables and built a Bayesian network. The network is an effective and flexible tool that allows analysis of the relationships between the variables that build them and model their values based on evidence. The article presents two stages of work with the Bayesian network. In the first one, a network was built based on historical data. It shows the relationships between the variables as well as the probability of the value ranges of individual variables. A huge advantage of the presented Bayesian network is that it can be used to model various scenarios on the gas market. Moreover, the ability to make statistical inferences for all its nodes represents a valuable additional feature. Several examples of such inferences are presented in the second stage of the analysis, examining the impact of consumption variability on the level of inventory in underground gas storage facilities, the impact of having an LNG terminal and the share of natural gas in electricity production on the storage capacity of a given country. The use of tools such as Bayesian networks allows us to better discover the interrelationships between variables influencing the energy market, analyze them, and estimate the impact on energy security of distinct scenarios described with specific metrics. A simple example of such a metric, i.e., the minimum level of gas storage at the end of the winter season, as well as its analysis and modeling using a relatively simple Bayesian network, is presented in this article.

On the prospects and possibilities of managing the storage processes of natural gases in the form of hydrates in underground gas storage facilities

The article is devoted to the storage of natural gases in the form of hydrates in underground tanks (chambers). Based on the analysis of the variety of phenomena occurring in the formation and decomposition of hydrates, the expediency of storing natural gases in the form of hydrates in underground chambers was established. A formula is proposed for determining the geometric volume of underground reservoirs, taking into account the amount of gas in the form of hydrates. In the article it was also outlined the main advantages and establishes the possibility of managing the processes of storing gas in the form of hydrates, as well as obtaining it back without high energy costs. Keywords: natural gas; gas hydrates; underground tank; gas storage; hydrate formation; thermal diffusivity.

Increasing the thermal resistance of shell gas-support structures for use as gas hydrates storages

Currently, in the world and Ukraine there are difficulties with the provision of natural gas. However, one of the problems is its storage. So, the object of research is the process of storing natural gas in land storages in gas hydrate form. An alternative to traditional technologies can be the transportation and long-term storage of natural gas in the form of gas hydrates. However, the existing reinforced concrete and metal structures, in addition to a significant price, also cannot sufficiently provide effective thermal insulation of the gas hydrate and its tightness. The paper substantiates the possibility of using gas support structures and pneumatic building structures as gas hydrate storage facilities. The possibility of improving the proposed structures by using non-hardening foams as a thermal insulation material has been proposed and confirmed by calculations. The study was aimed at calculating and analyzing the effectiveness of such a method of thermal insulation of a ground gas storage facility for storing natural gas in gas hydrate form. A method acceptable for the current level of technology development is proposed for increasing the thermal resistance of gas support structures for their use as gas storages in the gas hydrate state. It consists in using stable liquid foams as an effective thermal insulation material to fill the space between the layers of a two-layer coating. In the course of the study, the high efficiency of the proposed method of thermal insulation of ground hydrate reservoirs with stable liquid foams was shown. Calculation of thermodynamic characteristics of gas support storages for gas hydrates at their thermal insulation by liquid foam is made. The efficiency of the technological process of storing gas hydrate in the form of blocks is analyzed depending on the time of year. The main parameters of operation of such facilities are substantiated. It has been established that storage of hydrate blocks in storage without their dissociation during insulation with a layer of foam requires short-term additional cooling during the summer period of storage. Thus, this technology has prospects for widespread adoption.

Planning optimal operating modes of underground gas storage facilities as part of the gas transmission system

The object of this study is underground gas storage facilities (UGSF) as part of the gas transmission system (GTS), in the process of joint operation of which a significant synergistic effect is achieved. The problem under consideration is to ensure the joint effective operation of the integrated UGSF and GTS complex as a single thermal-hydraulic one. A method of daily calculation of the maximum productivity of underground gas storage facilities has been devised. The optimization potential of UGSF operating modes has been studied. It is shown to range within 11‒20 %. The problems of planning the operation of UGSF have been stated and solved both under gas pumping modes and gas withdrawal modes. An algorithm for planning gas withdrawal modes at intervals of peak-free UGSF operation been developed. The achieved computational complexity of problem-solving algorithms is in the range of 2‒10 seconds. The problem of combining simultaneous operation of UGSF under an optimal mode for fuel gas and ensuring the necessary peak operation of UGSF at projected time intervals has also been considered. The joint UGSF performance was calculated at the projected time intervals according to the established criteria. At the same time, thermal-hydraulic coordination of UGSF operating modes with the operation of the GTS main gas pipeline system with which they are integrated was ensured. The problem was solved as a result of the implementation of a universal approach to the construction of functional models of complex systems – a single information support, the representation of the structure of the system in terms of graphs, the statement of proper mathematical problems, the development of methods for guaranteed convergence of systems with different mathematical representations of equations, the development of computational algorithms for combinatorial optimization of minimum complexity processes with discrete and irregular influences on their behavior

