Gas Ions Research Articles

Inhomogeneous energy injection in the 21-cm power spectrum: Sensitivity to dark matter decay

The 21-cm signal provides a novel avenue to measure the thermal state of the Universe during cosmic dawn and reionization (redshifts z∼5–30), and thus to probe energy injection from decaying or annihilating dark matter (DM). These DM processes are inherently inhomogeneous: both decay and annihilation are density-dependent, and furthermore, the fraction of injected energy that is deposited at each point depends on the gas ionization and density, leading to further anisotropies in absorption and propagation. In this work, we develop a new framework for modeling the impact of spatially inhomogeneous energy injection and deposition during cosmic dawn, accounting for ionization and baryon density dependence, as well as the attenuation of propagating photons. We showcase how this first completely inhomogeneous treatment affects the predicted 21-cm power spectrum in the presence of exotic sources of energy injection, and forecast the constraints that upcoming HERA measurements of the 21-cm power spectrum will set on DM decays to photons and to electron/positron pairs. These projected constraints considerably surpass those derived from CMB and Lyman-α measurements, and for decays to electron/positron pairs they exceed all existing constraints in the sub-GeV mass range, reaching lifetimes of ∼1028 s. Our analysis demonstrates the unprecedented sensitivity of 21-cm cosmology to exotic sources of energy injection during the cosmic dark ages. Our code, 21cm, includes all these effects and is publicly available in an accompanying release. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

MD simulation of atomic displacement cascades in pure iron vs. thermal radiation spectra produced by inert gas ions

MD simulation of atomic displacement cascades in pure iron vs. thermal radiation spectra produced by inert gas ions

Analysis of Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs Using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (APCI-GC-MS).

Illicit fentanyl and fentanyl analogs are a growing concern in the United States as opioid related deaths rise. Given that fentanyl analogs are readily obtained by modifying the structure of fentanyl, illicit fentanyl analogs appearing on the black market often contain similar structures, making analogue differentiation and identification difficult. Thus, obtaining both precursor and product ion data during analysis is becoming increasingly valuable in fentanyl analog characterization. In this paper, we provide GC column retention time, precursor, and product ion mass spectrum data for 74 fentanyl analogs that were analyzed using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (APCI-GC-MS) utilizing a triple quadrupole mass analyzer. During analysis, precursor ions underwent collision induced dissociation (CID) by increasing the collision energy (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 V) throughout a single run. Data reveal that APCI readily produces product ions of the piperidine and N-alkyl chain but rarely provides data on the acyl group. Furthermore, fentanyl analogs with greater substitution at the N-alkyl chain demonstrate a greater preference for dissociation at the N-αC and αC-βC bond, while greater substitution at the amide group leads to fragmentation at the N-C4 bond.

Rad-hard readout system for Timepix3 Hybrid Pixel Detectors

The Beam Gas Ionisation (BGI) profile monitor, located in the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN, requires a radiation-tolerant readout system to transfer data from the challenging accelerator surroundings to the back-end for processing. The system needs to control and acquire data from four Timepix3 Hybrid Pixel Detectors (HPDs) located directly inside the beam pipe, a highly radioactive environment. It must ensure reliability given limited hardware access and preserve signal integrity for the high-speed data (32 channels at 320 MHz). However, due to the unavailability of a suitable rad-hard Timepix3 readout, the Beam Instrumentation PiXeL (BIPXL) readout system was designed to meet these requirements. This system employs radiation-hardened components such as the GBTx and the FEASTMP, both developed at CERN. It will be compatible with forthcoming hybrid pixel detector initiatives in similarly harsh radiation conditions.

