Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer Research Articles

Phytochemical Variability, In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Investigations, and In Silico Antibacterial Mechanisms of Mentha piperita Essential Oils Collected from Two Different Regions in Morocco.

The objective of this work is to explore the phytochemical profile of Mentha piperita essential oils (MPEO) collected from two different Moroccan regions using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and to investigate their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and, antimicrobial effects using in vivo and in vitro assays. The chemical constituent of MPEO from the Azrou zone is dominated by carvone (70.25%), while MPEO from the Ouazzane zone is rich in Menthol (43.32%) and Menthone (29.4%). MPEO from Ouezzane showed higher antioxidant activity than EO from Azrou. Nevertheless, EO from Ouezzane considerably inhibited 5-Lipoxygenase (IC50 = 11.64 ± 0.02 µg/mL) compared to EO from Azro (IC50 = 23.84 ± 0.03 µg/mL). Both EOs from Azrou and Ouazzane inhibited the α-amylase activity in vitro, with IC50 values of 131.62 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 91.64 ± 0.03 µg/mL, respectively. The EOs were also tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The discdiffusion test revealed that MPEOs from both regions have significant antibacterial efficacy, and MPEOs from the north region showed the highest effect. The gram-positive bacteria were the most susceptible organisms. The MIC concentrations were in the range of 0.05 to 6.25 mg/mL, and the MBC concentrations were within 0.05-25.0 mg/mL. The MBC/MIC index indicated that MPEO has strong bactericidal effects.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Origanum compactum Benth Essential Oils from Two Regions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence and In Silico Molecular Investigations.

The purposes of this investigatory study were to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Origanum compactum from two Moroccan regions (Boulemane and Taounate), as well as the evaluation of their biological effects. Determining EOs' chemical composition was performed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of EOs was evaluated using free radical scavenging ability (DPPH method), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in vitro using the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition test and in vivo using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Finally, the antibacterial effect was evaluated against several strains using the disk-diffusion assay and the micro-dilution method. The chemical constituent of O. compactum EO (OCEO) from the Boulemane zone is dominated by carvacrol (45.80%), thymol (18.86%), and α-pinene (13.43%). However, OCEO from the Taounate zone is rich in 3-carene (19.56%), thymol (12.98%), and o-cymene (11.16%). OCEO from Taounate showed higher antioxidant activity than EO from Boulemane. Nevertheless, EO from Boulemane considerably inhibited 5-LOX (IC50 = 0.68 ± 0.02 µg/mL) compared to EO from Taounate (IC50 = 1.33 ± 0.01 µg/mL). A similar result was obtained for tyrosinase inhibition with Boulemane EO and Taounate EO, which gave IC50s of 27.51 ± 0.03 μg/mL and 41.83 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory test showed promising effects; both EOs inhibit and reduce inflammation in mice. For antibacterial activity, both EOs were found to be significantly active against all strains tested in the disk-diffusion test, but O. compactum EO from the Boulemane region showed the highest activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for O. compactum EO from the Boulemane region ranged from 0.06 to 0.25% (v/v) and from 0.15 to 0.21% (v/v) for O. compactum from the Taounate region. The MBC/MIC index revealed that both EOs exhibited remarkable bactericidal effects.

Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Antidiabetic Compound of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.)'s Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model.

(1) Background: An earlier study on the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum (Wight.) leaf methanol extract identified squalene as the major chemical compound. The present study was conducted to assess the hypoglycemic effect of fractions and subfractions of the methanol extract of S. polyanthum compared to the squalene using a bioassay-guided in vivo study. (2) Methods: The methanol extract was fractionated using the liquid–liquid fractionation method. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat was used to study the hypoglycemic effect. (3) Results: The findings showed that chloroform fraction significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose levels of diabetic rats as compared to the control. Further fractionation of chloroform fraction yielded subfraction-1 and -2, whereby subfraction-1 exhibited a higher blood-glucose-lowering effect. The lipid profile test showed that the total cholesterol level of subfraction-1 and squalene-treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). An immunohistochemistry study revealed that none of the treatments regenerated pancreatic β-cells. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer analysis identified the presence of squalene in the active methanol extract, chloroform fraction, and subfraction-1. In silico analysis revealed a higher affinity of squalene against protein receptors that control lipid metabolism than metformin. (4) Conclusions: Data obtained from the present work suggested the crude methanol extract exerted the highest hypoglycemic effect compared to fraction, subfraction, and squalene, confirming synergistic effect may be responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of S. polyanthum.

