Gas Industry Research Articles

Failure Analysis of CT-90 Coiled Tubing Used in Oil and Gas Industry in Mexico

Failure Analysis of CT-90 Coiled Tubing Used in Oil and Gas Industry in Mexico

Rational design of poisoning-resistant catalyst based on γ-Al2O3 for hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide

Catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an efficient way of desulfurization for industrial flue gas, while the frequently used Al2O3-based catalysts always suffer from sulfur poisoning leading to poor stability, especially in the presence of O2. With this regard, an analysis of the reaction pathway has been conducted, and the tri-coordinated Al in γ-Al2O3 is identified as the responsible site for poisoning, on which produced H2S is over-oxidized resulting in active sites covering. Density functional theory (DFT) has been adopted for dopant screening to eliminate tri-coordinated Al on γ-Al2O3, inhibit H2S over-oxidation, and prevent sulfur poisoning. Results show La, Fe, Ni, and Cu all can eliminate tri-coordinated Al, while only La-doped γ-Al2O3 exhibits inhibition to H2S oxidation, thus, improving activity and stability for γ-Al2O3. Experiments show COS conversion of 99 % over 30 h can be attained in the presence of O2, which agrees well with the DFT calculation.

MAINTENANCE STRATEGY REVIEW (MSR) BASED ON ISO 14224:2016 IN INDONESIA OIL AND NATURAL GAS COMPANIES

<p>The oil and gas industry is vital for Indonesia, and the safety and effectiveness of work in processing and exploring the oil and gas that operate in Indonesia must comply with existing regulations. This safety and effectiveness are inseparable from how the company maintains the assets and instruments used at the oil and gas production and exploration site. Maintenance of pipes and instruments for production is one of the company's most vital assets. In addition to having appropriate productivity, pipes and instruments must be maintained optimally so that maintenance costs do not exceed the value of the oil and gas production. This study's research subject is a natural gas refinery from an oil and gas company operating in the Madura Strait, East Java, Indonesia. The object of research limited to the company's piping system (pipeline system). This study uses a quantitative assessment using the calculated Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) method and a qualitative assessment using the asset maintenance standard to reveals how the maintenance cycle that has been implemented can be optimized. The author carried out a criticality assessment using Maintenance Strategy Review (MSR) to calculate the risk level of asset. This study found that 78 assets must be maintained in their maintenance cycle, two cash assets must be reduced in their maintenance cycle, and seven assets can be extended for their maintenance cycle. The two assets that need to be reduced in maintenance cycles are the shutdown valve asset that goes to the temporary pig receiver and the shutdown valve that goes to the HP flare header. An asset that can be extended its maintenance cycle is a transmitter for flow indicators.</p><div><div><p> </p></div></div>

Empirical analysis of the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution based on VAR model: A case study of Hubei Province China

In this paper, the industrial three wastes from 1992 to 2018 in Hubei Province were collected as environmental indicators, and the per capita GDP was used as economic indicators. The study of Kuznets curve showed that industrial wastewater gradually decreased with economic growth, showing an inverted N shape; Both industrial emissions and solid waste will increase with the growth of per capita GDP, industrial waste gas shows a linear relationship, and industrial solids show an inverted U relationship. Then through the VAR model research, it is found that the response of industrial “three wastes” to per capita GDP growth in Hubei Province is positive in the short term. The long-term response of economic development in Hubei province to industrial waste gas and industrial solid waste discharge is positive and decreasing, but the short-term response to industrial wastewater discharge is negative. The variance decomposition analysis reveals that the primary environmental determinants influencing the current economic growth trajectory of Hubei Province are industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas, and industrial solid waste. Fluctuations in economic growth within Hubei Province demonstrate a stronger correlation with variations in emissions of industrial wastewater and industrial solid waste, while exerting comparatively less influence on changes in emissions of industrial waste gas.