Computational simulation of primary damage in silicon carbide under ions irradiation

Silicon carbide (SiC) and its composites are promising structural materials for advanced nuclear energy applications. Due to the lack of advanced nuclear energy devices, ion beam irradiation is widely used to emulate reactor neutron irradiation. At the same time, different types of ion beam irradiation could produce different primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy spectra. PKA energy determines cascade damage sizes and defect clustering distributions, which may influence the irradiated materials’ long-term microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. This work used SRIM and Geant4 software to investigate the PKA characteristic produced by 1 MeV different noble gas ions and neutrons in the silicon carbide. The PKA energy spectra and weighted energy spectra of C and Si are calculated, respectively. The simulation results show that the PKA energy spectra calculated by the two kinds of software have obvious differences, but the weighted average PKA energies are close to each other. Simulation results verified that the weighted average PKA energy of Kr and Xe ion irradiation is close to that weighted average PKA energy spectrum for neutron irradiation of advanced reactors. The simulation results provide scientific references for understanding the difference in irradiation effects of different types of ions and also provide fundamental bases for the simulation of primary defect damage and long-term defect evolution in irradiated SiC.

The host galaxies of radio AGN: New views from combining LoTSS and MaNGA observations

The role of radio mode active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback on galaxy evolution is still under debate. In this study we utilized a combination of radio continuum observations and optical integral field spectroscopic (IFS) data to explore the impact of radio AGN on the evolution of their host galaxies at global and subgalactic scales. We constructed a comprehensive radio-IFS sample comprising 5548 galaxies with redshift z<0.15 by cross-matching the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) with the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey. We revisited the tight linear radio continuum--star formation relation and quantify its intrinsic scatter, then used the relation to classify 616 radio-excess AGN with excessive radio luminosities over the values expected from their star formation rates. Massive radio AGN host galaxies are predominantly quiescent systems, but the quenching level shows no correlation with the jet luminosity. The mass assembly histories derived from the stellar population synthesis model fitting agree with the cosmological simulations incorporating radio-mode AGN feedback models. We observe that radio AGN hosts grow faster than a control sample of galaxies matched in stellar mass, and the quenching age (rm ∼ 5,Gyr) is at larger lookback times than the typical radio jet age (rm < 1,Gyr). By stacking the spectra in different radial bins and comparing results for radio AGN hosts and their controls, we find emission line excess features in the nuclear region of radio AGN hosts. This excess is more prominent in low-luminosity, low-mass, and compact radio AGN. The N II /rm Hα ratios of the excessive emission line indicate that radio AGN or related jets are ionizing the surrounding interstellar medium in the vicinity of the nucleus. Our results support the scenario that the observed present-day radio AGN activity may help their host galaxies maintain quiescence through gas ionization and heating, but it is not responsible for the past quenching of their hosts.

Infrared Ion Spectroscopy of Gaseous [Cu(2,2'-Bipyridine)3]2+: Investigation of Jahn-Teller Elongation Versus Compression.

Symmetry breaking is ubiquitous in chemical transformations and affects various physicochemical properties of materials and molecules; Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion of hexa-coordinated transition-metal-ligand complexes falls within this paradigm. An uneven occupancy of degenerate 3d-orbitals forces the complex to adopt an axially elongated or compressed geometry, lowering the symmetry of the system and lifting the degeneracy. Coordination complexes of Cu2+ are known to exhibit axial elongation, while compression is far less common, although this may be due to the lack of rigorous experimental verification. Here, we present the gas-phase vibrational spectrum of the archetypal [Cu(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ ionic complex, obtained by infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy using the widely tunable IR free-electron laser FELIX. Predicted vibrational spectra at the density functional level of theory are nearly─but not entirely─identical for the two JT-distorted geometries. We compare experimental and theoretical spectra and address the question of an axially elongated or compressed geometry of the complex, or a mixture thereof, in the gaseous ion population.

Use of Resonant Acoustic Fields as Atmospheric-Pressure Ion Gates.