PYROLYSIS OF SPENT LUBRICATING OIL USING SIMPLE RECYCLING TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

The recycling of spent lubricating oil would reduce the environmental concerns associated with its indiscriminate disposal. Since temperature influences the properties of lubricating oil, this study investigated the effect of temperature on the properties and metals composition of used lubricating oil using simple recycling techniques. The spent lubricating oil after pyrolysis yielded 79.1 % liquid fraction, 18.2 % gaseous fraction and 2.7% solid fraction or char. The properties and composition of the pyrolysis oil were determined using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS), this shows that the major composition of the refined oil is 34.037 % Octamethyl- Cyclotetrasiloxane (C8H24O4Si4). Results indicated that since the properties of viscosity, pour point and metals composition in the pyrolysis oil were improved upon at a high temperature of 420℃, waste or spent oil is a viable feedstock for lubricant production. Keywords: lubricating oil; pyrolysis; fuel properties; temperature; spent oil.

Evaluation of Annona muricata extract against Staphylococcus aureus isolate and in-silico activity of bioactive compounds against Capsular protein (Cap5O)

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus has prevailed against the majority of antibiotics currently in clinical use, making it a significant global public health problem. As a safer alternative, bioactive compounds have been explored. Annona muricata has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity. However, there are few reports on the molecular activity of A. muricata bioactive compounds against S. aureus. Thus, this study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of its crude extract as well as investigating the potential of its bioactive compounds against the Cap5O capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of S. aureus via molecular docking.MethodsCollection of plant leaves, preparation of extracts, anti-nutrient analysis, phytochemical screening via crude method and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS), isolation and characterization of S. aureus and the antimicrobial activity test were all done using standard protocols. Molecular docking was done using the MCULE online tool with emphasis on docking scores, toxicity, and other properties.ResultsCrude screening of the extracts showed the presence of polyphenols, hydroxyanthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phlobatannins and tannins in different concentrations. Anti-nutrient analysis showed the presence of allowable levels of evaluated anti-nutrients. GC-MS revealed a total of twenty-nine (29) bioactive compounds, out of which only 4 (13.80%) docked without toxicity and these were bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-one 6-methyl, trichloromethane, carbonic acid 2-dimethylaminoethyl propyl ester, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolidin-3-one on either the NAD-binding or C-terminal substrate binding domain of Cap5O.ConclusionResults obtained show that Cap5O could be a potential drug target for multi-drug resistant S. aureus, however, further studies aimed at evaluating these bioactive compounds individually and in combination are highly needed.

Investigation on Biosynthesis of Phytosterol Compounds in Ayvalık Olive Variety (Olea europaea L.) During Ripening under Conventional and Organic Cultivation Conditions

Olive oil obtained from the fruit of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) belonging to the Oleaceae family; basically consists of two parts: saponifiable and unsaponifiable parts. The saponifiable fraction represents about 98% by weight of the oil. On the contrary, the unsaponifiable fraction constitutes about 2% of the total oil weight. Phytosterols constitute the largest part of the unsaponifiable fraction and are the most important parameter to establish the purity of olive oil. Olive oil quality is affected by many factors, the most important being the ripening stage. Phytosterol content changes with maturation. Because the metabolic events in its structure continue until the fruit ripens. This study was carried out in Ayvalık olive variety grown with organic and conventional growing techniques during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. Fruits obtained from Geyikli region of Çanakkale province were harvested in 8 different maturity stages (September– December) at 15-day intervals. Phytosterol contents of fruits and changes in phytosterols in olive ripening process were determined periodically by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) technique. At the end of the study, the total phytosterol content of the fruits harvested from both conventional and organic orchards during both production seasons in both years, depending on the maturity index. Phytosterol components were found to increase regularly until December, but it decrease after December. While the maximum total sterol amount was determining 2.008 g kg-1 on 08.12.2019, it was 2.520 g kg-1 on 06.12.2020. After this date, it was observed that the total sterol content decreased as a result of over-ripening.