The Safety of Hydrogen Jet-flame Suppression Training

The purpose of this study was to reproduce hydrogen gas leakage and jet flame accidents that can occur in hydrogen gas storage facilities to obtain basic data and apply the gained knowledge to firefighter training facilities, thereby improving safety and the response to accidents. A total of 11 scenarios were explored. In scenarios 1∼5, the hydrogen leakage and jet flame types for high (70 MPa), medium (55 MPa), and low pressures (40 MPa) were visualized with the Schlieren system. With the aid of a high-speed camera, it was confirmed that the spraying angle and length were 18∼20° and approximately 10∼12 m, respectively. In addition, in scenarios 4 and 5, the damage caused by the radiant heat was recorded to be slightly higher in the arm/hand and thigh/leg regions. The noise of jet flames was measured in scenarios 6∼11 using a sound level meter, indicating a 10 dB louder flame at medium pressure (52 MPa, 130 dB) than at low pressure (17 MPa, 120 dB) Therefore, long-term exposure is may damage hearing.

Estimation of parameters of gas storage operation in inhomogeneous aquifers

The purpose of the article is development and testing of a mathematical model of gas storage in a layered aquifer with a low permeabilityinterlayer for a case of plane-parallel and axial-symmetric filtration. Methodology. One of the most common models of anisotropy of rocks is a model of a layered seam, which is explained by geological conditions of sedimentation, which lead to stratification of layers with different collecting properties. In the practice of underground gas storage, consideration of such a model is of particular importance.This is due to possible significant difference in advancing a boundary of gas-water contact through the interlayers with different filtration characteristics caused by changes in a position of a gas zone. A comprehensive approach is applied, which includes collection, systematization and analysis of actual data on filtration and physical and mechanical properties of host rocks that affect the formation of natural and technogenic deposits, as well as analytical and numerical methods for solving equations of gas-water contact in different conditions. Results. Gas-hydrodynamic model of underground gas storage in an inhomogeneous aquifer is justified for calculation of its cyclic operation in a three-layer seam considering cross-flows through a low permeability interlayer.The results can be used in evaluation calculations at a design stage of gas storage facilities in aquifers. Scientific novelty. A mathematical model of gas storage in a layered aquifer with a low permeability interlayerfor a case of plane-parallel and axial-symmetric filtration is developed and tested. A new method of linearization of a system of differential equations for determining pressures in a collectingseamis obtained in the article and it is a generalization of previously used methods, with an introduction of "boundary schemes". Practical significance. Calculation results indicate a significant influence of characteristics of a layered porous medium on the advance of gas-water contact along individual layers. The results can be used in the evaluation calculations at a design stage of gas storage facilities in aquifers.

Economic appraisal of an unconventional condensate play based on public pilot data prior to field development: Jafurah Basin case study (Saudi Arabia)

This study uses a stochastic approach to provide a holistic economic evaluation of the Jafurah field development project, the largest unconventional natural gas field in Saudi Arabia, projected to start first production in 2024. The assessment considers deterministic and probabilistic inputs based on data published in the literature, analogy with Eagle Ford reservoir parameters, and engineering-based assumptions. The uncertainty of discounted net cash flow, internal rate of return, and other target metrics for the Jafurah project is quantified (P90, P50, and P10). The results show the most likely (P50) net present value of 47.21 billion US dollars (at 10% discount rate) and a corresponding internal rate of return of 46.8%. Sensitivity analysis highlights the relative importance of the most critical probabilistic inputs (initial production rate, natural gas price, capital and operational expenses). Based on the current economic ranges and uncertainty analysis, it can be concluded that the Jafurah Field can be profitable in the long term. However, frequent reappraisals are recommended to help direct future decisions on capital expenditure programs for the drilling and completion of new wells, especially when new field performance data becomes available after the earlier wells start first production in 2024. Although hundreds of field delineation and production wells have already been drilled and completed over the past decade, major investment and time were needed to construct new regional pipelines (for gathering natural gas and liquids from each well pad), new chemical plants (for processing of the natural gas liquids), and new underground natural gas storage facilities (to buffer seasonal changes in the production supply and demand of natural gas), which is why first production is planned for 2024.