Ion optics are crucial for spectrometric methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Among the wide selection of ion optics, temporal ion gates are of particular importance for time-of-flight MS (TOF-MS) and drift-tube IMS. Commonly implemented as electrostatic ion gates, these optics offer a rapid, efficient means to block ion beams and form discrete ion packets for subsequent analysis. Unfortunately, these devices rely on pulsed high voltage sources and are not fully transparent, even in their open state, which can lead to ion losses and contamination. Here, a novel atmospheric-pressure ion gate based on a resonant acoustic field structure is described. This effect was accomplished through the formation of a resonant, standing acoustic wave of alternating nodes and antinodes. Alignment of an atmospheric-pressure gaseous ion beam with an antinode, i.e. a region of transient pressure, of the acoustic structure acted as a gate and blocked ions from impinging on ion-selective detectors, such as a mass spectrometer and a Faraday plate. The velocity of the ion stream and acoustic power were found to be critical parameters for gating efficiency. In the presence of an acoustic field (i.e., a closed gate), ion signals decreased by as much as 99.8% with a response time faster than the readout of the ion-measurement devices used here (ca. 75 ms). This work demonstrates the basis for a low-cost, acoustic ion gate, which is optically transparent and easily constructed with low-power, off-the-shelf components, that could potentially be used with MS and IMS instrumentation.

Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Flower Essential Oil Reduces MRSA Pathogenicity by Inhibiting Virulence Gene Expression

The essential oil extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam (CZEO), family Asteraceae, was investigated to determine its ability to inhibit the pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The chemical composition of CZEO was analyzed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and 88 compounds were identified and categorized as monoterpenes (68.82%), sesquiterpenes (17.82%), and others (5.01%). CZEO inhibited MRSA floating cell growth, acid production, and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the CZEO treatment decreased MRSA viability and notably reduced the three-dimensional density of the biofilm. Real-time PCR demonstrated that the mRNA expression of the MRSA gene A (mecA), accessory gene regulator A (agrA), staphylococcal accessory regulator A (sarA), and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea), which are pivotal genes implicated in MRSA pathogenicity, declined in a concentration-dependent manner following the CZEO treatment compared with the control. Thus, CZEO appeared to directly target the pathogenicity MRSA regulators. These findings substantiate the potential of CZEO as a natural antimicrobial agent for preventing MRSA infections.

Field emission study on atomically heterogeneous micro-metallic emitters produced by ion beam from inert gas plasmas

Abstract High doses of irradiation in extreme environments, such as space or fusion reactors, cause significant substrate modifications, requiring systematic experimental data to understand the underlying processes. This study explores the effects of ion irradiation on aluminum and titanium sheets used in spacecraft, with fluence levels ranging from 3.8 to 4.0 × 1018 cm-2, employing 2 keV ions of argon and krypton generated by 2.45 GHz microwave plasma to investigate surface modifications and atomic heterogeneity induced by ion implantation, while minimizing complications from chemical bond formation. This experimental investigation is further extended to understand the impact of implanted ions and surface modifications on electron emission properties in high electric fields. Notable field emission improvements are observed: for Kr-irradiated Al, turn-on potential is 2.3 ± 0.6 kV, a maximum current is 3.4 ± 0.3 nA, and enhancement factor is 1059, with Kr incorporation at 76.9 %; for Ar-irradiated Ti, turn-on potential is 1.6 ± 0.2 kV, a maximum current is 9.8 ± 0.8 nA, and enhancement factor is 2540, with Ar content at 88.5 %. This study thus systematically discusses the discernible variations in field emission properties with the morphological changes, ion implantation percentages, and local work function measurements, providing valuable insights into the effects of inert gas ion irradiation on metallic substrates.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Eudema nubigena Humb. & Bonpl.

The chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Eudema nubigena Humb. & Bonpl. were analyzed. The analysis of the essential oil was done by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). A total of 131 compounds, representing 99.2% of the essential oil, were identified. The chemical profile revealed a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (37.8%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (27.7%) and aliphatic compounds (17.3%). The major compounds were camphor (19.5%), myrcene (11.3%) and undecan-2-one (10.2%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil, evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays, exhibited a weak ability in scavenging radicals. The essential oil also showed a low ferric reducing activity. The essential oil exhibited good activity against C. albicans, but low activities against S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica serovar, and P. aeruginosa.