Simultaneous remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in wastewater with zerovalent iron-titanium oxide nanoparticles (ZVI-TiO2)

Abstract The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HM) in wastewater is a major challenge to the environment as various approaches have been used to remediate these contaminants from the environment. Zerovalent iron-titanium oxide nanoparticle (ZVI-TiO2 NPs) was synthesized by wet reflux in an inert environment using nitrogen gas and sodium borohydride as reducing agents. Characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with electron diffraction X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Assessments of the wastewater were carried out with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) for HM and a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GCMS) for PAHs to determine the initial concentration (C i) compared with permissible limits of surface water and adsorption capacity with ZVI-TiO2 NPs (C f), respectively. The results obtained indicate a percentage yield of 65.51 ± 0.01 of ZVI-TiO2 NPs, with a particle size of 100 nm, weight composition of iron, titanium, and oxygen at 49.69, 5.24, and 35.41 g, respectively. FTIR shows a vibrational change of 3465, 2929, and 1641 cm−1 of OH, CH, and CO group needed for metal binding and adsorption. Remediation of HM after acid digestion gave effective removal of zinc, copper, cadmium, cobalt, and lead at an adsorption capacity of 64.29, 54.83, 53.13, 48.39, and 42.66% respectively. The adsorptions of benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and perylene were 77.87, 67.85, 52.17, 29.50, and 25.45%, respectively. These results indicate that metal/metal oxide (ZVI-TiO2) nanoparticles have a high potential in the remediation of heavy metals and PAHs from the water ecosystem.

Kandungan Minyak Esensial Sebagai Bahan Baku Obat-Obatan dari Tanaman Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) pada Kondisi Lahan Berbeda

Content of Essential Oils as Raw Materials for Medicine from Agarwood Plants (Gyrinops versteegii) in Various Soil Conditions. Essential oil is one of the processed agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii) which is useful in the basic ingredients of perfume, cosmetics, and medicines. The purpose of this study was to determine the volume and chemical composition of essential oils in agarwood plants in different land conditions. This research was conducted through a hydrodestillation process and chemical component analysis using a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS). The materials used are samples of agarwood from different lands, namely: A (agarwood on land with Regosol in Klungkung Regency) and B (agarwood on land with Latosol in Tabanan Regency). The specimens of agarwood consisted of: (1) Sapwood, (2) Kemedangan. The results showed that the essential oil content of the sapwood and kemedangan agarwood from Tabanan was higher than that of the sap and kemedangan agarwood from Klungkung. The composition of the compounds contained in sapwood includes: 9-Octadecenoic acid, Trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, Eugenol, 1-Nonadecene, Propanedioic acid, phenyl-; 2-propanol, 1,1'-oxybis-; 1-Propanol, 2- (2-hydroxypropoxy); Cyclopentadecanone, 2-hydroxy-and Oleic acid.

Optimisation of enzymatic fermented glucose production of wild cocoyam starch using response surface methodology

&lt;p&gt;​The enzymatic fermentation of starch from non-edible sources using Aspergillus niger could help supplement the increasing glucose demand within the Nigeria food supply chain. Also, response surface methodology could help optimise the glucose production of starch hydrolysed from cocoyam tubers. In this work, we evaluated and optimized the enzymatic-fermented glucose production of wild cocoyam starch using response surface methodology. Wild cocoyam starch was hydrolyzed using A. niger isolated from the soil. The optimization process involved temperature, time, pH, and enzyme dosage, alongside the kinetics and thermodynamics of enzymatic hydrolysis. Optimum conditions for glucose yield of 95 % by enzyme hydrolysis included: temperature = 35 °C; time = 5 days; pH = 5.5; and enzyme dosage =0.16 g/mL, with wild cocoyam showing promising as substrate. The F-value of quadratic model terms appeared statistically significant (F= 65.42, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analyses confirmed characteristic bands of glucose as industrially promising with 60% purity. Further, the enzymatic hydrolysis adhered to Michaelis-Menten kinetic model with maximum reaction rate of 82.6 ml/day at 35 °C.&lt;/p&gt;