Features of fluid dynamics in long-term heterogeneous gas reservoirs

Geological features are characterized by macro- and micro-heterogeneity, manifested by the spatial variability of material composition and lithophysical properties of rocks. This, in turn, determines the spatial and temporal variability of hydrocarbon (HC) fluid dynamics both during the reservoir formation and during its development and, subsequent operation as an underground gas storage facility (UGSF). The long-term operation of underground gas reservoirs at the Galmas and Garadagh areas in the South Caspian Basin (SCB), serving as a reservoir of commercial gas accumulations, and subsequent underground gas storage (UGSF) is characterized by significant peculiarities. Analysis of monitoring data on volumes of gas injection and extraction at the Galmas/Garadagh UGSF in the period of 2020–2021 showed their spatial variability, as well as the variability of wells deliverability during the gas reservoir development. This suggests the inherited nature of UGSF operation mode in relation to the gas reservoir development mode. The heterogeneous nature of spatial variability of these parameters is determined by the reservoir rock poroperm properties. A formation pressure drop during reservoir development is accompanied by decreasing rock permeability. When operating UGSF, the lithofacial properties of rocks determine the ratio of volumes of injected and extracted gas. In this regard, a necessary condition for selecting the optimal system of UGSF operation is to take into account the spatial heterogeneity of the underground reservoir. The irregular nature of variation of rock poroperm properties, the origination of isolated zones in the reservoir with considerable residual gas volumes, as well as unpredictable directions of fluid movement are the main reasons for decreased efficiency of field development and underground gas storage facility operation. In order to determine the optimal system of operation of UGSF in depleted underground oil and gas reservoirs, the features of the spacial variations resulting from the rocks poroperm properties need to be taken into account.

Developing measures to eliminate of hydrate formation in underground gas storages

The objective of this article is the analysys of methods for preventing and eliminating hydrates formations, classifying them and choosing the best ones for use in underground gas storage facilities. Comprehensive measures for the stable operation of gas storage facilities in the presence of conditions for the occurrence of hydrates formations were developed. Zones, being potentially prone to the hydrates formation during the gas storage facilities operation were identified. The operational parameters of gas storage wells during gas withdrawal are analyzed. The identified wells were operated under difficult conditions due to the deposition of hydrates on the wellheads, in flowlines and process equipment of gas storage facilities. The places of the highest hydrates accumulation on underground gas storages were determined: from the bottomhole of wells to the gas purification unit of the gas gathering station. Hydrate-prone zones were identified by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling at the location of regulating choke installations in underground gas storage facilities. The zones of the greatest hydrates accumulation on underground gas storages were determined: from the bottomhole of wells to the gas purification unit of the gas gathering station. The analysis of the methods used in gas storage facilities of Ukraine to prevent and eliminate hydrates formation was out. A set of measures was proposed to prevent the hydrates formation in storage facilities to ensure their stable operation. Based on the Euler approach (Mixture model) by CFD modeling, zones prone to hydrates formation were determined at the installation site of regulating chokes in underground gas storages. The influence of the degree of fittings opening on the location of potential zones prone to hydrates formation was estimated. The gas-dynamic processes in the internal cavity of the gas pipeline at the installation site of the control fittings were studied and their influence on the distribution of bulk particles of the gaseous and liquid phases was established. Based on the studies performed, it was recommended to change periodically the mode of well operation for a certain time by opening or closing the regulating choke under favorable conditions for the formation of hydrates, especially at low ambient temperatures. The obtained results of experimental studies and calculations showed that in order to solve the problem of hydrates formation at gas storage facilities, it is advisable to use diverse measures through the introduction of modern intelligent systems for monitoring and controlling the technological process. Further refinement of the algorithm of the proposed monitoring and control system with its approbation in production was provided. The results of the experimental studies and CFD modeling carried out allowed providing a more reasonable approach to the application of various available methods and measures to prevent hydrates formation in underground gas storage facilities. This approach made it possible to develop new effective ways and measures to prevent such complication. Based on the conducted experimental studies and modeling, the major zones prone to hydrates formation in underground gas storages were determined. The developed measures will allow timely detection and prevention of hydrates formation at gas storage facilities are original.

