Gas Emission Rates Research Articles

Rapid gas desorption and its impact on gas-coal outbursts as two-phase flows

Coal and gas outbursts are a violent release of energy in part driven by rapidly desorbing gas from the fragmenting coal. We present a coupled two-phase model of coal and gas outbursts to define the timing, rate and magnitude of gas desorption and its contribution to the resulting energetics. The model involves a fragmenting ejection of the outburst from an overpressurized coal that retreats omnidirectionally from a point and develops a deepening crater. This model is applied to represents both experiments and in situ observations. These results indicate that the outburst is initially driven by free gas before desorbing gas rate exceeds this free gas liberation rate early into the outburst (at ∼17 s in our model). The cumulative mass of desorbed gas only exceeds the free gas later into the event at approximately double this duration (at ∼29 s in our model). During the outburst, ∼55 % of the expansion energy is contributed by desorbing gas. Using the initial gas emission rates for both non-tectonic and tectonic coals defines a power-law relationship between the initial gas desorption rate and the desorption gas contribution (∼14 %–92 %), indicating that the desorbing gas plays a decisive role in outburst development. Furthermore, taking the gas emission model as a boundary conditions for numerical simulations, the gas pressure potential energy (GPPE) released in the first millisecond at the maximum gas emission rate is derived to characterize its effects on the dynamic characteristics of the outburst two-phase flow. The maximum energy release intensity considering gas desorption is ∼5 times that without gas desorption for non-tectonic coal. For tectonic (mylonitized) coals the energy release is a further ∼4 times greater than that of non-tectonic coals. This paper presents a novel quantitative study defining the role of gas desorption in outbursts and contributes to the understanding of causal mechanisms and precursory phenomena preceding catastrophic outbursts.

Depiction of possible solutions to improve the cold supply chain performance system

PurposeA poor performance of the cold supply chain (CSC) may increase the loss of quality and potency of perishables and temperature-sensitive products that deteriorate the financial and environmental aspects of the same. The purpose of the current research work is to identify the critical performance factors (criteria) and their co-factors (sub-criteria) that are responsible for the performance measurement of CSC and suggest the best possible solutions (alternatives) to improve the same.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective of the research, a hierarchical model has been developed and analyzed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Fuzzy TOPSIS as a hybrid approach to obtain the severity weights of the identified criteria and prioritization toward their relative importance for the best possible alternatives.FindingsAnalysis reveals that the criteria “energy consumption” comes out to be the most critical criteria, and alternative “application of passive cold devices” is the most effective solution for improving the performance of CSC. Higher energy consumption leads to a higher rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increasing the global warming phenomenon, high operational cost and degradation of natural energy resources. The Application of Passive Cold Devices (PCDs) utilizes solar energy to operate the refrigeration units reducing the energy consumption, environmental and operating cost of CSC.Research limitations/implicationsThe research work provides several insights into the critical issues related to the CSC and suggests significant findings that enable the management and decision-makers to adopt these practices for performance evaluation and improvement of the same. The key findings of the work, such as “application of passive cold devices” and “application of IoT in cold chain logistics”, facilitate an improved platform to improve the CSC performance and proposed several directions that will enhance the merit of future research.Originality/valueThe presented study consolidates the various perspectives associated with CSC performance, explores the most critical criteria and proposes the best suitable cold chain practices for organizational growth. The work also provides an analytical analysis with the essence of practicalities and sensitivity analysis to support the robustness of the results. By enriching the literature and quantitative analysis of the new proposed model, this paper forms vast managerial and research implications in the field of CSC.

Estimation of Pollutants’ Emission Rates and Associated Impact on Local Air Quality: A Case Study of Cottage Industry in Ibadan Metropolis

Major urban cities in the developing countries are faced with the peculiar problem of poor air quality, which has resulted into millions of untimely death as well as other adverse environmental impacts including climate change. To combat this negative trend, regular documentation of the emission rates and concentrations of the various air pollutants has been identified as a suitable means of designing a sound mitigation approach. Here, we estimated the emission rates of criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) generated from an industrial setting; as well as the associated environmental impact on local air quality, using emission inventory methodology and air dispersion model. In the study area, the energy consumption pattern was reported and the emission rates of associated gaseous pollutants were observed to range from 0.22 to 85500 kg/day. Similarly, the concentrations of major pollutants were observed to be within the thresholds stipulated by the World Health Organization.

