Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Chromatograms Research Articles

BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF INDUS VIVA I PULSE NATURAL AYURVEDIC SYRUP AND IT’S IN SILICO – INTERACTION ANALYSIS

Objectives: In developing countries like India, diabetes mellitus and human bone cancer are progressively increasing which is global encumbrance. The objective of the study is to find out the phytoconstituents of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink extract that has undergone classical chemical characterization, molecular docking, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal studies used as traditional and complementary medicine. The study aimed to evaluate the Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), anticancer, antidiabetic and spectral studies that are used to disclose phytochemicals and their medicinal properties. Methods: Infrared (IR), Ultraviolet (UV), 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods, GC-MS, HPLC and LC-HRMS instrumental detections were employed. Molecular docking, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal studies were carried out using AutoDock 4.2.6. software program, α- Amylase method, Mosmann and Disk diffusion method respectively. Results: GC-MS and HPLC chromatogram of methanol extracts exhibited 12 and 6 peaks, respectively, confirming the presence of 12 phytoconstituents in Indus Viva I Pulse health drink (1I–12I). The total phenol and flavonoid content found in the extracted sample of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink were 0.16 and 0.36 mg/mL, respectively. It is a polyherbal formulation of brown-colored liquid of the UV spectrum in methanol is characteristic of an aromatic compound with λ max of 319 and 412 nm. IR spectrum gave peaks at 3,457, 2,922, 2,857, 2,121, 1,641, 1,055, 1,033 and 621 cm-1 indicating the presence of an alcoholic, alkyl, aldehyde or ketone, alkyne, carbonyl, anhydride and methyl group, respectively. Liquid Chromatography- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) study gave these molecular weights (m/z): 1134. 7017, 1150.6475 and 1168.6797. Aromatic characteristics were confirmed through UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-HRMS spectral studies. 1H-NMR study indicates the presence of aromatic protons and methyl protons. Aqueous extract of Indus Viva I Pulse health drink was tested for Cytotoxicity Assay of human bone cancer (MG-63) cell lines and ptyalin prevent characters that exhibited a valid inhibitory value of 90.87% in 10 μg/mL for MG-63 and value of 74.41% in 500 μg/mL for alpha-amylase which is comparatively more efficient than the available standard drug. Cytotoxicity assay for human bone cancer (MG-63) cell lines and alpha-amylase both showed the inhibitory activity of IC50 68.95 and IC50 36.18 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the result of this research, it can be proposed that Indus Viva I Pulse health drink may serve as a potential remedy for human bone cancer (MG-63) cell line and that alpha-amylase inhibitory activity is proportional to the dose.

Characterization and Isolation of Bio-Functional Lipids from Black Sea Urchin Stomopneustes variolaris and its Multi Potential In-vitro Activities

Lipids and lipid fractions isolated from gonads of Stomopneustes variolaris was demonstrated for its bio-functional effects like antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected hexatriacontane (17.03%) as the major compound in crude lipid sample and Phenol, 2,4-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl) (83.50%) showed high retention peak area in the GC-MS chromatogram of all the three lipid fractions. FTIR spectra confirmed that the esters are the predominant group in the lipid fraction. 1H NMR evaluation spotted peaks of methanol and aromatic groups. Lipid fractions showed bactericidal effect against two Gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), three gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholera) and fungicidal effect against the fungal species (Candida albicans) tested. In-vitro antioxidant assays, such as lipid peroxidation and Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays also showed positive results towards scavenging free radicals. Hence, bio lipids from Stomopneustes variolaris could be further explored towards the development of new bio-therapeutic formulations.

Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Launaea mucronata Forssk Essential Oil Growing in Northern Saudi Arabia.

Essential oils are naturally occurring multicomponent combinations of isoprenoids with distinctive odors that are produced by aromatic plants from mevalonic acid. They are extensively applied in aromatherapy for the treatment of various ailments. To investigate the potential therapeutic value of the ingredients in Launaea mucronata essential oil (EO), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for essential oil characterization. Then, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene/linoleic acid, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidants. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to estimate the cytotoxicity. Following a thorough analysis of the GC-MS chromatogram, 87 components representing 97.98% of the entire EO mixture were identified. N-eicosane (10.92%), 2E,6Z-farnesol (10.74%), and 2Z,6E-farnesyl acetone (46.35%) were determined to be the major components of the oil. When the produced EO was evaluated for its antioxidant properties, it showed a strong inhibitory effect (%) of 65.34 at a concentration of 80 μg/mL. The results (g/mL) showed a positive response against the tested cell lines for HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2 (8.45, 10.24, and 6.78 g/mL, respectively). A high-concentration mixture of deadly components consisting of farnesol, bisabolol, eicosane, and farnesyl acetone may be responsible for this significant cytotoxic action, which was especially noticeable in the HepG2 cell line. Molecular docking occurred between farnesol and farnesyl acetone with the target residues of topoisomerases I and II, CDK4/cyclD1, and Aurora B kinases; these showed binding free energies ranging from -4.5 to -7.4 kcal/mol, thus demonstrating their antiproliferative action. In addition, farnesol and farnesyl acetone fulfilled most of the ADME and drug-likeness properties, indicating their activity.

Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Barleria albostellata C.B. Clarke Leaf and Stem Extracts.

Barleria albostellata (Acanthaceae) is a shrub located in South Africa and is relatively understudied. However, plants within this genus are well known for their medicinal and ethnopharmacological properties. This study aimed to characterise the phytochemical compounds and antibacterial efficacies of B. albostellata. Phytochemical analysis, fluorescence microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were performed to determine the composition of compounds that may be of medicinal importance. Crude leaf and stem extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) were subjected to an antibacterial analysis against several pathogenic microorganisms. The qualitative phytochemical screening of leaf and stem extracts revealed the presence various compounds. Fluorescence microscopy qualitatively assessed the leaf and stem powdered material, which displayed various colours under bright and UV light. GC-MS chromatograms represents 10-108 peaks of various compounds detected in the leaf and stem crude extracts. Major pharmacologically active compounds found in the extracts were alpha-amyrin, flavone, phenol, phytol, phytol acetate, squalene and stigmasterol. Crude extracts positively inhibited Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Significance was established at p < 0.05 for all concentrations and treatments. These results indicate that the leaves and stems of B. albostellata are rich in bioactive compounds, which could be a potential source of antibacterial agents for treating various diseases linked to the pathogenic bacteria studied. Future discoveries from this plant could advance the use of indigenous traditional medicine and provide novel drug leads.

Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling reveals newly described bioactive compounds in Citrullus colocynthis (L.) seeds oil extracts

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) (C. colocynthis), commonly known as Handal in Yemen and other Arabic countries, is a plant with a wide range of pharmacological properties. These properties are attributed to secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals, present in the plant. In this study, the seed of C. colocynthis were extracted using dichloromethane, and the resulting oil extract was screened to identify active phytoconstituents using gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry is used to identification of the phytoconstituents and the spectrum of unknown compounds were compared with the compounds stored in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Mass Spectral database (NIST) and WILEY library of GC-MS. A total of fifty five compounds appeared in GC-MS chromatogram, twenty-four major bioactive compounds were identified in the present study. The major components of the oil extract were found to be carotenes, phenols, esters, and steroids. From the GC-MS chromatogram of dichloromethane seeds oil extract, some of the identified components possess pharmacological actions as per information available in the literature. One of the major component identified in the C. colocynthis seed oil extract was isooctylphthalate (58%), which exhibit strong antimicrobials effect. Therefore, C. colocynthis is considered to be a natural source of isooctylphthalate. From the results, this study is the first to report the presence of various bioactive components of phytopharmaceutical importance in C. colocynthis.

Phytoconstituents profiling and antioxidant potential of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.

In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is recognized as a biologically effective therapeutic plant for the treatment of jaundice. It is a natural medicinal tree possessing antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, antifungal, antibacterial, antipsoriatic, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancerous, analgesic, antipyretic, and aphrodisiac activities. Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria plant was investigated with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the antioxidant activity of W. tinctoria was analysed by most probable hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2) activity, DPPH activity and Thiobarbutaric acid. The phytochemical in W. tinctoria leaf and bark have been assessed by GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis of W. tinctoria methanolic extract exposed the existence of the GC-MS chromatograms of 10 peaks in the leaf and 20 peaks in the bark. The FTIR spectroscopy analyses were identified by various functional compounds in the extracts with distinctive peak values. The FTIR analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of alcohol, amine, alkane, carboxylic acid, sulfur compounds, halogen compounds and alkyne which showed major peaks. Also the methanolic bark extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of amines, phenol, alcohols, alkane, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and halogen compounds which also exhibited major peaks. Significant antioxidant activity is displayed by the plant part of leaf and bark sample. The results obtained in the determination of antioxidant activity of MEWT displayed considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH which generated free radicals. This study includes the identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic and aqueous extract of W. tinctoria which assist in therapeutic claims about this species in the traditional medicinal plant system.