Radiocarbon measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in sediment porewater and seawater at AWI MICADAS

Abstract Radiocarbon (14C) measurements on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are a powerful tool to trace water masses and carbon cycling in the ocean. Existing methodologies to determine the 14C content of seawater DIC requires large volumes of sample (usually >100 mL) and specialized graphitization techniques to achieve the accuracy and precision needed for meaningful data interpretation. The advancement of the CO2 gas ionization accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique today allows routine 14C measurements on small samples (<100 µgC) and may thus permit reducing the sample volumes needed to determine 14C content of seawater DIC to ∼2 mL. The proposed method utilizes the carbonate handling system (CHS), gas interface system (GIS) and MICADAS AMS, and provides good accuracy but reduced precision compared to established methods. Good accuracy is shown by comparing results for a marine in-house DIC standard and a DIC seawater profile from Antarctica between the proposed CHS-GIS-MICADAS approach and reference measurements conducted on the same material at established laboratories (ETH and NOSAMS). Further, two sedimentary porewater profiles from a fjord system in Svalbard are presented. Despite good agreement, the precision of the CHS-GIS-MICADAS approach is reduced, potentially limiting possible interpretations on seawater DIC. Nonetheless, the reduction of sample volumes proves particularly helpful to analyze porewater DIC from sediment cores, where sample material is notoriously limited, reduces the required amounts of toxic HgCl2 and simplifies expedition logistics.

Exploring the chemical composition and bioactivities of the essential oil of Piper rostratum Roxb

Piperaceae family includes numerous species used for food, spices, and medicinal purposes. In this study, the chemical composition and bioactivities (antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities) of the essential oil from Piper rostratum Roxb. were investigated. The essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation and thoroughly analysed using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 20 chemical components were identified, accounting for 94.2% of the total oil. The major components were γ-muurolene (14.1%), δ-cadinene (13.2%), allylpyrocatechol diacetate (11.5%), chavicol (8.2%), α-humulene (7.8%), and hydroxychavicol (6.9%). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was measured using the Ellman method, and the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed through lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition. The essential oil demonstrated moderate activity in DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50 = 98.5 µg/mL), acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 89.2 µg/mL), and lipoxygenase inhibition (IC50 = 77.2 µg/mL).

Influencing Factors and Purification Performance of a Negative Ion Air Purifier for Indoor Ammonia Gas Removal

The negative ion air purifier (NIAP) has been used for capturing particulate matter. Nevertheless, the knowledge on its effectiveness in removing other air pollutants such as ammonia gas remains limited. In this study, the effect of an NIAP for indoor ammonia gas removal was evaluated through a series of experimental studies. The applicability and different influencing, operating, and environmental factors on the ammonia gas removal performance were firstly investigated by conducting a series of experiments. Then, in order to understand the performance of the NIAP and the spatial distribution of ammonia gas and other by-products, indoor field measurements of ammonia gas, ozone, and negative ion concentrations in a real bathroom were performed for different cases with the NIAP turned on and off. The results indicated that negative ions were effective in reducing ammonia gas concentration. The operating and environmental factors including upstream wind speed, degree of operating voltage, and initial ammonia gas concentration have great influences on the ammonia gas removal efficiency of the NIAP. The highest removal efficiency can reach to 95.8%, when the upstream wind speed was 0.8 m/s and the degree of operating voltage was at gear 3 (3.0 kV). The purification efficiency of ammonia gas for the NIAP could reach up to 80%.

Modeling Local Aerosol Surface Environments: Clustering of Pyruvic Acid Analogs, Water, and Na+, Cl- Ions.