Trends in Satellite Earth Observation for Permafrost Related Analyses—A Review

Climate change and associated Arctic amplification cause a degradation of permafrost which in turn has major implications for the environment. The potential turnover of frozen ground from a carbon sink to a carbon source, eroding coastlines, landslides, amplified surface deformation and endangerment of human infrastructure are some of the consequences connected with thawing permafrost. Satellite remote sensing is hereby a powerful tool to identify and monitor these features and processes on a spatially explicit, cheap, operational, long-term basis and up to circum-Arctic scale. By filtering after a selection of relevant keywords, a total of 325 articles from 30 international journals published during the last two decades were analyzed based on study location, spatio-temporal resolution of applied remote sensing data, platform, sensor combination and studied environmental focus for a comprehensive overview of past achievements, current efforts, together with future challenges and opportunities. The temporal development of publication frequency, utilized platforms/sensors and the addressed environmental topic is thereby highlighted. The total number of publications more than doubled since 2015. Distinct geographical study hot spots were revealed, while at the same time large portions of the continuous permafrost zone are still only sparsely covered by satellite remote sensing investigations. Moreover, studies related to Arctic greenhouse gas emissions in the context of permafrost degradation appear heavily underrepresented. New tools (e.g., Google Earth Engine (GEE)), methodologies (e.g., deep learning or data fusion etc.) and satellite data (e.g., the Methane Remote Sensing LiDAR Mission (Merlin) and the Sentinel-fleet) will thereby enable future studies to further investigate the distribution of permafrost, its thermal state and its implications on the environment such as thermokarst features and greenhouse gas emission rates on increasingly larger spatial and temporal scales.

Greening the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology.

Greening the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology.

Advances in absorbents and techniques used in wet and dry FGD: a critical review

Abstract Sulfur dioxide is considered as an extremely harmful and toxic substance among the air pollutants emitted from the lignite- and other high-sulfur-coal based power plants, old tires processing units, smelters, and many other process industries. Various types of absorbents and desulfurization technologies have been developed and adopted by the industries to reduce the emission rate of SO2 gas. The present paper focuses on the ongoing advances in the development of varieties of regenerative and non-regenerative absorbents viz., Ca-based, Mg-based, Fe-based, Na-based, N2-based, and others along with various FGD technology, viz., wet, dry or semi-dry processes. Additionally, different types of contactors viz., packed column, jet column, spray tower, and slurry bubble columns along with their significant operational and design features have also been discussed. In the existing or newly installed limestone-based FGD plants, an increasing trend of the utilization of newly developed technologies such as limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) and magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL) are being used at an increasing rate. However, the development of low-cost sorbents, particularly suitable solid wastes, for the abatement of SO2 emission needs to be explored sincerely. Many such wastes cause air pollution by way of entrainment of fine particulate matter (PM), groundwater contamination by its leaching, or brings damage to crops due to its spreading onto the cultivation land. One such pollutant is marble waste and in this work, this has been suggested as a suitable substitute to limestone and cost-effective sorbent for the desulfurization of flue gases. The product of this process being sellable in the market or may be used as a raw material in several industries, it can also prove to be an important route of recycling and reuse of one of the air and water-polluting solid wastes.

Development of an integrated tool based on life cycle assessment, Levelized energy, and life cycle cost analysis to choose sustainable Facade Integrated Photovoltaic Systems