Geochemical characterisation of the Turonian-Maastrichtian bituminous sands in Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria

The Turonian-Maastrichtian bituminous sands resource in the Dahomey (Benin) Basin, Southwestern Nigeria, is a potentially economically viable hydrocarbon reserve, which has recently attracted renewed attention. An integrated study involving the use of elemental composition, and geochemical analyses (gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) were carried out to provide an improved understanding of this resource using geochemical signatures and evaluate the n-alkane distribution of bituminous sands to determine its aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution and the prevailing depositional conditions. Elemental composition shows the dominance of carbon ( Av. 79.8%). The atomic ratios of H/C and O/C, respectively, range from 0.05 to 0.11, and 0.04 to 0.08. SiO2 is the dominant oxide, with concentrations ranging between 73.15 and 80.50 wt. %, while Zn is the dominant trace element. Twenty-three aliphatic hydrocarbons: C10, C13, C15, C17–C37, were identified on GC-FID, with distribution showing predominance of long-chain n-aliphatics, with a Carbon Preference Index (CPI) value range of 1.01 to 1.02. A bimodal n-alkane fingerprint envelope is visible on GC, with maxima between nC16– nC18 and nC27, indicating varied contributions from both terrigenous and non-terrigenous (possibly marine algae) organic matter. Despite the biodegradation of n-alkanes, GC-MS chromatograms (m/z 256) show evidence of bicyclic sesquiterpenes (BSs) in the bituminous sands investigated. Infrared (IR) spectra show the dominance of the hydroxyl functional group, while 2922.2cm-1 and 2855.1cm−1 are common in all the samples, revealing the presence of residual organics. This study revealed that the bituminous sands are highly waxy in nature and derived from higher plants of both marine and terrestrial source input with more influence from land-dwelling biogenic sources under oxic conditions.

Inhibitory Activity of &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Pseudomonas putida&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Bacillus licheniformis&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; Supernatants on PMMoV in Chili Pepper

Background and objective: Plant viruses are major obstacles to enhancing crop productivity in both agriculture and horticulture throughout the world, resulting in losses of several billion dollars every year. Controlling viruses is arduous, so agrochemicals are widespread. To minimize the usage of those, this study's objective was to assess bacterial cultures supernatants on &lt;i&gt;pepper mild mottle virus&lt;/i&gt; (PMMoV) in chili pepper plants and identify its secondary metabolites.Methods: This 48-h grown &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas putida&lt;/i&gt; (PP) and &lt;i&gt;Bacillus licheniformis&lt;/i&gt; (BL) cultures supernatants were foliar sprayed separately in chili pepper plants 24-h before PMMoV inoculation (T1), and 24-h before and after PMMoV inoculation (T2), 2wpi (week's post inoculation), the virus titer was determined by using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), and the supernatants were extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated by rota-evaporation before being analyzed in gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results: The culture supernatants of PP and BL inhibit PMMoV by 43-47% in both the treatments (T1 &amp; T2) compared to the control. The GC-MS chromatogram of two cultures of supernatants identified the molecules of cyclo (Pro-Val), cyclo (Pro-Leu), and cyclo (Phe-Pro). Commercial forms of these three molecules at three concentrations showed a hypersensitive response, ranging from 45-65% for PMMoV in &lt;i&gt;Nicotiana glutinosa&lt;/i&gt;.Conclusion: The results revealed that supernatants of PP and BL-containing compounds have biological control of PMMoV in chili pepper plants.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Ricinus communis L.

Majority of the modern medicines are derived from bioactive constituents of medicinal plants. The current investigation was designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Ricinus communis L. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals viz. tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, coumarin, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides and quantitative analysis of total phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids were performed by using standard protocol. Antioxidant activity was studied through DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum and reducing power assay. To confirm the phytoconstituents of the leaf extracts, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was followed. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed the presence of major class of phytochemicals. Quantitative analysis of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols were 32.28 ± 0.28 mg/g, 256.29 ± 0.21 mg QE/g, 175.59 ± 0.78 mg TAE/g, 273.35 ± 2.33 mg GAE/g respectively. The extract showed a good scavenging activity with DPPH (84.22 ± 0.81 %) and the GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of 23 peaks with different compounds and Ricinine was found to be the major compound. The presence of these bioactive molecules in R. communis may provide the scientific evidences for the medicinal value and other biological properties.