The integration of solar-hydrogen hybrid renewable energy systems in oil and gas industries for energy efficiency: Optimal sizing using Fick's Law optimisation Algorithm

The global demand for sustainable energy solutions in the oil and gas industry has stimulated interest in the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper investigates the techno-economic and environmental aspects of incorporating a solar-hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy system (SHRES) into oil and gas processing facilities.The proposed SHRES, comprising Solar PV modules, hydrogen production and storage systems, and a gas turbine generator (PV-FC-EL-Tank-GT), aims to enhance energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of energy-intensive operations. The study utilises a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, economics, and environmental analysis. The techno-economic evaluation employs detailed modelling and optimisation using Fick's Law Algorithm, ensuring efficient energy production and cost-effectiveness. Ecological assessments quantify potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts.The technical and economic evaluation identifies the electrolyser system as the most significant cost contributor (57%). The optimised system balances energy sources with 45% from PV modules, 35% from fuel cells, and 20% from gas turbines, showcasing substantial reliance on renewable energy while maintaining required power generation.Addressing the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions in the oil and gas industry, the study highlights the potential of SHRES integration. By employing Fick's Law Algorithm, alongside with 80 % of renewable energy integration, the research optimises system components to optimise the annualised cost to be $57,539.85, decrease to zero the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and mitigate CO2 emissions to a lowest value of 0.147 gCO2eq/kWh (by 80 %). The electrolyser system's pivotal role and the distribution of power generation sources are emphasised.This study presents a novel approach to integrating solar-hydrogen systems into oil and gas processing facilities, aiming for sustainability. The findings underscore the significance of the electrolyser system and the distribution of power generation sources in optimising the SHRES. Recommendations for renewable energy integration and potential reductions in CO2 emissions and costs are discussed, providing valuable insights for future energy policies.

Methane Emissions from the Oil and Gas Industry Are Triple Current Estimates

A new study using aerial data reveals that fossil fuel extraction and processing are responsible for far more methane than previously believed.

Building Economic Sustainability of the Energy Sector: How Purchasing Performance and Material Inventory Performance Influence Sustainable Economic Levels Moderated by Fiscal Term

This research investigates the relationship between purchasing performance and material inventory performance with the fiscal term as a moderating variable on sustainable economic levels in Indonesia's upstream oil and gas industry. Data were collected over five years (2017-2021) from 26 Production Sharing Contract Contractors (PSCC) in Indonesia during the preliminary Plan of Development (POD) phase. This research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that purchasing performance significantly affects sustainable economic levels, and material inventory performance has no significant effect on sustainable economic levels. Fiscal term moderation on the influence of purchasing arrangements on sustainable economic levels has a significant impact. In contrast, fiscal term moderation on the influence of material inventory performance on sustainable economic levels has an insignificant effect. This research provides a comprehensive framework by explaining the influence of purchasing performance and material inventory performance with the fiscal term moderating variable on sustainable economic levels as a novelty in this research.

The Properties and Development of Sulfur-Free Odorant for Town Gas

In this paper, the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of natural gas sulfur-free odorants and traditional sulfide odorants, as well as the application examples of sulfur-free odorants at home and abroad are analyzed and compared, and the differences between the two odorants in natural gas treatment are discussed. The research shows that the natural gas sulfur-free odorant has the advantages of being more environmentally friendly, safer and more economical than the traditional sulfide odorant. Combined with the actual application cases, the future development trend and prospect of sulfur-free odorant in the natural gas industry are prospected.

Completion Performance Evaluation in Multilateral Wells Incorporating Single and Multiple Types of Flow Control Devices Using Grey Wolf Optimizer

