Abstract
Over the last decades, environmental concerns and the global tendency to reduce the use of fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable energy sources (RESs) to face the increasing rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased. Buildings consume a significant amount of energy and therefore, they are responsible for a noticeable part of the total GHG emission. Thus, when we talk about decarbonization of the energy systems, buildings are an important sector of the energy system that needs to be considered. Using RESs, smart technologies, and information and communication technologies along with the improvement in energy efficiency, are a number of endeavors to increase the role of building on the way toward decarbonization. In the new environment, the buildings are not passive players of the energy systems and they are able to take an active role and participate in the energy-efficient operation. While they are able to manage their resources and serve the local energy requirements of the residents in the best possible manner, they can participate in the energy and balancing markets and support the network operators as a service provider. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of active buildings’ concept, challenges and outlook to pave the way for the researchers from academia and industry who want to start working in this area.
Highlights
Over the last years, global awareness and the tendency to reduce the use of fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable energy to face the increasing rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased
We considered a wide range of publications that have the keywords of ‘‘active building’’ ‘‘smart building’’ ‘‘energy’’ in their titles since we plan to bring a broader overview of the works presented in this field and categorize and analyze them in a systematic way
Using a systematic review of the literature, the works done in this field are investigated and potentials for new research works were highlighted
Summary
Global awareness and the tendency to reduce the use of fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable energy to face the increasing rate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased. In [28], present ten critical questions about integrating intelligent buildings to the smart grid and provide appropriate answers for them These questions are about: definition, main technologies, the scale of smart grid interaction with smart buildings, the effect of this interaction on the building’s vulnerability and the resiliency and stability, measures for interacting control systems of HVAC with the smart grid, public policy for stimulating to integrate the smart building into the smart grid, the role of society for encouraging to participate in demand response and smart grid, strategies for directing occupancy behavior to improve this interaction, and the critical development and research to meet this interaction and implementation of smart buildings and smart grid. CHP generate electrical and thermal energy, simultaneously, in a more efficient and environmentally friendly way
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