Characteristics and Impact of VOCs on Ozone Formation Potential in a Petrochemical Industrial Area, Thailand

In this study, the ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were intensively measured from January 2012 to December 2016 using an evacuated canister and were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) based on the US EPA TO-15 in the community and industrial areas of the largest petroleum refinery and petrochemical industrial complex in Map Ta Phut Thailand. The ternary diagram was used to identify the source of VOCs. Reactivity of VOCs on their ozone formation potential (OFP) were quantified by the maximum incremental reactivity coefficient method (MIR) and propylene-equivalent concentration methods. Results from the study revealed that aromatic hydrocarbon was the dominant group of VOCs greatly contributing to the total concentration of measured VOCs. Among the measured VOCs species, toluene had the highest concentration and contributed as the major precursor to ozone formation. The ternary analysis of benzene:toluene:ethybenzene ratios indicated that VOCs mainly originated from mobile sources and industrial processes. Within the industrial area, measured VOC concentration was dominated by halogenated hydrocarbons, and alkene was the highest contributor to ozone formation. The propylene-equivalent concentration method was also used to evaluate the reactivity of VOCs and their role in ozone formation, and secondly to support findings from the MIR method.

GC/MS Analysis and In vitro Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Solvent Extracts on Microorganisms Isolated from the Armpit, Scalp and Urinary Tract

Aims: The study was to assess the antibacterial effect of solvent extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on isolates from the human scalp, armpit, and urinary tract.&#x0D; Study Design: Descriptive comparative.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: the Bells University of Technology, between December 2019 and October 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Test organisms isolated from the scalp, armpit, and urine were identified using conventional methods and Analytical Profile Index kits (API). Ganoderma lucidum was rinsed with 2.5% potassium hydroxide and sterile distilled water, dried at 50℃ for 72 h, and pulverized. The mushroom powder (10%) was extracted in methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether at 65oC for 48 h. The filtrate was evaporated and two-fold serial dilutions were prepared in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Antibacterial activity was done by the agar well diffusion method. Inoculum adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard was inoculated onto Mueller Hinton agar. Wells of 6mm were filled with 100ml of the extracts. Antibiotic sensitivity was by disc diffusion method. Plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MC) analysis of methanol extract was carried out.&#x0D; Results: The isolates were identified as follows; scalp (Corynebacterium kutscheri and Enterobacter intermedius), armpit (Acinetobacter baumannii), and urine (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The solvents exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on test organisms. The methanol extract was most inhibitory on all organisms. Petroleum ether showed the least inhibition. P. aeruginosa was most resistant to the extracts. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides inhibited all the organisms and recorded a higher zone of inhibition, unlike the beta-lactams. GC/MS of methanol extract revealed the presence of 48 compounds amongst them were sugar, alcohols, nitrates, alkaloids, amines, fatty acids, methyl esters, and steroids. Also found was Phenol, 2-methoxy butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) an antioxidant.&#x0D; Conclusion: Ganoderma lucidum contained bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial and showed utility for use in the medical-pharmaceutical industry.