Isolation, characterization, and identification of bioactive metabolite from soil derived Streptomyces polyrhachis AS07

The increasing stress caused by antibiotic resistance necessitates the need to explore novel and effective antimicrobial agents from actinomycetes which are often acknowledged for their capability to produce a variety of antibiotics. This study focuses on investigating the antimicrobial properties of the secondary metabolite synthesized by the soil resident Streptomyces polyrhachis AS07. The soil isolated strain was identified using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and phylogenetic analysis. Under appropriate laboratory conditions, the Streptomyces sp. produced sufficient yield of secondary metabolite for assessment of antimicrobial properties. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry chromatogram of the metabolite revealed abundant presence of antimicrobial constituents such as propionic acid, palmitic acid, and other compounds from tetrazolic and monocarboxylic groups. When tested against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the extracted metabolite exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activity with highest activity against S. aureus. Additionally, it also had potential antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 5.50 μg/mL. The metabolite displayed highest antibiofilm activity against B. subtilis as well as successfully restricted the quorum sensing ability of C. violaceum. Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited the swarming ability of P. aeruginosa upto 16.67 %. Conclusively, Streptomyces metabolite can be considered as a potent reservoir of bioactive molecules for industrial production with promising pharmaceutical applications.

GC-MS PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Matthiola damascena Boiss (BRASSICACEAE) SPECIES: AN ENDEMIC SPECIES TO SYRIA

Matthiola damascena Boiss (Brassicaceae) is an ornamental flowering plant species, distributed in the Mediterranean basin. No report described yet its phytochemical analysis worldwide; despite the important value of other Matthiola species in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis has been employed to investigate its ethanolic and toluenic leaves and flowers extracts for their phytochemical constituents. GC-MS chromatogram revealed that Dodecanamide (38.233%), 9-Octadecanamide (Z)- (36.961%) and Octadecanamide (10.775%) were the most abundant compounds occurred in ethanolic leaves extracts. Whereas, 9-Octadecanamide (Z)- (74.862%) and Tetradecanamide (14.276%) were the most abundant compounds occurred in its toluenic leaves extracts. As for flowers parts, 9-Octadecanamide (Z)- (32.142% &amp; 66.175%) and Dodecanamide (28.643% &amp; 17.440%) were detected as the most abundant compounds occurred in ethanolic and toluenic flowers extracts, respectively. This study could be considered as the first report describes M. damascena phytochemical constituents.

Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of Fomes fomentarius extracts against brine shrimp larvae and colon adenocarcinoma cell line (SW742)

Aim: Cancer is one of the leading worldwide public health problems. Natural product has provided a valuable source biological active compound for maintaining humans health even after years of introduction of synthetic drugs. Fomes fomentarius (F. fomentarius), a fungus belongs to Polyporaceae family, is widely used for different medicinal purposes. Considering inadequate reports on the fungus, cytotoxic effect of its extracts on brine shrimp larvae and colon adenocarcinoma cell line (SW742) was investigated in this study.&#x0D; Methods: The fruiting body of the fungus was chopped and extracted with water, ethanol, methanol, and ethanol-methanol (50-50) solvents. Regarding the results of brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), ethanol extract showed the highest toxicity, so subjected to fractionation with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. The fractions were tested for cytotoxic activity in human colon adenocarcinoma (SW742) cells by MTT assay. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited more cytotoxic activity against SW742 cell line. Therefore, it was chosen to be purified using silica gel column chromatography. Subfractions of ethyl acetate were tested for their cytotoxicity by MTT assay. The content of these subfractions were also analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).&#x0D; Results: According to the results, ethanol extract had the greatest potency in BSLA, and ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest cell cytotoxicity. Based on GC-MS chromatogram, palmitic acid was the compound with the largest quantity in the three selected subfractions of ethyl acetate.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was found that palmitic acid with other compounds in F. fomentarius had cytotoxic activity against colon adenocarcinoma cells. This feature may provide a biological basis for further clinical evaluation.

Optimization of extraction process and the antioxidant activity spectrum-effect relationship of Angelica dahurica.

Despite the large number of studies indicating that Angelica dahurica has strong antioxidant capacity, there are no clear details on the specific antioxidant components involved. In this study, the chromatograms and antioxidant activity of A. dahurica were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The factors affecting free radical scavenging were investigated under different extraction conditions, on the basis of the single-factor experiment. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the DPPH method were ultrasonic extraction, using 80% methanol as extract the extraction solvent, a 20:1 (ml/g) ratio of liquid to material and an extraction time of 30 min. Furthermore, the spectrum-effect relationship between the GC-MS chromatograms and the antioxidant effect of A. dahurica was established to evaluate the antioxidant components of A. dahurica using multiple data analysis methods. Isoimperatorin and byakangelicol made the greatest contribution to scavenging DPPH free radicals and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. This result may provide the basis for developing new and effective products based on the antioxidant ingredients of A. dahurica.

Phytochemical Profile, Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Mixture Used for Contraception by Traditional Health Practitioners in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, South Africa.

