Gas Mass Spectrometry Research Articles

Composition of the Scent in Some Ophrys Orchids Growing in Basilicata (Southern Italy): A Solid-Phase Microextraction Study Coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Several methods have been used to determine the volatile organic compounds emitted by Ophrys orchids. The use of different methods results in incomparable data. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has not been used extensively on Ophrys orchids. The main components found in the SPME analysis of the scent in Ophrys orchids were as follows: O. apifera: benzyl benzoate and α-copaene; O. crabronifera subsp. biscutella: pentadecane, heptadecane, and nonadecane; O. bertolonii subsp. bertolonii: pentadecane and heptadecane; O. passionis subsp. garganica: i-propyl palmitate and heptadecane; O. holosericea subsp. apulica: α-copaene, pentadecane, and heptadecane; O. lacaitae: α-copaene, pentadecane, and heptadecane; O. bombyliflora: cyclosativene, pentadecane, and ethyl dodecanoate; O. insectifera: 8-heptadecene and pentadecane; O. lutea: heptadecane and docosane; O. tenthredinifera subsp. neglecta: α-copaene, caryophyllene, and i-propyl palmitate.

Association of red cell omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA, with cognitive performance in atrial fibrillation

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Whether or not omega-3 Fatty Acids (n-3 FAs) have neuroprotective effects is controversial. We therefore aimed to determine the correlation of n-3 FAs with cognitive function in a large cohort of AF patients. Methods Red cell n-3 FAs levels were determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in 2359 patients from the prospective ongoing multicenter Swiss Atrial Fibrillation study (Swiss-AF). To assess the overall cognitive performance of patients, we used several validated neurocognitive assessment tools, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Semantic Fluency Tests (SF), Trail Making Test (TMT A&B), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DST). We also used a summary score that we have previously developed (the cognitive construct (CoCo) score). We performed mixed-effect linear regression analyses. Two adjustment models were applied; model 1 (adjusted for age, sex, and educational level) and model 2 (adjusted for age, sex, educational level, history of stroke/TIA, AF type, heart rate, arterial hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, BMI, chronic kidney disease, smoking status, alcohol consumption, geriatric depression scale, use of oral anticoagulation and antiplatelet medication). We also included a random intercept to control for center-effect in both models. Results The mean age of our study population was 73 years (standard deviation [SD] 8.4), and 662 patients were females (28%), 318 had a history of stroke (13%), and 716 suffered from coronary artery disease (30%). We observed statistically significant associations of total n-3 FAs levels (EPA + DHA + DPA + ALA) with all neurocognitive assessments, as seen in figure a. Individual n-3 FAs levels (EPA and ALA) were positively associated with MoCA score in both models. EPA was significantly associated with multiple neurocognitive assessments including MoCA, SF, TMT-B, DST, and overall CoCo score in both models (figure b). We found that a 1% red cell EPA level increase was associated with 0.19 (Model 1, 95%CI 0.06-0.31, p=0.003) and 0.14 (Model 2, 95% CI 0.01-0.26, p=0.02) units increase in the standardized MoCA score. Conclusions Red cell n-3 FAs levels are associated with better cognitive performance in AF patients. We observed a particularly strong association of EPA levels with all neurocognitive assessments.

Influence of ohmic heating on structure, texture and flavor of peanut protein isolate

The impacts of ohmic heating (OH) on the physical structure and volatile compounds of peanut protein (PP) were investigated for low denaturation plant-based meat ingredient using peanut protein isolate (PPI). The microstructure, texture, color, polar and weakly polar volatile compounds were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively using colorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, texture analysis, headspace solid-phase microextraction, DB-WAX and DB-5MS columns for separation, and combination of gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). The principal component analysis and partial least square discrimination were applied to the results of the volatile compounds attribution. The results showed that OH treatments modified the second and tertiary structure of PP, improved the texture, caused either disappearance of indigenous compounds or emerging of new volatile compounds. OH could reduce off-flavor and increase pleasant compounds of PPI. The findings suggested that the OH is promising in vegetable protein structure and flavor improvement.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd

Essential oils obtained from plants showed pharmacological potential thus the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates interest in exploring this field. In the present study chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of essential oil obtained from Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd (AD-EO) aerial parts were evaluated. The major composition of essential oil was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The main compounds were α-pinene (30.6%), β-pinene (20.8%), germacrene D (13.1%) and sabinene (9.3%). Our results showed that Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 were the most sensitive to AD-EO. Furthermore, results provided by atomic force microscopy images showed that AD-EO treatment altered S. aureus morphology. Cytotoxic activity was observed in all cell lines evaluated, with human colorectal tumor line (HCT-116) as the most susceptible. Morphological changes specially cell death characteristics were also observed in HCT-116 cells. In relation to toxicity, AD-EO did not show haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. Our results demonstrate antibacterial and antiproliferative potential of AD-EO, its therapeutic potential and application of this plant, which no commercial value was previously mensuared by industry. This study presents the first biological activity of AD-EO.