There has been a tendency in oil and gas industry towards the adoption of multilateral wells (MLWs) with completions that incorporate multiple types of flow control devices (FCDs). In this completion technique, passive inflow control devices (ICDs) or autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs) are positioned within the laterals, while interval control valves (ICVs) are installed at lateral junctions to regulate the overall flow from each lateral. While the outcomes observed in real field applications appear promising, the efficacy of this specific downhole completion combination has yet to undergo comparative testing against alternative completion methods that employ a singular flow control device type. Additionally, the design and current evaluations of such completions are predominantly based on analytical tools that overlook dynamic reservoir behavior, long-term production impacts, and the correlation effects among different devices. In this study, we explore the potential of integrating various types of flow control devices within multilateral wells, employing dynamic optimization process using numerical reservoir simulator while the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is used as optimization algorithm. The Egg benchmark reservoir model is utilized and developed with two dual-lateral wells. These wells serve as the foundation for implementing and testing 22 distinct completion cases considering single-type and multiple types of flow control devices under reactive and proactive management strategies. This comprehensive investigation aims to shed light on the advantages and limitations of these innovative completion methods in optimizing well and reservoir performance. Our findings revealed that the incorporation of multiple types of FCDs in multilateral well completions significantly enhance well performance and can surpass single-type completions including ICDs or AICDs. However, this enhancement depends on the type of the device implemented inside the lateral and the control strategy that is used to control the ICVs at the lateral junctions. The best performance of multiple-type FCD-based completion was achieved through combining AICDs with reactive ICVs which achieved around 75 million USD profit. This represents 42% and 22% increase in the objective function compared to single-type ICDs and AICDs installations, respectively. The optimal settings for ICD and AICD in individual applications may significantly differ from the optimal settings when combined with ICVs. This highlights a strong correlation between the different devices (control variables), proving that using either a common, simplified analytical, or a standard sequential optimization approach that do not explore this inter-dependence between devices would result in sub-optimal solutions in such completion cases. Notably, the ICV-based completion, where only ICVs are installed with lateral completion, demonstrated superior performance, particularly when ICVs are reactively controlled, resulting in an impressive 80 million USD NPV which represents 53% and 30% increase in the objective function compared to single-type ICDs and AICDs installations, respectively.

An experimental investigation on the fluid–structure coupling in horizontal pipes conveying two-phase intermittent flow

Two-phase flow is typically found in several industrial applications, such as in the production and transportation of oil and gas in the petrochemical industry, in the catalytic cracking and microreactors in the chemical industry, and in nuclear reactor cooling pumps. Measurement of two-phase flow features is usually necessary and has been done in several ways, including pressure probes, resistive sensors, gamma-ray, wire-mesh sensor and many others. However, these are either intrusive or invasive techniques, which might be of challenging application in industrial environments, or rely on a hazardous radioactive source. Vibration-based measurement of two-phase flow in pipes stands out as a non-invasive/non-intrusive approach and, consequently, multiphase-flow induced vibration in pipes has receiving increasing attention in recent years. In this work, the dynamic behaviour of a horizontal tube conveying an intermittent two-phase gas-liquid flow is investigated based on indirect approaches. The phenomenon of fluid–structure coupling is investigated using acceleration and pressure measurement. Moreover, the bubble size distribution is estimated from high-speed camera images and a deep learning model for image segmentation, along with its spectral content and time modulation. Focus is given at frequency bands around the cut-on frequencies of the circumferential wave modes of the pipe. An approach based on the estimation of frequency response function of the pressure and vibration at the liquid slug and elongated bubble is proposed, such that the coherence function can be used as quantitative measure of the coupling. Two experimental conditions with intermittent flow are investigated as representative cases. It is shown that there is a great vibration amplification at the cut-on frequencies of circumferential wave modes in pipes due to the corresponding structural wave and pressure coupling. Consequently, the frequency of passage of bubble can be estimated from the demodulation of vibration response filtered at the cut-on modes. The experimental results pave the way for innovative vibration-based measurement approaches.

Recent Progress on Porous Carbons for Carbon Capture.

High emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused CO2 levels to reach more than 400 ppm in air and led to a serious climate problem. In addition, in confined spaces such as submarines and aircraft, the CO2 concentration increase in the air caused by human respiration also affects human health. In order to protect the environment and human health, the search for high-performance adsorbents for carbon capture from high and low concentration gas is particularly important. Porous carbon materials, possessing the advantages of low cost and renewability, have set off a boom in the research of porous adsorbents, which have the opportunity to be utilized on a large scale for industrial carbon capture in the future. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of porous carbons for carbon capture from flue gas and directly from air in the last five years, including activated carbon (AC), heteroatom-modified porous carbon, carbon molecular sieves (CMS), and other porous carbon materials, with a focus on the effects of temperature, water content, and gas flow rate of industrial flue gas on the performance of porous carbon adsorbents. We summarize the preparation strategies of various porous carbons and seek environmental friendly porous carbon materials preparation strategies under the premise of improving the CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity of porous carbon adsorbents. Based on the effects of real industrial flue gas on adsorbents, we provide new ideas and evaluation methods for the development and preparation of porous carbon materials.