The Effect of Swelling Factor Vacuum Residue on Fuel Product Using Supercritical Gas CO2

Vacuum residue is a by-product of the petroleum refining industry process that has low quality and low selling price under crude oil with hydrocarbon compound content consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It can be utilized by improving the quality of vacuum residue from waste into commercial products is carried out through several stages of the process that become a new interest to convert this raw material into valuable fuel oil by using swelling process. The effect of the swelling process with supercritical gas CO2 is to weaken and break the long carbon chain vacuum residue to lower the process's energy consumption. It is swelling with supercritical CO2 gas results in the mixing of CO2 into the oil phase, increasing vacuum residue volume. This process takes place on a fixed bed reactor with temperature operating conditions (200ºC, 250ºC, 300ºC, and 350ºC), CO2 pressure (100Psi, 120Psi, 140Psi, 160Psi, and 180Psi) and reaction time (60 minutes and 90 minutes). The result of liquid product from swelling process with supercritical of CO2 gas is done by analysis method of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) instrument using optimal time in pressure operating conditions 160Psi, the temperature of 350ºC and reaction time of 90 minutes resulted in a percent swelling factor of an excellent vacuum residue of 7.14%. Hydrocarbon compound content in the research products showed the dominance of aromatic compounds by 71.53%, saturates compound 35.79%, and olefin compound by 10.05%.

Characterization and optimization of carotenoid extracted from the peels of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum grown in Nigeria

The application of synthetic colourants to foods, snacks, and beverages has increased within the past 50 years, and up to a 500% increase has been reported in Nigeria. Consumers of coloured foods and beverages have been showing worries about the possible health hazards of such products over time. Hence, researchers have shifted attention to alternative and natural colourants that are harmless. Extraction of carotenoid from tomato peel by-product will not only solve the problem associated with consuming synthetic colourant but solve the pollution problem connected with tomato processing. This research was conducted to study the kinetics and determine the thermodynamics of carotenoid extraction from tomato peel (Lycopersicon esculentum) using ethanol. Tomato peel by-product was collected, cleaned, oven-dried, and ground. It was characterized to determine the proximate and phytochemicals composition. The carotenoid extraction process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology, and the carotenoid extracted was analysed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer. The kinetics and thermodynamics of extraction were studied using a first-order mass transfer model and thermodynamics to determine energy changes involved in the extraction. The result of the proximate analysis showed the following values; crude protein (0.69%), Fibre (20.63%), Ash (17.40%), Fat (8.53%), Moisture (8.13%), and Carbohydrate (44.62%). The phytochemical analysis showed that the tomato peel contains terpenoid, alkaloid, saponin, and flavonoid. The optimal conditions for carotenoid extraction were 0.306 mL/g solvent/solid ratio, 20 minutes extraction time, and temperature of 36 °C with the optimal yield of 82.35%. The result indicates that tomatoes contain 82.35 g of carotenoid. It is observed that the carotenoid contains lutein 1.89%, lycopene 88.11%, β- carotene 2.25%, cis-ζ-carotene 2.41%, γ-carotene 1.23%, cis-lycopene 0.89%, phytofluene 0.62%,ζ-carotene 1.2% and phytoene 1.52%. Therefore, among the components, lycopene is the most dominant with the composition of 88.11% yield, and the extraction was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. Ethanol is a good solvent for the extraction of carotenoid from tomatoes peel. Key words: Carotenoid, optimization, extraction, phytochemicals, lycopene, ethanol, flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid

Chemical composition of fixed oil and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata root

The present study estimates the antimicrobial potential of root extract of Andrographis paniculata which are extensively used in traditional medicine against clinical pathogens. The in vitro antibacterial activities were done with ten pathogen bacterial strains. Among the three extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium (45 mm), while ethanol and ethyl acetate extract revealed strong in vitro antibacterial against Shigella flagella (42 mm) and E. faecalis (38 mm), respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration. Antifungal activities of ethanol and methanol extract were done against four reference fungal strains. The ethanol and methanol extract confirmed the highest antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (38 mm) and Candida albicans (38 mm), respectively. The constituents of the fixed oil of petroleum ether root extract were evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer. Eleven composites have recognized, methyl palmitate (56.732%) was the major constituent. The investigation come to an end that the phytochemical constituents of methanol and ethanol root extract have capacity to kill both drug resistant bacteria and fungal.

Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on Hygrophila auriculata Schumach.