Footprints of predatory lady beetles stimulate increased dispersal of aphid prey, but do not alter feeding behavior or spread of a non-persistently transmitted plant virus

Predators impact prey directly, through consumption, and indirectly, through non-consumptive effects that modify prey physiology and behavior in ways that affect survival and reproduction. Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) are well documented across prey taxa in response to different predator cues. However, for most prey species, both the mechanisms underlying NCEs and the impacts of NCEs on broader ecological processes are poorly understood. We addressed these knowledge gaps for an aphid prey species (Myzus persicae) by studying dispersal, in-leaf feeding behavior, and plant virus transmission in response to chemical cues deposited by a walking predator (Hippodamia convergens), a non-predator, non-competitor (Drosophila melanogaster), and an artificial feeding deterrent (2% mineral oil). We used this approach to better understand the specificity of M. persicae responses to chemical footprints of threatening and non-threatening organisms, as well as the magnitude of behavioral responses relative to a known deterrent. We found that chemical footprints deposited by H. convergens stimulated M. persicae to disperse from a suitable host (Brassica napus) at a rate equivalent to the 2% mineral oil positive control, while footprints of D. melanogaster did not modify M. persicae dispersal. Through electrical penetration graphing (EPG) recordings, we found that mineral oil stimulated aphids to make more probes, but footprint treatments did not significantly modify feeding behavior. In mesocosm-based virus transmission assays, H. convergens footprints and 2% mineral oil also stimulated increased dispersal, but this did not translate into increased transmission of turnip mosaic virus. We identified components of H. convergens and D. melanogaster footprints using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and found that H. convergens footprints are chemically similar to footprints of related Coccinellidae, but distinct from D. melanogaster footprints. Our results provide evidence of specificity in M. persicae responses to predator footprints, which may help this prey species avoid costly dispersal behavior in response to cues from non-predators. We also provide ecological context by demonstrating that increased dispersal in response to predator cues does not always lead to increased virus transmission, as previously assumed, particularly when in-leaf feeding behaviors underlying virus acquisition do not change in response to predator cues.

Syzygium cumini ameliorates high fat diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, weight gain, hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity through modulation of PTP1B and PPARγ signaling.

Metabolic disorders are majorly associated with insulin resistance and an impaired glucose tolerance. Since, many of the currently available drugs exhibit adverse effects and are resistant to therapies, natural products are a promising alternate in the alleviation of complex metabolic disorders. In the current study, Syzygium cumini methanolic extract (SCE) was investigated for its anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic potential using C57BL/6 mice fed on high fat diet (HFD). The HFD fed obese mice were treated with 200 mg/kg SCE and compared with positive controls Metformin, Pioglitazone and Sodium Orthovanadate. The biometabolites in SCE were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A reduction in blood glucose levels with improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance was observed in SCE-treated HFD obese mice. Histopathological and biochemical investigations showed a reduction in hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity in SCE-administered HFD mice. Results showed inhibition of PTP1B and an upregulation of IRS1 and PKB-mediated signaling in skeletal muscle. A significant decrease in lipid markers such as TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c levels were observed with increased HDL-c in SCE-treated HFD mice. A significant decrease in weight and adiposity was observed in SCE-administered HFD mice in comparison to controls. This decrease could be due to the partial agonism of PPARγ and an increased expression of adiponectin, an insulin sensitizer. Hence, the dual-modulatory effect of SCE, partly due to the presence of 26% Pyrogallol, could be useful in the management of diabetes and its associated maladies.

Temporal Assessment of Crop Protection Agents in Water Bodies of Haryana Districts

Background: The study was conducted to quantify the presence of crop protection agents in 233 water samples collected from water bodies situated in cities of Panipat, Karnal, Rohtak, Sonipat and Hisar districts of Haryana, India. Water samples were collected during different seasons the year for the period from 2014-2018. Methods: The samples were processed by liquid- liquid partitioning method and quantified by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. The water samples were screened for 55 pesticides. Result: Estimation of the residues revealed that 23.5 and 6.6% of pesticides were detected in 68 and 165 monsoon and winter samples, respectively. Chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, butachlor and lambda cyhalothrin were predominantly present in all the water samples analyzed. Chorpyrifos detected in water samples from Karnal were above standard limit prescribed by EPA 8081and8141 but some samples were below UAS Health advisory life time value.