Facade Integrated Photovoltaic Systems (FIPS) is considered the most promising strategy to utilize solar power in various buildings and enhance its energy efficiency in recent years. The sustainability performance of FIPS needs to be evaluated. Hence, this study aims to analyze and compare the life cycle impacts of FIPS using energy analysis, life cycle assessment (LCA), and life cycle costing (LCC), from cradle-to-grave to identify the most sustainable alternative. Three types of PV facades using cadmium telluride (CdTe), dye sensitizes (DSS), and Perovskite modules were investigated to determine the best and worst economic and environmental options. Life cycle impact assessment was performed through cumulative energy demand (CED), ReCiPe, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rate, and the energy payback time (EPBT). The ReCiPe results indicated that Perovskite and CdTe façades created the lowest and highest environmental burdens, regardless of their lifespan. The module fabrication, along with panel manufacturing, was the major contributor to the environmental impacts. Furthermore, the total CED for the CdTe facade was 1975.6 MJ per m2, which was significantly higher than that for perovskite (587.1 MJ) and DSS (1177.4 MJ) facades. Besides, the EPBT of DSS, CdTe, and Perovskite facades was 1.57, 1.21, and 0.6 years, respectively. Moreover, the economic analysis, including LCC and the Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the DSS façade was estimated at 204 $ and 0.12 $/kWh, which indicated the lowest quantity among other facades. Hierarchical adaptive weighting (HAW) was utilized as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool which assists to combine the suggested various criteria in environmental (e.g., GHG emission rate, ReCiPe, CED), economic (e.g., LCC and LCOE), and energy (EPBT) aspects to a sustainability index. Therefore, the analysis results indicated that the Perovskite façade was the most sustainable options for building. However, the integrated LCC-LCA- HAW implies that choosing an option depends on the policy maker’s approach.

Emission rates of pollutants from Ready Mix Concrete plants in Cairo, Egypt

Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC) plants mix cement, sand, aggregates and water to produce a ready-to-use material. In the present study, pollutants emitted from RMC plants as particulate matter (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5), and gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, H2S and VOC) were monitored at working areas from five RMC Plants in Cairo, Egypt, during 2019. The mean concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 during different processes in RMC plants were 0.28-3.23 mg/m3, 0.11-1.45 mg/m3 and 0.07-0.64 mg/m3, respectively. The total emissions rate of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 from RMC plants were 0.78-1.42 g/s, 0.24-0.43 g/s and 0.03-0.06 g/s, respectively. Higher emission rates of gases were recorded at plants with higher working hours, higher generator consumption of diesel and higher equipment consumption of diesel. Finally, result shows that the main sources of PM and gaseous pollutants in RMC plants are mixer process, truck movement on unpaved roads and using generators. Recommendation for RMC plant are: it should be cover storage areas; use water sprayer system for loading sand and aggregates; use control system at mixer area; and roads inside RMC plant should be paved and washed every day.

Active Building as an Energy System: Concept, Challenges, and Outlook

Over the last decades, environmental concerns and the global tendency to reduce the use of fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable energy sources (RESs) to face the increasing rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased. Buildings consume a significant amount of energy and therefore, they are responsible for a noticeable part of the total GHG emission. Thus, when we talk about decarbonization of the energy systems, buildings are an important sector of the energy system that needs to be considered. Using RESs, smart technologies, and information and communication technologies along with the improvement in energy efficiency, are a number of endeavors to increase the role of building on the way toward decarbonization. In the new environment, the buildings are not passive players of the energy systems and they are able to take an active role and participate in the energy-efficient operation. While they are able to manage their resources and serve the local energy requirements of the residents in the best possible manner, they can participate in the energy and balancing markets and support the network operators as a service provider. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of active buildings’ concept, challenges and outlook to pave the way for the researchers from academia and industry who want to start working in this area.

Characterization of Selected Nigerian Kaolinites and Agricultural Waste Ashes as Materials for Sustainable Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing

There have been reports of an increasing rate of green house gas emissions from different sources resulting to adverse climatic changes all over the world. 2018 BBC Chatham House report stated that about 8% of the worlds CO₂ emission come from cement production. Hence the need to look at alternative sources of cement production which would not compromise the expected strength and efficiency in building constructions as well as reduce CO₂ emission into the environment. This research presents an empirical study that investigates the Characterization of Selected Nigerian Kaolinites and agricultural waste ashes (Rice Husk Ashes) as materials for sustainable geopolymer brick manufacturing. A variety of parameters including solid-to-solid mix ratio, solid-to-liquid mix ratio, liquid-to-liquid mix ratio, presence of sand filler, curing duration, water absorptivity, and bulk density were examined to understand the extent or degree of geopolymerization as well as their influence on the mechanical properties of the clay-based geopolymers. From the results, it was observed that compressive strength of the geopolymer mixes increases with time progressively from 7days through 28days with Ikere clay sample of solid-to-liquid ratio 2.0 giving the highest compressive strength. The compressive strength test carried out on Rice Husk Ash-Clay geopolymers showed a tremendous increase in strenghth compared to the ones synthesised with clay samples alone. The geopolymer bricks also showed impressive strength with time increasing progressively from 7days through 28days. However, the geopolymer binders as well as the bricks produced with Ikere clay showed a greater compressive strength than that produced with Ikare clay samples. It was also observed that bricks made from RHA-CLAY geopolymer showed impressive strength compared to that made from ordinary Portland cement. It is obvious from these results that geopolymers could be a good alternative to contemporary method of cement production since it is more environmentally friendly.

Simple methodological approach for assessing microbial mineralization rates in an aqueous anaerobic medium

Abstract: The aim of this study was to propose and discuss a simple manometric method to quantify the emission rates of gases resulting from the microbial anaerobic mineralization of organic resources, as leaves, thin branches, and macrophyte detritus. The proposed method can be used under laboratory conditions. The method consists of using a water pressure gauge attached to the reaction flask. The incubations were prepared with samples of water from Paranapanema River and Typha domingensis, the experiment lasted 9.8 months. The procedures for preparing the incubations are presented in detail, as well as the calculations for the conversion of the volumetric measurement into carbon mass (i.e., daily rate of carbon gas emissions). According to the results obtained from T. domingensis mineralization assays it was possible to demonstrate that, numerous events related to mineralization could be adequately addressed (e.g., the heterogeneous detritus composition). The results of this method were quite convergent with those obtained in kinetic experiments (used as a reference) after the 30th mineralization day, suggesting the use of this method mainly for medium- and long-term experiments. As exemplified by T. domingensis incubations, this method is particularly valuable for the systemic comparison of the several organic resources mineralization and for the primary measurement of the main parameters involved (e.g., reaction rates constants). This method combined with other short-term experiments can greatly improve the understanding of the cycling of organic resources in aquatic environments.

Sustainable Development and Competition: new evidence from EU countries

In this paper we present energy efficiency targets indicators of sustainable development and we discuss the role of competition, on promoting and enhancing sustainability and pricing issues. For this purpose, we present statistical evidence of energy efficiency targets indicators, we highlight the degree of competition of electrical markets in various member states and we present the effect of the degree of competition on electrical prices and energy efficiency targets. The empirical results indicate that the higher the degree of competition in electrical markets, the lower the electrical prices. Furthermore, less concentrated electrical markets exhibit higher rates of greenhouse gas emissions and share of renewable energy in total energy consumption than in the less competitive markets. Even though the empirical results do not reveal a clear-cut picture in regard with the effect of competition on energy efficiency indicator, EU28 countries have a primary energy consumption of almost 1.526 Mtoe in 2019 and they are quite close to achieve the energy efficiency target of Europe 2020 strategy implemented by Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency.

Damages of Underground Facilities in Coal Mines due to Gas Explosion Shock Waves: An Overview

With coal mining depth increase, gas explosion accidents due to the high gas emission rates often occur which cause significant casualties and property damages. Among them, gas explosion shock waves not only can destroy the machines and equipment in mine roadways but also cause the failure of mine ventilation facilities resulting in secondary hazards. Thus, the mines’ serious disasters could happen. For many years, researchers have already done a great lot of works to study damages caused by the impact of shock waves of the gas explosions in underground mines. Research results provide a baseline for judgments of hazard effects by explosions. In this paper, the formation mechanism of the gas explosion shock wave is introduced firstly. Then, the damages for underground facilities, such as mechanical equipment, roadway, and life‐saving devices are summarized and reviewed. Finally, a brief discussion about the methods is given, and some preliminary suggestions are also listed for improvements in the future.