In the present study, the medicinal plant Hygrophila auriculata was selected and the screening of the qualitative and quantitative of phytochemicals. The phytochemical profiles were estimated through the Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometer, which containing twenty compounds were listed out. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the entire plant was studied against five selected bacterial and five selected fungal pathogens using well diffusion method. The results revealed that the methanolic extract of Hygrophila auriculata possessed alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and various other phytochemicals. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with a range of 8-16 mm zone of diameter, This study gives a new route to discovery of new drug for the control of microorganisms.

Fatty acid profiles of Phaseolus species

The aim of this study was to identify and profile the fatty acids present in the Phaseolus species using an online Osiris server software. Phaseolus species (pinto beans, lima beans and kidney beans) were bought in King’s market, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria and were air -dried and ground. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists protocol were used for proximate; mineral analysis was done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer; extraction of oil was done using Soxhlet apparatus and the extracts were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer and identified compounds were screened for their chemical properties using online Osiris server. The oil extract for pinto beans revealed fatty acids in increasing order of percentage quality: Myristic acid, octadecenoic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. Identified fatty acids in kidney beans were in decreasing order of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid and capric acid. Lima beans had highest palmitic acid and arachidic acid the lowest. However, from the results of all the Phaseolus species, linoleic acid was found only in kidney beans with quality of 11.87%. The identified fatty acids showed high toxicity properties and they exhibited negative drug-likeness. The chemistry of the identified compounds all showed that they exhibited various chemical properties. In conclusion, this study had revealed the presence of fatty acids in the selected food crops and their various chemical profiles have been discovered

Optimisation of Extraction Method and Phytochemical Compounds of Green Christia vespertilionis Leaves using GC-MS

Christia vespertilionis (L. f.) Bakh. f. has been widely known in treating various contagious diseases. This plant is popular among researchers and locals to have anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. There are two types of C. vespertilionis which is green and red type. The green C. vespertilionis was extensively studied by many researchers and known by the public as a cure to the cancer. This study was carried out to identify major phytochemicals and optimise extraction method of green C. vespertilionis leaves in different extraction techniques (maceration and Soxhlet extraction) and solvents (methanol and ethanol) through GC-MS analysis. The green C. vespertilionis leaves extract was tested using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The components were identified by comparing National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Based on four samples which are green C. vespertilionis leaves using maceration of methanol (GMM), maceration of ethanol (GME), Soxhlet of methanol (GSM) and Soxhlet of ethanol (GSE), seventy phytochemical compounds were identified. Thirteen major phytochemical compounds (&gt; 4 % of peak area) are acetic acid, butyl ester; 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate; 1,3-Diisobutyrin, trimethylsilyl; .alpha.-d-Mannofuranoside, methyl; 1- Tetradecene; 1-Hexadecene; 1-Octadecene; Hexanoic acid, 3-oxo-, ethyl ester; 4-O-Methylmannose; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Phytol; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- and Squalene. Only ten out of thirteen compounds were reported to have biological activities. Among those samples, GMM and GSM were the most effective using correlation coefficient analysis between peak area (%) versus real time (min) with significant difference at P &lt; 0.001.

Onosma mutabilis: Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and acute oral toxicity.

The traditional use of Onosma L. species as a remedy motivated scientists to discover great biological/pharmacological potentials in this plant. In the current study, in addition to the phytochemical composition of methanol (MeOH), water, and ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Onosma mutabilis Boiss., an endemic plant species in the flora of Kurdistan, Iraq, in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and oral toxicity activity were investigated. Results of total phenolic and total flavonoid tests show the MeOH extract superiority, and the results of Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer(GS/GS‐MS) show 18 chemical compounds in the MeOH extract, and the majority of the detected compounds were alkaloids (78.77%) and steroids (11.48%), namely as 5,8‐dihydroxy‐2‐(4‐methylpent‐3‐enyl) naphthalene‐1,4‐dione (48.60%), 3‐O‐Methyl‐d‐glucose (27.49%), β‐Sitosterol (6.81%), Phenol, 2,4‐bis (1,1‐dimethyl ethyl)‐, phosphite (3.46%), and 24,25‐Dihydroxycholecalciferol (3.14%). Results of the antioxidant tests show the MeOH extract superiority in the phosphomolybdenum assay, radical scavenging [on 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS)] assays, and reducing power [cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] assays (1.45, 3.54, 2.33, 1.12, 1.62, mg/ml, respectively). The cytotoxicity results of the plant extract are presented as IC50 (inhibitory concentration at 50%) on the prostate cancer cells (DU‐145), mammary cancer cells (MCF‐7), and human cervix carcinoma (Hep2c), at which values ranged from 28.79 to 41.83 μg/ml. Results of the acute toxicity in the dose‐dependent trail (100, 200, 300, 600 mg/kg of MeOH) show the absence of the behavior and appearance changes of female Wister rats. Overall, O. mutabilis extract exhibited significant natural potentials probably because of its polar phytochemicals, which could be an alternative source for remedial, nutrient, and cosmetic manufacture.