Optimizing Industrial Effluent Flue Gas as Source of Energy for Charcoal Production

This research suggests a unique way to produce charcoal utilizing industrial flue gas as an energy source. The process entails gathering, cleaning, and transporting the flue gas to a pyrolysis reactor where it is used to carbonize and heat biomass. The paper outlined the design of various components, such as the heat exchanger, pyrolysis reactor, and flue gas filter. It specified that the flue gas temperatures in the glass, pulp and paper, and alcohol industries typically range from 400-500°C, 200-500°C, and 150-300°C, respectively. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of these industries were analyzed at the factory. The study emphasized the importance of these design considerations and temperature ranges for efficient operation and optimal performance in the respective industries. The resultant charcoal has several uses and is a sustainable and renewable fuel. In addition, the technique lessens greenhouse gas and flue gas emissions into the atmosphere, protecting the environment and slowing down climate change. The average chemical composition of flue gas from three industries was ascertained, together with the temperature range necessary for pyrolysis and the mechanical layout of the system used to produce charcoal. Upon determining the characteristics of industrial flue gas, the mechanical design of the charcoal production process was incorporated essential components. These include a temporary storage tank, a pyrolysis reactor, and a flue gas filter. This comprehensive design aims to ensure the production of quality charcoal while addressing environmental concerns related to pollution from flue gas treatment. The integration of these components is crucial for optimizing the production process and enhancing environmental sustainability by mitigating the impact of flue gas emissions on the environment. The project report emphasizes the significance of these design considerations in achieving efficient and environmentally friendly charcoal production. The paper also discusses the environmental and economic benefits of using flue gas as an energy source for charcoal production. The paper concludes that this method is a feasible and promising solution for efficient resource utilization and sustainable development.

Числовий аналіз впливу стрічкових включень на концентрацію напружень в тонких циліндричних і конічних оболонках з прямокутними отворами

Thin-walled plate-shell structures are widely used in various branches of technology and the national economy, in particular in the aerospace industry, the oil and gas industry, power engineering, construction, etc. The continuity of such structures is often disrupted by various inhomogeneities in the form of openings, inclusions, recesses, cracks, etc., which are local stress concentrators. Reducing the concentration of the stresses that develop in the vicinity of such structural inhomogeneities is an important problem in deformable solid mechanics. In particular, a pressing problem in the design of new equipment in modern mechanical engineering is a significant reduction in material consumption and an increase in the service life of cast parts taking into account the use of new materials and technologies. Such parts are responsible for the competitiveness of new equipment for various industries. This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation and analysis of the stress and strain field of thin-walled cylindrical and truncated conical shells with rectangular openings and tape inclusions around them. The material of the inclusions has properties that differ from those of the base material of the shells. The effect of the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the inclusions on the parameters of the stress and strain field in the vicinity of the openings was studied by varying the elastic modulus of the inclusion material and the inclusion width. For definiteness, the inclusions were assumed to be homogeneous and located in the shell plane. The stress and strain intensity distributions in the zones of local stress concentration were obtained. The numerical results for shells of both shapes were compared with the corresponding results for shells with a circular opening. The study showed that the presence of a “soft” homogeneous tape inclusion helps in reducing the stress concentration around rectangular openings by ~ (21 – 54) % depending on the width of the inclusion and its elastic modulus, both in cylindrical and in conical shells. Unlike shells with a circular opening, in this case the presence of inclusions does not cause the mechanical effect of shifting the stress concentration zone from the contour of the opening to the interface between the materials.

Market Trends and Outlook for Oil and Gas, a Review

Hydrocarbon business globally, commands enormous influence over the dynamics of financial integrity on wealth creation in the world economy, through global trade. Citing example with Nigeria’s Oil and Gas industry, her richly endowed mineral deposits, for the past six decades has (directly or indirectly) played very significant role on virtually all economic and commercial activities; in determining the financial health/viability of the nation’s economy. The global economy presently faces challenges of the global warming due to the climate change that has occurred as a result of incremental growth in energy demands and consumption. Energy, known as a critical factor to life is essential for purposes of powering the economy through daily economic activities, and also for maintenance of man’s existence, has its own consequences on the environment in the course of its production and utilization. As a result, it has been proven to be posing a number of challenges, threats to life and man’s sustainable existence because of the adverse incidences on the planet, resulting from impact of carbon emissions being generated from energy consumption of fossil fuels/Oil and Gas sources (among other greenhouse gases, GHGs). Energy transition, as a phenomenal trend on the global energy solutions management, would contain these global challenges (in ever increasing global population with its imminent threat of energy crisis/poverty) by applying energy-mix menu and technologically advanced initiatives (the proposed Maximum energy-minimum emissions strategy) to control global warming by net-zero carbon emissions target through decarbonizing technologies; for sustainability of the planet.