Development of an integrated dynamic model for supply security and resilience analysis of natural gas pipeline network systems

An integrated dynamic model of natural gas pipeline networks is developed in this paper. Components for gas supply, e.g., pipelines, junctions, compressor stations, LNG terminals, regulation stations and gas storage facilities are included in the model. These components are firstly modeled with respect to their properties and functions and, then, integrated at the system level by Graph Theory. The model can be used for simulating the system response in different scenarios of operation, and evaluate the consequences from the perspectives of supply security and resilience. A case study is considered to evaluate the accuracy of the model by benchmarking its results against those from literature and the software Pipeline Studio. Finally, the model is applied on a relatively complex natural gas pipeline network and the results are analyzed in detail from the supply security and resilience points of view. The main contributions of the paper are: firstly, a novel model of a complex gas pipeline network is proposed as a dynamic state-space model at system level; a method, based on the dynamic model, is proposed to analyze the security and resilience of supply from a system perspective.

Subsurface Characterization, Monitoring Play Role in Development of Gas-Storage Facilities

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204787, “The Importance of Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring During Development and Operation of Underground Gas-Storage Facilities,” by Romain Guises, Emmanuel Auger, and Sanjeev Bordoloi, SPE, Baker Hughes, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper describes an integrated subsurface characterization and monitoring approach not only for the construction of underground gas storage (UGS) but also for safe and efficient operation over many decades. Close integration of subsurface understanding with optimization of surface facilities is a critical factor in ensuring optimal UGS performance and deliverability. Another important task of the final phase of UGS facilities design involves enablement of sustainable operation through an asset-integrity-management plan. Importance of Integrated Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring The work flows developed to aid integrated subsurface characterization and monitoring play a critical role. These work flows can be grouped as follows: - Capacity (the potential of the storage site to ensure optimal working capacity) - Deliverability (the ability of the wells and associated infrastructure to ensure the delivery of the gas from the surface into the reservoir and vice versa) - Integrity (including reservoir and well integrity with overall asset safety and surface infrastructures) The element that connects these work flows and ensures collaboration between different work groups and technical disciplines is the 4D dynamic geomechanical model.

Hydrogasdynamic modeling of optimization of underground gas storage development

On the basis of large-scale gas-hydrodynamic balance models, the problem of optimizing the cyclic development of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities has been formulated and solved. An algorithm has been developed that allows optimal control of the UGS development process, taking into account the limitations on the flow rates of certain wells. For its implementation, a specific model structure of the Kalmaz UGS facility was selected. It is shown that optimal regulation of the values of flow rates and depressions of wells ensures minimal flooding of well products during the extraction of total gas, the values of reception and repression of wells ensure maximum removal of the gas-water boundary from the bottom of the well during the injection of total gas. Keywords: optimization; underground gas storage; extraction; injection; flow rate; depression; repression.

Analysis of the functional dependability of underground gas storage compressor stations in cases when actual performance indicators deviate from the design values

Aim. The paper examined the matter of assessment of the functional dependability of compressor stations (CS) of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. A definition of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment were proposed. Methods. Design calculation of compressor stations, scenario analysis. Results. The paper presents: a) a definition, indicators of CS functional dependability and guidelines for its assessment; b) an example of the guidelines application for UGS CS; c) a comparative analysis of UGS CS functional dependability in a number of various versions: use of single-unit and two-unit centrifugal compressors as part of gas turbine gas pumping units for two-stage compression with intercooling. Conclusion. The paper shows the requirement to analyse the functional dependability of various versions of UGS CS for the purpose of identifying the most rational option that ensures unconditional performance of the key UGS CS function under uncertain initial design data.

Short-term dynamics and long-term relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: an ARDL approach with breaks.

This paper investigates the short-term dynamics as well as the long-term relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Nigeria, taking breaks into account. The techniques employed include Shahbaz-Omay-Roubaud unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with breaks. The results revealed that natural gas consumption is positively related to growth both in the short-term and long-term but only significant in the latter. However, there is evidence of bidirectional causality in the long-term and unidirectional causality in the short-term, from growth to natural gas consumption. The implication of the findings is that natural gas is a contributing factor to the growth of the Nigerian economy, and any energy policy aimed at increasing the consumption of natural gas could lead to the increase in economic growth and that Nigerian authorities could adopt energy conservation policies in the short-term so as to take the issue of global warming into consideration. Therefore, the paper recommends stepping up efforts to increase natural gas consumption by building more gas storage facilities, pipeline installations, exploring alternative energy sources, raising awareness/enlightenment about the uses of natural gas, suitability in its use, economic and environmental benefits of its use, ensuring its affordable availability, and beeping up security against pipelines vandalization. Moreover, in the short-term, the country could enact energy conservation policies to combat global warming.