Assessing Socio and Techno-economic Impacts of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Energy Storage for a Rural Development in Malaysia

The electrification prospect at rural areas in Malaysia is limited because of no access to grid connection. This challenge has aroused concerns in finding alternative source of energy. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) appears as a promising solution in dealing with that problem. In this study, a linear programming model is employed to estimate socioeconomic and techno-economic analysis of HRES at Tanjung Labian. The target location is a rural area in Sabah, with the major source of income comes from timber. The socioeconomic evaluation of this study reveals the minimum values of loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected demand not served (EDNS) from the configuration of hybrid PV-diesel with battery and this result contributes to the highest number of students who passed the examination. Apart from that, the HRES that generates electricity equivalent to 57.7% from Photovoltaic (PV) system, 5.21% from diesel generator 1, 3.59% from diesel generator 2 and 33.5% from diesel generator 3 is found to be an optimal hybrid configuration according to the net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) values. The investigation also demonstrated the impact of load demand growth, diesel prices, the capital cost of battery and PV panel on the NPC and LCOE values. Additionally, based on harmful gas emission rate released to the environment, the hybrid PV-diesel with battery configuration is the most environmentally friendly system compared to other configurations. The result presented in this study may encourage the adoption of hybrid renewable energy with battery system in Malaysia. https://dorl.net/dor/ 20.1001.1.13090127.2021.11.2.17.6

Estimation of greenhouse gas and odour emissions from a cold region municipal biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plant

Seasonal temperature variations in cold regions worldwide lead to variable gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) due to changing wastewater temperatures in open-to-air treatment processes. The objective of this study was to determine the greenhouse gas (including carbon dioxide, CO2; methane, CH4; and nitrous oxide, N2O) and odour (including ammonia, NH3; and hydrogen sulphide, H2S) emission rate estimates (EREs) from the open-to-air processes of a biological nutrient removal (BNR) type MWTP in Saskatoon, SK, Canada. This MWTP experiences seasonal temperatures from −40 °C to 30 °C with the resultant wastewater temperatures considered herein of 13 °C and 17 °C being chosen based on monitoring data for winter and summer, respectively. Laboratory-scale reactors simulating anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic, and settling treatment processes were used to monitor gas EREs using wastewater samples taken from the analogous MWTP processes during the winter and summer seasons. Results indicated that the overall winter EREs for CO2, CH4, and N2O were 45,129 kg CO2/d, 21.9 kg CH4/d, and 3.20 kg N2O/d, respectively, while the H2S EREs were insignificant. The higher temperature for the summer samples resulted in increased EREs for CH4, N2O, and H2S EREs of 33.0 kg CH4/d, 3.87 kg N2O/d, and 2.29 kg H2S/d, respectively. However, the CO2 EREs were reduced to 37,794 kg CO2/d. Overall, the aerobic reactor was the dominant source of the GHG emissions for both seasons. In addition, studied changes in the aerobic reactor aeration rates (in reactor) and BNR treatment configurations (from site) further impacted the EREs.

SIMULATION OF ODOUR DISPERSION FROM DA PHUOC LANDFILL

The purpose of this research is estimation rate of odorous gas emission from landfills and simulating the odour dispersion. The method used for the study was based on the methane emission model of Intergovermental Panel on Climate change and Gauss Model. The study results showed no discrepancies between calculated and measured data of odorous gas emission, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient ranged from 0,642 to 0,770. The results of the odour intensity simulations show that there is no significant deviation from the actual data. The difference between the observation and the odor intensity simulation is usually less than one level.

Combustion and Emission Performance of CO/NOx/SOx for Green Diesel Blends in a Swirl Burner.

Green diesel is one of the alternative energy sources, which is found to be a second-generation biofuel. Green diesel has a similar molecular structure to petroleum diesel but has better diesel properties, sustainability, and environmental benignity. In this study, green diesel was synthesized from waste cooking oil via a deoxygenation reaction process and blended with petroleum diesel to assess the rate of greenhouse gas emissions. The fuel properties of the formed G100 (pure green diesel) were investigated, and the performance of G5 and G20 (a mixture of 5 and 20% green diesel in petroleum diesel) was tested for combustion in an oil burner. The overall test showed that the combustion of the blends of green diesel produced lower CO2 and SO2 emissions than that of petroleum diesel as a result of the rich oxygen-free fuel content. The obtained fuel properties of pure green diesel and blended green diesel are in compliance with ASTM D6751, ASTM D240-17, and EN 14214 standards. Based on these findings, it is shown that blended green diesel is a clean fuel for the environment and a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines.