Sustainable Safety and Environmental Protection Technologies in Oil and Gas Industry

Aim: This paper examines the concepts of oil and gas production, effects of the operations on the environment and relevant environmental protection technologies to make the industry a sustainable one. Problem Statement: Reports show environmental pollution and ecosystem disruption emanating from oil and gas operations which are majorly exploration, production and distribution to end-users. This makes the environment to be unhealthy for living and causes breakage in food chain. Significance of Study: High relevance of oil and gas industry to the economic growth of a Nation has made it imperative to critically address the adverse effects attributed to the operations involved. Tackling the accorded problems via current environmental protection technologies will prevent operational accidents and minimize environmental pollution. With this, lives are protected, environment is kept safe, and the industry is enhanced for future sustainability. Discussions: The upstream, midstream and downstream operations that make up the oil and gas value chain were discussed. The philosophy of sustainability and sustainable development as pertained to environmental pollution and disruption of ecosystem by the operations of oil and gas industries were discussed. Reasons why round table talk should be conducted from time to time by all stakeholders as related to environmental sustainability of Oil and Gas industries in years to come were discussed. The adopted technologies to ensure there is safety and environmental protections were stated within. Conclusion: In conclusion, there is need for further research on effective technologies to improve the existing ones in terms of making safety and environmental protection from oil and gas industry a sustainable one.

SMART DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES: HARNESSING AI FOR PRECISION AND SAFETY IN OIL AND GAS WELL CONSTRUCTION

This paper explores the integration of AI in smart drilling technologies, examining its applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects. By harnessing the power of AI, smart drilling technologies enable proactive decision-making, automation, and optimization throughout the drilling lifecycle. From well planning and design to real-time monitoring and control, AI-driven systems improve operational performance, reduce risks, and maximize resource recovery. Despite facing challenges such as data integration, technology adoption, and regulatory compliance, the potential benefits of smart drilling technologies are substantial. Enhanced precision, improved safety, increased efficiency, and sustainable practices are among the key benefits offered by these technologies. Looking towards the future, opportunities for further innovation and advancement abound, including the development of advanced AI algorithms, integration with IoT and big data analytics, and a focus on environmental sustainability. By embracing innovation, collaboration, and a commitment to sustainability, the oil and gas industry can unlock new opportunities for growth and resilience in the evolving landscape of oil and gas well construction. Smart drilling technologies hold the promise of reshaping the future of well construction, paving the way for safer, more efficient, and sustainable drilling operations in the oil and gas industry. Smart drilling technologies are revolutionizing the oil and gas industry, offering unprecedented levels of precision and safety in well construction. By integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into drilling processes, these technologies optimize drilling parameters, reduce risks, and maximize resource recovery.. Enhanced precision, improved safety, increased efficiency, and sustainable practices are among the key benefits offered by these technologies. Looking towards the future, opportunities for further innovation and advancement abound, including the development of advanced AI algorithms, integration with IoT and big data analytics, and a focus on environmental sustainability.
 Keywords: Smart drilling, Artificial intelligence (AI), Oil and gas industry Efficiency, Safety, Sustainability.

Enhancing Operational Efficiency and Cash Flow through Supply Chain Optimization in the Oil and Gas Sector