Application of the Static Headspace Method as a Tool for Rapid Control of Fennel Seed Tea Vapors

Background:: In recent years, there have been tensions surrounding the accessibility of drugs at pharmacies. This situation has led people to turn to alternative medicine with increased use of plants as medicines. Nevertheless, a good knowledge of the plant's chemical composition is necessary for its proper use due to the presence of toxic products. Objective:: The research objectives are to expand a novel use of the static headspace technique to control the chemical composition of the vapor of fennel seed tea (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and also constitute an attempt to develop a targeted qualitative analytical method for quality control and safety assurance of a consumer product. Methods:: This study qualitatively investigated the amount of estragole in fennel herbal tea vapour by successful rehabilitation of the static headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. In addition, an analysis is conducted on the total phenolic and flavonoid content in both tea and methanol extract. Antioxidant activities of all extracts were measured and compared to Gallic acid. Results:: The fennel seed tea showed total phenolic and flavonoid contents at 187.7 ± 17.1 GAE/100 g and 133.8 ± 9.07 mg CE/100 g, respectively. Fennel seeds tea exhibited good DPPH anti-radical action with an IC50 of 92.38 ± 10.64 mg/g. Even though studies on the total phenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of this herbal tea have all yielded positive outcomes, the application of the static headspace method combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry indicated the presence of estragole at 37.63 ± 3.77%. This compound was found at 80.67 ± 0.29% in the essential oil. Conclusion:: The application of this method has made it possible to reduce the handling time by eliminating the extraction step and solvent use. The presence of estragole at an alarming level makes it clear that employing plants as medicines must be regulated.

Alternating current electric field modifies structure and flavor of peanut proteins

The impacts of intensity and treating time of alternating current (AC) electric field (EF) on structure and volatile compounds of peanut protein were investigated for low denaturation. The secondary and tertiary structures, polar and weakly polar volatiles were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively using ultraviolet and fluorescence photospectrometry, free sulfhydryl and disulfide groups determination, and combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results showed that the ACEF affected significantly proportions of α-helices, β-sheets, β-turns, and random coils as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Blue shifts of UV and fluorescence spectra, increased surface hydrophobicity and disulfide bonds could be observed after ACEF treatments. The DB-WAX and DB-5MS columns for the polar and weakly polar volatile compound separation revealed that ACEF caused either disappearance or emerging of volatile compounds. The PCA demonstrated that the two principal components contributed about 70 % or more to the flavor and PLS-DA discriminated 18 key compounds.

Emission rates of bio-based building materials, a method description for qualifying and quantifying VOC emissions

Biobased insulation materials offer opportunities to use vapor-open building constructions. Such constructions allow direct interaction between the biobased material and the indoor environment. This interaction raises questions about indoor air quality concerning volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study presents results for the VOC emissions from biobased materials. It consists of two parts: 1) qualification of VOC emissions (compounds) from several biobased and non-biobased building materials, and 2) quantification of VOC emissions (emission rate) from expanded cork (biobased), particle board (semi-biobased), and EPS insulation. By quantifying the emission rate, the exposure to the released VOC emissions at room temperature in a standardized room can be compared to health limit requirements. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) is used to derive the individual VOC emissions and the Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) from these materials. For qualification, two different sampling techniques are used in which temperature is introduced as a variable to investigate its effect on the type of compounds emitted. For quantification, the toluene equivalent approach is compared to the group equivalent approach. From the analyses it is concluded that temperature has an effect on the type of VOC compounds emitted from (biobased) materials. Results from the quantification indicate that expanded cork and particle board emit no harmful substances at a level that can affect human health. For EPS insulation, elevated levels of benzene were found to exceed healthy limits. The toluene equivalent approach for quantifying the emission, generally, underestimates the rate as compared to the more accurate group equivalent approach.