Racjonalne sposoby działania podziemnych magazynów gazu z uwzględnieniem zużycia nośnika energii

The fuel and energy complex of Ukraine, like most developed countries of the world, is a complex system of material production incorporating a set of many subsystems that cover the extraction, conversion, distribution, storage and consumption of energy. Ukraine's gas transportation system has an extremely complex system, which consists of gas pipelines of various purposes and capacities, compressor stations, compressor shops, gas distribution stations and underground gas storage facilities. Compressor stations, allied with underground storage, ensure full pipeline use, reliability of work, modes of regulation of transit flows and maintenance of uninterrupted supply. Their co-employment is considered one of the most effective methods of increasing reserves for reliable gas supply and efficiency of gas sales in the country and abroad. The use of storage reduces the unevenness of seasonal consumption and enables timely delivery. This is justified by the fact that during the year, gas production is uneven, as is consumption. In winter, the amount of gas extracted does not provide the amount of gas consumed. Therefore, underground storage facilities are an integral part of the gas transmission system, which must function efficiently. The Ukrainian gas transportation system is part of the European energy system, despite the fact that the country itself is not yet a member of the EU. To research the issues of improving the efficiency of the system and underground storage facilities, it is necessary to analyse the parameters of their work and study the problems of reducing costs during storage and transportation. In the work on the basis of the analysis of the cyclic operation of the Dashavsky underground storage, the energy approach to an estimation of losses of gas at storage is offered. This will streamline and specify the general ideas and the level of irreversible losses of natural gas as an energy source and will increase the efficiency of operation of the underground gas storage as a whole. At the same time, taking into account the energy characteristics of natural gas when forecasting its losses during storage will significantly affect the organisation and optimisation of maintenance of storage equipment and, in particular, the compressor station.

Особливості системного забезпечення безпеки газового ринку України

The ways of implementing the main principles of functioning of the gas market in Ukraine according to the European scenario are outlined. It was determined that Ukraine currently applies such cooperation systems with the European Association of Gas Transmission System Operators EU – ENTSO-G and the European Association of Electric Network Operators EU – ENTSO-S. The challenges facing the gas industry have been clarified, including: gas distribution and gas supply companies have mainly carried out a formal separation of spheres of activity, remaining in fact the property of the same shareholders and vertically integrated enterprises; preferential pricing of natural gas for specific categories of consumers (population, heat supply companies, religious organizations) in combination with a special regime of guaranteed supply creates prerequisites for the accumulation of debts and manipulations at the level of gas distribution and gas supply companies; incompleteness of the process of establishing gas accounting systems and the existence of normative consumption volumes leaves opportunities for manipulations, abuses and debt formation between market participants, primarily gas distribution companies to the operator; instability in the natural gas market is one of the reasons that stand in the way of increasing domestic production and, accordingly, reducing dependence on imports; there is a constant threat of termination of the transit of Russian gas through the territory of Ukraine after the expiration of the current contracts between the Russian Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine, which will bring significant changes to the operation of the gas transportation system. The structure of the gas sector, which covers the management of the corporation Naftogaz of Ukraine, is structurally connected with the state gas production company JSC "Ukrgazvydobuvannya" and the operator of gas storage facilities is studied. Several criteria have been allocated that will contribute to ensuring the appropriate level of security of the natural gas market in Ukraine, among which we can highlight the following: the low purchasing power of consumers. Several crises have been noted, consistently accompanied by the growth rates of prices and tariffs for energy resources. The direction of increasing own production of natural gas in Ukraine is provided for in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. The basis in this direction should be an exploration for finding and extracting shale gas deposits. It should be noted that the oil and gas mining industry is characterized by several differences, primarily in the analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of investment projects. The use of the systematicity of energy security criteria of the oil and gas segment will provide an opportunity for the subjects of these market structures to dynamize the relevant components to obtain an energy effect, with the subsequent activation of mechanisms for adapting the entire system to new operating conditions. In summary, it should be noted that a system is understood as a certain number of interconnected elements that interact with each other and form the integrity and expediency of their existence in terms of synergy. The application of systematicity allows solving the long-term strategy and sustainability of energy security with the possibility of consistency of goals, balanced energy policy, and institutional transformation of the system. The synergy of the system will take place under the condition of adequate assessment of the main components for their functional purpose. The use of the systematicity method involves a description of possible changes in the structure of the energy sector system of Ukraine, namely: a gradual change in the ownership of energy sector assets, an increase in the share of the private sector in the functioning of the country's energy sector.