The oil and gas industry continues to play a vital role in meeting the world's energy needs. As renewable energy sources gain traction, there is an imperative to refine operational models, prioritizing sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. This study employs a comprehensive conceptual framework integrating critical analysis of business scenarios, product positioning, and market segmentation. The study adopts supply network optimization, encompassing demand forecasting, inventory management, transportation, production scheduling, cash flow management, and data analytics. The research evaluates three supply models: Satellite Manufacturing, Hub Manufacturing, and Contract Manufacturing. It employs scenario analysis to assess the impact of supply chain strategies on operating and cash cycles. The analysis reveals that Hub- based contract manufacturing is the most effective model. The research demonstrates that optimizing supply networks directly influences the operating and cash cycles of companies in the Oil and Gas industry. By reducing inventory levels, optimizing supplier payment terms, and streamlining production processes, organizations can achieve cost savings, improve efficiency, and enhance cash flow management. The study underscores the importance of thorough analysis and strategic decision-making in selecting supply chain models to enhance cost efficiency, operational effectiveness, and cash flow management. The study is limited to midstream and downstream services and may vary based on industry contexts. Future research could explore additional supply chain strategies across different sectors. This research contributes to the sustainable consumption and value co-creation literature by offering practical insights for businesses operating in the oil and gas industry or similar contexts. It provides a framework for optimizing supply chain models to improve cost efficiency and cash flow management, thereby enhancing overall business performance.

Zero-Emission Cement Plants with Advanced Amine-Based CO2 Capture.

Decarbonization of the cement sector is essentially required to achieve carbon neutrality to combat climate change. Amine-based CO2 capture is a leading and practical technology to deeply remove CO2 from the cement industry, owing to its high retrofittability to existing cement plants and extensive engineering experience in industrial flue gas decarbonization. While research efforts have been made to achieve low-carbon cement with 90% CO2 removal, a net-zero-emission cement plant that will be required for a carbon neutrality society has not yet been investigated. The present study proposed an advanced amine-based CO2 capture system integrated with a cement plant to achieve net-zero CO2 emission by pushing the CO2 capture efficiency to 99.7%. Monoethanomaine (MEA) and piperazine/2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (PZ-AMP) amine systems, which are considered to be the first- and second-generation capture agents, respectively, were detailed investigated to deeply decarbonize the cement plant. Compared to MEA, the advanced PZ-AMP system exhibited excellent energy performance with a regeneration duty of ∼2.6 GJ/tonne CO2 at 99.7% capture, 39% lower than the MEA process. This enabled a low CO2 avoided cost of $72.0/tonne CO2, which was 18% lower than that of the MEA-based zero-emission process and even 16.2% lower than the standard 90% MEA process. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the zero-emission capture cost of the PZ-AMP system would be further reduced to below $56/tonne CO2 at a $4/GJ steam production cost, indicating its economic competitiveness among various CO2 capture technologies to achieve a zero-emission cement plant.

Break oily water emulsion during petroleum enhancing production processes using green approach for the synthesis of SnCuO@FeO nanocomposite from microorganisms.

The aim of this work was to synthesize a green nanoparticle SnCuO@FeO nanocomposite core-shell to break oily water emulsions during petroleum-enhancing production processes as an alternative to chemical and physical processes. In this study, eight bacterial isolates (MHB1-MHB8) have been isolated from tree leaves, giant reeds, and soil samples. The investigation involved testing bacterial isolates for their ability to make FeO nanoparticles and choosing the best producers. The selected isolate (MHB5) was identified by amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene as Bacillus paramycoides strain OQ878685. MHB5 produced the FeO nanoparticles with the smallest particle size (78.7nm) using DLS. XRD, FTIR, and TEM were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The jar experiment used SnCuO@FeO with different ratios of Sn to CuO (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) to study the effect of oil concentration, retention time, and temperature. The most effective performance was observed with a 1:1 ratio of Sn to CuO, achieving an 85% separation efficiency at a concentration of 5mg/L, for a duration of 5min, and at a temperature of 373K. Analysis using kinetic models indicates that the adsorption process can be accurately described by both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. This suggests that the adsorption mechanism likely involves a combination of film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. Regarding the adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir model provides a strong fit for the data, while the D-R model indicates that physical interactions primarily govern the adsorption mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis reveals a ∆H value of 18.62kJ/mol, indicating an exothermic adsorption process. This suggests that the adsorption is a favorable process, as energy is released during the process. Finally, the synthesized green SnCuO@FeO nanocomposite has potential for use in advanced applications in the oil and gas industry to help the industry meet regulatory compliance, lower operation costs, reduce environmental impact, and enhance production efficiency.

Defence and Security System Against The Threat of Drone Weapons In The Oil and Gas Industry As a Vital National Object

Defence and Security System Against The Threat of Drone Weapons In The Oil and Gas Industry As a Vital National Object