Quorum sensing bacteria in microplastics epiphytic biofilms and their biological characteristics which potentially impact marine ecosystem

Microplastics (MPs) have been shown to be a new type of pollutant in the oceans, with complex biofilms attached to their surfaces. Bacteria with quorum sensing (QS) systems are important participants in biofilms. Such bacteria can secrete and detect signal molecules. When a signal molecule reaches its threshold level, bacteria with QS systems can perform several biological functions, such as biofilm formation and antibiotic metabolite production. However, the ecological effects of QS bacteria in biofilm as MPs distribute globally with ocean currents are not to be elucidate yet. In this study, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride were selected for on-site enrichment to acquire microplastics with biofilms. Eight culturable QS bacteria in the resulting biofilm were isolated by using biosensor assays, and their biodiversity was analyzed. The profiles of the N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) produced by these bacteria were analyzed by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC)–bioautography and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Biofilm-forming properties and several biological characteristics, such as bacteriostasis, algal inhibition, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, were explored along with QS quenching. Results showed that QS bacteria were mainly affiliated with class Alphaproteobacteria, particularly Rhodobacteraceae, followed by class Gammaproteobacteria. TLC–bioautography and GC–MS analyses revealed that seven AHLs, namely, C6-HSL, C8-HSL, 3-oxo-C6-HSL, 3-oxo-C8-HSL, 3-oxo-C10-HSL, and two unidentified AHLs were produced. The QS system equipped bacteria with strong biofilm-forming capacity and may contribute to the keystone roles of Rhodobacteraceae. In addition, QS bacteria may exacerbate the adverse environmental effects of MPs, such as inducing the misfeeding of planktons on MPs. This study elucidated the diversity of QS bacteria in MP-associated biofilms and provided a new perspective of the effect of key membrane-forming bacteria on the marine ecological environment.

Identification of Bioactive Components and in vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Annona squamosa Extract on Human Breast Cancer Cells

The present study is to explore to determine the bioactive components and in vitro cytotoxicity of the chloroform extract of Annona squamosa analyzed. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of chloroform extract of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa were used to regulate the bioactive components and their in vitro analysis of cytotoxicity was ceased by vero and human breast MCF-7 cell lines were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and MTT assay respectively. Results: The present study envisages 12 phytocompounds and their significant cytotoxic role on Vero as well as human breast carcinoma and MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion: Herbal medicinal plants have been extensively studied for their possible medicinal value as primary source drugs. Obviously, the natural products from the herbal medicinal sources will continue to be extremely important as sources of medicinal agents.

Inspection of Capparis spinosa essential oils for quality assurance of fish burgers during refrigerated storage.

Fish products are highly perishable as a result of easy spoilage by microorganism populations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Capparis spinosa essential oils (CSEOs) on physicochemical, sensory, oxidative, and microbiological attributes for fish burgers during refrigerated storage (8 days). For this purpose, CSEOs were prepared by water distillation (CS-WD), CO2 supercritical fluid (CS-SCF), subcritical water (CS-SW) to determine bioactive substances. Total phenol and flavonoid contents and also antioxidant activity were measured inCSEOs extracted by these procedures and phytochemical identification was performed through gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. These essential oils (EOs) were used at 0.2% in fish burgers, and controls (without additives) and those containing sodium erythorbate were also prepared. Physicochemical, oxidative, microbiological, and sensory functions were examined every 2 days. Phytochemicals were found in CSEOs, and the highest was related to isopropyl isothiocyanate. Addition of CSEOs led to dark, yellow and red colors for fish burgers compared with control. The manufacture of primary and secondary products in oxidation and different microorganisms in samples were significantly decreased by CSEOs compared with controls (p < .05). The antioxidant feature of the burger with CS-SCF was higher than that of the sample treated with CS-WD, but these EOs indicated almost the same antimicrobial attributes, and the lowest antioxidant and microbial activities were found for CS-SW in the fish burger. The sensory results demonstrated that CSEOs did not reduce scores, which maintained the acceptance quality of burgers during refrigerated storage. As a conclusion, CSEOs can be used as effective antioxidants and preservatives in burgers, and sensory acceptance was preserved during storage.

Frequency of urinary pesticides in children: a scoping review.