Pyruvic acid is an omnipresent compound in nature and is found both in the gas phase and in the particle phase of the atmosphere as well as in aqueous solution in the hydrosphere. Despite much literature on the photochemical degradation and stability of pyruvic acid in different chemical environments, the study of simultaneous interactions between gas-phase pyruvic acid or similar carboxylic acids with water and ions is not well-understood. Here, we present a study of microhydrated molecular clusters containing pyruvic acid and the structurally analogous carboxylic acids lactic acid, propionic acid, and 2,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid by probing geometries, binding free energies, hydrate distributions, as well as their infrared (IR) absorption spectra. We performed a meticulous configurational sampling protocol for the various hydrated clusters ranging from low level of theory to high level of theory to identify the lowest free energy structure. We find that cluster geometries and especially their water structure are highly sensitive to the presence and character of ions. We show that the hydration of the studied organic acids is thermodynamically unfavorable in the gas phase and ions are necessary for mediating interactions between organic acids and water thus stabilizing the clusters. Finally, we find a clear correlation between decreasing pyruvic acid carboxylic O-H stretching frequencies, increasing intensity when adding more water to the clusters, and a correlation between increasing redshifting of the O-H frequencies upon addition of ions to the clusters. The observations done in this study could pave the way to unravel the mechanisms behind the transitioning of organic acids from the gas phase to the particle phase.

Evolution of the electron distribution function during gas ionization by a sub-nanosecond microwave pulse of hundreds MW power

The electron velocity distribution function in the plasma, formed by gas ionization by a microwave pulse of sub-nanosecond timescale width and hundreds of megawatts power, is studied by a theoretical model and by 3D numerical simulations which confirm quite well the model. It is shown that the distribution function is defined by the field amplitude variation during the entire pulse. After the pulse's passage through the gas, the remaining plasma distribution function follows a decreasing power-law function. Experiments performed in a waveguide filled with helium gas confirm that energetic (from several keV to several tens of keV) electrons remain in plasma long after the pulse has crossed the experimental volume. These electrons continue the gas ionization over extended times up to tens of nanoseconds.

Analyzing the potential of ion chambers to measure laser-induced ionization rates.

We demonstrate and analyze the use of an ion chamber for measuring laser-induced ionization in cesium gas for the first time, which is of recent interest due to research in diode pumped alkali lasers (DPALs). In this report, the viability of an ion chamber diagnostic with high plasma density and ionization localized to a laser beam is investigated. A simulation of the laser-induced plasma in the ion chamber, based on the Thomson model with diffusion, is developed and will be shown to display similar qualitative behavior to measurements, and bound test results within model uncertainty. The analysis will show that complex processes occur: (1) space-charge limited ion drift, (2) Debye shielding preventing the electric field from penetrating a bulk plasma region, and (3) ambipolar diffusion across the bulk with possibly elevated electron temperature. However, these processes are well understood and do not limit the accuracy of an ion chamber diagnostic for laser-induced ionization rate measurement.

The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Modelling ALMA and JWST lines to constrain the interstellar medium of z∼ 5 galaxies