Volcanic activity and gas emissions along the South Sandwich Arc

The South Sandwich Volcanic Arc is one of the most remote and enigmatic arcs on Earth. Sporadic observations from rare cloud-free satellite images—and even rarer in situ reports—provide glimpses into a dynamic arc system characterised by persistent gas emissions and frequent eruptive activity. Our understanding of the state of volcanic activity along this arc is incomplete compared to arcs globally. To fill this gap, we present here detailed geological and volcanological observations made during an expedition to the South Sandwich Islands in January 2020. We report the first in situ measurements of gas chemistry, emission rate and carbon isotope composition from along the arc. We show that Mt. Michael on Saunders Island is a persistent source of gas emissions, releasing 145 ± 59 t day−1 SO2 in a plume characterised by a CO2/SO2 molar ratio of 1.8 ± 0.2. Combining this CO2/SO2 ratio with our independent SO2 emission rate measured near simultaneously, we derive a CO2 flux of 179 ± 76 t day−1. Outgassing from low temperature (90–100 °C) fumaroles is pervasive at the active centres of Candlemas and Bellingshausen, with measured gas compositions indicative of interaction between magmatic fluids and hydrothermal systems. Carbon isotope measurements of dilute plume and fumarole gases from along the arc indicate a magmatic δ13C of − 4.5 ± 2.0‰. Interpreted most simply, this result suggests a carbon source dominated by mantle-derived carbon. However, based on a carbon mass balance from sediment core ODP 701, we show that mixing between depleted upper mantle and a subduction component composed of sediment and altered crust is also permissible. We conclude that, although remote, the South Sandwich Volcanic Arc is an ideal tectonic setting in which to explore geochemical processes in a young, developing arc.

Investigating the properties of bentonite and kaolin modified concrete as a partial substitute to cement

Using pozzolanic materials in concrete manufacturing is intended as an optimal solution to lower the rate of greenhouse gas emission, and diminish energy resources and cement consumption. This study investigates the effect of using Semnan bentonite and kaolin as partial replacement for cement in low-strength concretes. A total of 18 mix designs along with a control specimen are prepared and compared. The main parameter is considered to be the changes in the ratio of bentonite, kaolin, and natural materials (furnace slag and gum vine-resin) to the cement weight. For better evaluation the water to cementitious materials ratio (W/C) and the fine aggregate percentage considered constant. To study properties of hardened concrete, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests were performed. According to the results of compressive strength test, using bentonite, kaolin, and other substances (furnace slag and natural resin) at 2/7% ratio by weight of cement, for a 400 kg/m3 cement content, could improve the compressive strength by nearly 6%. However, at a lower cement content, the additives reduced the compressive strength and, consequently, the tensile strength. According to the results in mixtures containing bentonite, kaolin and natural materials (furnace slag and gum vine-resin) if the amount of bentonite, kaolin and natural materials is more than 2/7% by weight of cement, the tensile strength is reduced by 75% compared to CM. Accordingly, without cement, both compressive and tensile strength decreased drastically. It was decided that pozzolanic materials cannot be used alone, and their role must be limited to that of a partial substitute. Specimens with 400 kg/m3 cement offered an acceptable compressive strength for low-rise structures.

Simultaneous Use of Mass Transfer and Thermodynamics Equations to Estimate the Amount of Removed Greenhouse Gas from the Environment by a Stream of Water

The main objective of this research is to formulate a novel mathematical model. For modeling the emission of pollutants, the physical principles are captured and simple hypotheses are postulated by the mathematical expressions derived from the stability equations of the mass. The results show the rate of greenhouse gas emissions increases by about 26% when the water flow rate reaches from 1.1 to 1.92 m/s. Also, the obtained data from the model show a very good agreement with the experimental data. Also, the results of this study show the amount of greenhouse gas emissions increases by approximately 2.46% with increasing ambient temperature from 21.4 to 9.43 °C. Finally, the results of this study show it is possible to estimate the degree of gas solubility in water flow with equations of mass transfer and thermodynamics.