Pesticides are any mix of ingredients and substances used to eliminate or control unwanted vegetable or animal species recognized as plagues. Its use has been discussed in research due to the scarcity of strong scientific evidence about its health effects. International literature is still insufficient to establish a global recommendation through public policy. This study aims to explore international evidence of the presence of pesticides in urine samples from children and their effects on health through a scoping review based on the methodology described by Arksey and O'Malley. The number of articles resulting from the keyword combination was 454, and a total of 93 manuscripts were included in the results and 22 were complementary. Keywords included in the search were: urinary, pesticide, children, and childhood. Children are exposed to pesticide residues through a fruit and vegetable intake environment and household insecticide use. Behavioral effects of neural damage, diabetes, obesity, and pulmonary function are health outcomes for children that are commonly studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods are used predominantly for metabolite-pesticide detection in urine samples. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) are common in organophosphate (OP) metabolite studies. First-morning spot samples are recommended to most accurately characterize OP dose in children. International evidence in PubMed supports that organic diets in children are successful interventions that decrease the urinary levels of pesticides. Several urinary pesticide studies were found throughout the world's population. However, there is a knowledge gap that is important to address (public policy), due to farming activities that are predominant in these territories.

(Invited) Carbon Nano-Onions: Potassium Intercalation and Reductive Covalent Functionalization

Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials is a promising approach to controllably engineer the band gap structure, create novel architectures, and manipulate the interfacial characteristics of graphene and carbon nanotubes, increasing their processability.[1,2] Herein we report the synthesis of covalently functionalized carbon nano-onions (CNOs) via a reductive approach using unprecedented alkali-metal CNO intercalation compounds. For the first time, an in situ Raman study of the controlled intercalation process with potassium has been carried out revealing a Fano resonance in highly doped CNOs. The intercalation was further confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the experimental results have been rationalized with DFT calculations. Covalently functionalized CNO derivatives were synthesized by using phenyl iodide and n-hexyl iodide as electrophiles in model nucleophilic substitution reactions. The functionalized CNOs were exhaustively characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, UV–vis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. This work provides important insights into the understanding of the basic principles of reductive CNOs functionalization and will pave the way for the use of CNOs in a wide range of potential applications, such as energy storage, photovoltaics, or molecular electronics.[3] [1] Abellán, G.; Schirowski, M.; Edelthalhammer, K. F.; Fickert, M.; Werbach, K.; Peterlik, H.; Hauke, F.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 5175.[2] Schirowski, M.; Abellán, G.; Nuin, E.; Pampel, J.; Dolle, C.; Wedler, V.; Fellinger, T. P.; Spiecker, E.; Hauke, F.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 3352.[3] M. E. Pérez-Ojeda, E. Castro, C. Kröckel, M. A. Lucherelli, U. Ludacka, J. Kotakoski, K. Werbach, H. Peterlik, M. Melle-Franco, J. C. Chacón-Torres, F. Hauke, L. Echegoyen, A. Hirsch, G. Abellán, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 18997. Figure 1

Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete as specific markers for chlorine gas exposure

The formation of chlorinated organic compounds in concrete debris exposed to reactive chlorine was studied to search for markers specific to chlorine gas exposure. Concrete materials of different origins were exposed to a range of species of reactive chlorine including bleach, humid and dry chlorine gas at different concentrations. Chlorinated organic compounds in concrete extracts were analysed by targeted gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) and by non-targeted screening using the corresponding high-resolution techniques (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS). Overall, different levels and species of chlorinated organic compounds namely chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, chloromethoxyphenols, chloromethylbenzenes and chloral hydrate were identified in these chlorinated concrete extracts; two examples of diagnostic markers for neat chlorine exposure were trichloromethylbenzene and tetrachlorophenol. The old concrete samples from the 1930s and 1950s had the most chlorinated organic compounds after exposure to neat chlorine gas. Lignin or lignin degradation products were identified as probable candidates for phenolic precursor molecules in the concrete samples. Multivariate data analysis (OPLS-DA) shows distinct patterns for bleach and chlorine exposure. The chlorinated chemicals and specific markers for chlorine gas discovered in our research assist other laboratories in forensic investigations of chlorine gas attacks.

Analysis of Pesticide Levels in Honey and Pollen from Irish Honey Bee Colonies Using a Modified Dutch Mini-Luke Method with Gas and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection.

Determining the levels of agrochemicals, such as pesticides, that honey bees are exposed to is critical for understanding what stress factors may be contributing to colony declines. Although several pesticide detection methods are available for honey, limited work has been conducted to adapt these methods for pollen. Here, we address this gap by modifying the Dutch mini-Luke extraction method (NL method) for pesticide analysis in honey and pollen from throughout the island of Ireland. The NL method was modified to enable detection in small-sized samples and validated for both pollen and honey matrices. The modified NL method combined with liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry gave consistent results in terms of accuracy and precision measured by recovery experiments and was successfully applied in the analysis of a range of pesticide residues. The modified NL method developed here provides a key tool for detecting pesticides in honey bee colony resources and the environment more broadly.

Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis

To meet consumer demand for fermented beverages with a wide range of flavors, as well as for quality assurance, it is important to characterize volatiles and their relationships with raw materials, microbial and fermentation processes, and the aging process. Sample preparation techniques coupled with comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC×GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are proven techniques for the identification and quantification of various volatiles in fermented beverages. A few articles discuss the application of GC×GC for the measurement of fermented beverage volatiles and the problems faced in the experimental analysis. This review critically discusses each step of GC×GC-MS workflow in the specific context of fermented beverage volatiles’ research, including the most frequently applied volatile extraction techniques, GC×GC instrument setup, and data handling. The application of novel sampling techniques to shorten preparation times and increase analytical sensitivity is discussed. The pros and cons of thermal and flow modulators are evaluated, and emphasis is given to the use of polar-semipolar configurations to enhance detection limits. The most relevant Design of Experiment (DoE) strategies for GC×GC parameter optimization as well as data processing procedures are reported and discussed. Finally, some consideration of the current state of the art and future perspective, including the crucial role of AI and chemometrics.

Identification of Volatile Compounds of Oil Palm Flower (&lt;i&gt;Elaeis guineensis&lt;/i&gt; Jacq.) with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Based on the Difference in Time

The pollination process in oil palm is assisted by the insect Elaeidobius kamerunicus, which occurs when male and female flowers bloom producing volatile compounds that act as attractants. This study aims to identify volatile compounds in oil palm flowers based on differences in times with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The research steps include determining the time of the release of volatile compounds in oil palm flowers, extracted using steam distillation, and identification by GC-MS. There are different times of the release of volatile compounds for each type of oil palm flower. Three times by male flowers, at 08:00 am, 11:00 am and 14:00 pm, with the highest volatile compounds at 14:00 pm. Meanwhile, female flowers occurred at 09:00 am, 12:00 am and 15:00 pm, with the highest volatile compounds at 12:00 am. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that 21 and 19 volatile compounds were identified, with a total of 38 different types. Estragole compounds were dominant in both types of flowers and did not show significant differences in the area sum values at each time of observation. These results indicated the importance of estragole compound for the pollination process in oil palm.

Analysis Of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Gc-Ms) Technique

This study investigated the bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica leaves using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The phytoconstituents present in Xylopia aethiopica leaves were: flavonoids (951.82 mg/g), tannins (282.70 mg/g), alkaloids (188.47 mg/g), phenols (603.25 mg/g), saponins (11.47 mg/g), steroids (91.20 mg/g), oxalates (190.32 mg/g) and glycosides (190.32 mg/g). A total number of 30 bioactive compounds were identified based on their peak areas. The major compounds greater than 1 % were; 13-docosenamide (21.09 %), terpineol (10.07 %), 1,6-cyclodecadiene (9.37 %), copaene (2.88 %), caryophyllene (8.15 %), β-ocimene (6.05 %), β-myrcene (5.09 %), copaene (2.38 %), 2 – methoxy-4-vinylphenol (1.72 %), β-elemenone (1.31 %), 3,4-dimethylphenyl heptyl ether (1.26 %), ethyl oleate (1.07 %) and γ-elemene (1.27 %) while those less than 1 % (˂ 1 %) were; 2- methylenebornane (0.66 %), 2-methoxy-2-prophenyl (0.72 %), hexadec-7-enal (0.23 %), hexadecanoic acid (0.02 %), didodecyl benzene 1,2 dicarboxylate (0.09 %), methyl stearate (0.16 %), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (0.08 %), hexadeca-7,10 – dienal (0.47 %), 1,1,5 –trimethyl -1,2-dihydronaphthalene (0.01 %), propane, 1,1 – oxybis -3- chloro (0.08 %), 1-trimethylsilypent-1-en-4-yne (0.03 %), bicyclo[13.1.0] hexade can-2-one (0.02 %), methyl octadeca-9-yn-11-trans-enoate (0.51 %), cis-linaloxide (0.22 %), tetradecanoic acid, 10,13 –dimethyl ester (0.18 %), didodecyl benzene 1,2 –dicarboxylate (0.47 %) and 2-cyclopentene -1-one, 2 – hyroxy (0.09 %). However, all the compounds have a wide range of pharmacological activities including- antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, antifungal, anti-arrhythmic, anti-viral, hepato-protective, anti-proliferative, anti-depressant, antipyretic and antihelminthic.