Corrosion inhibition of aluminium in hydrochloric acid medium using cimetidine as inhibitor: empirical and optimization studies

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate cimetidine as corrosion inhibitor of aluminium in hydrochloric acid medium.Design/methodology/approachCimetidine was characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine its chemical composition and functional groups, respectively. Gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques were used in the corrosion inhibition process. Thermodynamic and adsorption parameters were evaluated. And response surface methodology was used to optimize the corrosion inhibition process.FindingsAnalysis of the results revealed that major constituents of cimetidine include metronidazole, n-hexadecanoic acid cyclohexane and methyl ester. It has C-H stretch, C = N stretch, CH3C-H bend, ring C = C stretch, -C-O-O stretch, N-H bend, C-O stretch and C-H bend as predominant functional groups. Adsorption of molecules of the inhibitor on the aluminium surface was spontaneous, and it followed mechanism of physical adsorption. Response surface methodology revealed that quadratic model adequately described the inhibition efficiency of cimetidine as function of inhibitor concentration, temperature and time. Chemical and electrochemical results are in agreement that the cimetidine is a viable corrosion inhibitor. Cimetidine was revealed as mixed-type inhibitor because it controlled both cathodic and anodic reactions.Originality/valueEmpirical and optimization studies of cimetidine drug as corrosion inhibitor of aluminium in hydrochloric acid medium were carried out. The research results can provide the basis for deploying drugs (with mucosal protective and antacid properties) for corrosion control of metallic structures.

Monitoring of pesticides in surface water, pesticides removal efficiency in drinking water treatment plant and potential health risk to consumers using Monte Carlo simulation in Behbahan City, Iran

Excessive application of pesticides to control pests and weeds leads to contaminating bodies of water and health problems for consumers. The present study was designed to investigate the concentration of pesticides in raw water originated from the Marun River as well as the treated water of the drinking water treatment plant in Behbahan City. The efficiency of each treatment process was evaluated. Moreover, the health risks caused by detectable pesticides for consumers of treated water were assessed. The target pollutants were extracted using droplet liquid-liquid microextraction and detected by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer. The results showed relatively high mean concentrations of organophosphate pesticides ranging from 0.87 to 3.229 μg/L in the river water and low concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, except for 1,3-dichloropropene with the concentration of 3.58 μg/L. Alachlor had a rather high concentration (2.44 μg/L) in the river water. The concentration of pesticides in the drinking water had been reduced to an acceptable amount. The major part of pesticides removal occurred in coagulation-flocculation and rapid sand filtration units (87 %) due to the hydrophobic nature of pesticides and the use of GAC in the filtration unit. Based on the risk assessment estimates, the total hazard quotient (THQ) for all the pesticides was much less than one. The value of THQ was higher in younger individuals and children for all the given pesticides. The highest value of THQ in children was 0.2 which was attributed to aldrin. Similarly, the carcinogenic risk (CR) of aldrin for children and teenagers was in the unsafe range (more than 10−4) while the CR for other target compounds in all the age groups was negligible (10−4-10−6 or less). The high concentration of pesticides in the river water might be concerning and therefore selling and using pesticides, especially the banned ones, should be more regulated.