Aims. We have devised a model for estimating the ultraviolet (UV) and optical line emission (i.e. CIII] 1909 Å, Hβ, [OIII] 5007 Å, Hα, and [NII] 6583 Å) that traces HII regions in the interstellar medium (ISM) of a subset of galaxies at z ~ 4-6 from the ALMA large programme ALPINE. The aim is to investigate the combined impact of binary stars in the stellar population and an abrupt quenching in the star formation history (SFH) on the line emission. This is crucial for understanding the ISM’s physical properties in the Universe’s earliest galaxies and identifying new star formation tracers in high-z galaxies. Methods. The model simulates HII plus PhotoDissociation Region (PDR) complexes by performing radiative transfer through 1D slabs characterised by gas density (n), ionisation parameter (U), and metallicity (Z). The model also takes into account (a) the heating from star formation, whose spectrum has been simulated with Starburst99 and Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) to quantify the impact of binary stars; and (b) a constant, exponentially declining, and quenched SFH. For each galaxy, we selected from our CLOUDY models the theoretical ratios between the [CII] line emission that trace PDRs and nebular lines from HII regions. These ratios were then used to derive the expected optical/UV lines from the observed [CII]. Results. We find that binary stars have a strong impact on the line emission after quenching, by keeping the UV photon flux higher for a longer time. This is relevant in maintaining the free electron temperature and ionised column density in HII regions unaltered up to 5 Myr after quenching. Furthermore, we constrained the ISM properties of our subsample, finding a low ionisation parameter of log U≈ − 3.8 ± 0.2 and high densities of log(n/cm−3)≈2.9 ± 0.6. Finally, we derive UV/optical line luminosity-star formation rate relations (log(Lline/erg s−1) = α log(SFR/M⊙ yr−1) + β) for different burstiness parameter (ks) values. We find that in the fiducial BPASS model, the relations have a negligible SFH dependence but depend strongly on the ks value, while in the SB99 case, the dominant dependence is on the SFH. We propose their potential use for characterising the burstiness of galaxies at high z.

Twisted Dipole Ion Guide (TDIG) for Flexible Ion Transfer in Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

In ambient mass spectrometry, the performance in direct in situ analysis applications has been hindered by the lack of efficient ion-transferring technique between the atmosphere pressure ionization source and the mass analyzer. Building upon the hybrid concept of a stack ring ion guide and multipole ion guide, this study proposes the concept of a reconfigurable twisted dipole ion guide (TDIG) that enables flexible ion transfer between atmosphere and vacuum. Initially, theoretical and numerical studies were conducted to understand the basic ion confining principle of the twisted dipole ion guide, revealing its unique merits in long-distance flexible ion transmission. The gas dynamics and ion transport performance of the TDIG are then evaluated by using computational fluid dynamics and ion trajectory simulation. To actualize the concept, specialized insulation brackets were designed based on the universal joint mechanism, and a practical twisted dipole ion guide prototype was built. The prototype was tested on a homemade nano electrospray ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) platform. The results suggest that it is competent in flexible ion transfer and may serve as a versatile tool in ambient mass spectrometry. This innovation can potentially advance the development of in situ analytical mass spectrometry techniques.

Exposure of endocrine disruptive phthalates from fruit juices packed in plastic bottles and their risk assessment in Pakistan

ABSTRACT Phthalate esters (PAEs) are used to increase the plasticity in plastic packaging materials like plastic containers and beverage bottles. These are recognised as endocrine disruptors and pose potential health risks to consumers. So this study investigated the extent of phthalate exposure levels originating from plastic bottles across different brands of juice samples (n = 225), collected from local markets in Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan, encompassing (citrus, berry mixed, stone fruit, and fleshy fruit juices). For that purpose, plastic bottles were initially investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), followed by analysis of leached PAEs in juices by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). FTIR findings confirmed the presence of PAEs in plastic bottles through the assessment of two different peaks at 1713 cm−1 (aromatic esters) and 722 cm−1 (C-H wagging). DSC results revealed different glass transition (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) for amorphous bottles. The study found that PAE concentration varied significantly (p < 0.05) across different juices, with mixed fruit juices exhibiting the highest concentration (71.93 µg/L), followed by strawberry (31.35 µg/L), citrus fruit (20.64 µg/L), and fleshy fruit juices (18.61 µg/L). GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of several PAEs including DPrP, DiBP, DPeP, DCHP, BBP, DEHP, and DOP. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PAEs was found in the range of 0.087–0.543 µg/kg-bw in all analysed samples. Although hazard index calculation indicated that all juices were within safe limits (HI < 1). However, it is noteworthy that DEHP exhibited higher values of carcinogenic in one specific juice brand of mixed fruit juice (BM-1), with a risk factor of 4.5 × 10−3.