Applicability of cogeneration system in gas turbines used in natural gas storage facilities

Applicability of cogeneration system in gas turbines used in natural gas storage facilities

Determination of the lower boundaries of the natural gas hydrates stability zone in the subpermafrost horizons of the Yakut arch of the Vilyui syneclise, saturated with bicarbonate-sodium type waters

This paper considers the possibility of the underground gas storage facilities creating in a hydrate state on the north-western slope of the Yakut arch of the Vilyui syneclise. For this, the boundaries of the hydrate stability zone were determined for 6 promising areas of the considered geological structure. Equilibrium conditions of the natural gas hydrates formation in the model porous media containing bicarbonate-sodium type water (mineralization 20 g/l), characteristic for the subpermafrost horizons of the Yakut arch, have been studied by the method of differential thermal analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, the boundaries of the natural gas hydrates stability zone were determined. It was shown that the upper boundaries of the hydrate stability zone are located in the thickness of permafrost rocks. It was found that the lower boundaries of the natural gas hydrates stability zone in moist unsalted porous medium lie in the range from 930 to 1120 m. When the samples are saturated with mineralized water, the boundaries are located 80-360 m higher. The obtained experimental results allow us to conclude that in subpermafrost aquifers of the Yakut arch has favorable conditions for the formation of natural gas hydrates. Keywords: natural gas hydrates; aquifers; underground gas storage; hydrate stability zone; geothermal gradient; equilibrium conditions of the hydrate formation; bicarbonate-sodium type water.

Features of monitoring storage of methane-hydrogen mixtures

The storage of methane-hydrogen mixtures (MHM) in existing underground gas storage facilities (UGS) is a prerequisite for the development of a "carbonneutral" strategy of the Russian Federation. The use of technologies for storage and delivery of MHM in industrial volumes should be ensured by experimental research, the creation of a regulatory framework and the introduction of modern methods for maintaining the operational reliability of the existing Unified Gas Transportation System (UGSS). The need for scientific and project work is determined by the peculiarities of the storage of MHM and the assessment of the likelihood of negative technogenic and mechanical consequences during the operation of the equipment. The materials provide the main risk models of the processes that arise in the case of hybrid storage of MHM. The use of cluster technology for storage and transportation of MHM is proposed, and the need to ensure constant monitoring of the component composition of gas as part of the implementation of an integrated automated flow technology is shown. Keywords: methane-hydrogen mixtures; hydrogen energy; underground gas storage; hardware control; risks.

OPTIMIZATION OF CONTROL OF OPERATING MODES OF GAS TRANSPORT SYSTEM USING UGS

The Soyuz, Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod and Progress gas pipeline systems form the basis of the trans-Ukrainian trans-Ukrainian pipeline system. The complex gas transmission system contains a number of gas pipelines forming a linear part and several compressor stations. The amount of capacity of pipelines depends on the number and characteristics of compressor stations. Reliability of work, regulation of transit flows and ensuring uninterrupted gas supply is carried out with the help of underground gas storage facilities, which are an integral part of the GTS of Ukraine. The use of underground storage facilities is considered to be one of the most efficient ways of gas supply, improving the quality of gas supplies to consumers and the efficiency of gas sales within the country and abroad. With the use of storage, you can reduce the unevenness of seasonal consumption and ensure security of supply. The use of underground storage facilities is an integral part, as during the year the maximum daily gas extraction exceeds the minimum more than three times, and the supply of gas through the main gas pipelines is almost constant. The maximum storage capacity cannot be represented as the sum of the absolutely free flow rates of all production wells. This is explained by the fact that the productivity of the underground gas storage during the extraction period is affected by the hydraulic resistance of the gas collection system to the underground storage and its technical condition, which is determined by the coefficient of hydraulic efficiency of loops and collectors.
 Studies show that the location of gas storages in the system has an impact on the amount of energy consumption. Therefore, the strategy of rational use of underground gas storage facilities in pipeline transport (in terms of minimizing energy consumption) is based on the study of the impact of their location in the gas transmission system. The principle of energy efficiency of the use of underground gas storage facilities for long-distance transportation (in order to equalize the unevenness of gas consumption) is based on the sequence: the most remote UGS should be used first. These are the objects that are located at the end points of the GTS route and whose location corresponds to the proximity to consumers.