The use of medicinal plants for contraception remains a common practice among South African ethnic groups. The present study assessed the phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity and efficacy of a herbal mixture used for contraception by the Batswana of South Africa. An aqueous extract was prepared from equal quantities (in terms of weight) of Bulbine frutescens (roots), Helichrysum caespititium (leaves) and Teucrium trifidum (leaves) based on a recipe used by traditional health practitioners. The phytochemical profiles of the freeze-dried herbal mixture were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, cytotoxicity was determined using an MTT assay on Vero cells and in vivo contraceptive efficacy was evaluated using seven Sprague Dawley rats per control and treatment groups. The control group received distilled water while test groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg of the herbal mixture, which was administered orally once a day for three consecutive days. Subsequently, female rats were paired 1:1 with males for 3 days. Their weights were measured weekly and incidence of pregnancy was recorded. The GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of 12 identified and 9 unidentified compounds. In terms of safety, the herbal mixture had an IC50 value of 755.2 μg/mL and 2000 mg/kg, which was the highest tested dose that caused no mortality or morbidity in the rats. A contraceptive efficacy of 14.5% was exerted with 50 mg/kg herbal mixture extract while other doses had no effects given that all the rats were pregnant. Based on a chi-square test (p < 0.05), there was no correlation between the tested herbal mixture doses and contraception, nor on the weight of the rats. Overall, the herbal mixture extract was found to be safe but had limited contraceptive efficacy at the tested doses. In future studies, exploring increased dose range, solvent extract types and hormonal analysis will be pertinent.

Phytochemical profiling of the bioactive principles of Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. aerial parts

Background and Aims: Alysicarpus glumaceus is a plant used in Africa, Asia and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula with folkloric claims of having anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-diarrheal, abortifacient, anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and stimulatory activities. The aim of this study was to determine the phytoconstituents present in the methanol extract (ME) of Alysicarpus glumaceus and its fractions. Methods: Standard qualitative phytochemical screening methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed for the profiling of the plant and identification of the phytoconstituents. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. GC-MS chromatogram showed a total of 57 peaks with 38 different compounds identified, out of which 15 of the compounds were fatty acids mainly 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 6,8-difluoro-4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester; cis-Vaccenic acid; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15- hexadecamethyl-;1-methyl-4-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolidin-3-one; 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-; Hexadecanoic acid; Palmitoleic acid; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid and 9,17-Octadecadienal. While FT-IR spectras indicated the presence of carbonyl, alcohol, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic functional groups. Additionally, ethyl acetate fraction showed the peak characteristics of the aromatic (=C-H)/olefinic (=C-H) functional group. Conclusion: The study showed that fatty acids were the major constituents of Alysicarpus glumaceus.

BRINE SHRIMPS LETHALITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF BLIGHIA SAPIDA

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate brine shrimp lethality of Blighia sapida stem-bark extract and its fractions and identify the bioactive constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique.&#x0D; Methods: The ethanol extract (EE) and its fractions were subjected to lethality assay, and GC-MS analysis of EAF was carried out.&#x0D; Results: The lethality test showed a concentration-dependent mortality rate in the brine shrimp nauplii for the EE and its fractions. GC-MS analysis of EAF of the extract revealed the existence of 13 peaks of the GC-MS chromatogram with only one prominent compound, n-hexadecanoic acid (peak area of 10.13%).&#x0D; Conclusion: The result revealed the presence of 13 bioactive components in the EAF of the extract, the majority of which have been reported for different biological activities, hence, justifies the use of the plant in the treatment and management of different diseases ethnomedicinally.

Patch Film from Celullose Derivative Incorporating with Virgin Coconut Oil and its Physical and Antibacterial Properties

Preparation of mucoadhesive patch film containing Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been made as a medium to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This research was conducted to make patch film which meets the standard physical characteristic of patch mucoadhesive film. The physical characteristic is weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance resistance, swelling index and pH of the patch solution. The presence of fatty acids which trapped in patch was analyzed with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that the patch film has uniformity value of weights ranging from 0.04 to 0.17 g. The thickness of patch was 0.53 to 0.61 mm and have folding endurance resistance more than 300 times. Swelling index for each patch increase in the 5th minutes and decrease in the 10th minutes. The surface pH of the patch almost close to pH 7. GC-MS chromatogram showed that lauric acid (C8), meristic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16) and linoleic acid (C18) were trapped in the patch. The patch film containing VCO can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans with inhibition zone of 157.30 ±1.088 mm2.

Triclosan applications for biocidal functionalization of polyester and cotton surfaces

For 20 years, antibacterial functionalization has been one of the most attractive research fields in the textile industry. Nowadays, globalization has spread the microorganisms everywhere and produced many epidemics and pandemics such as smallpox, cholera, tuberculosis, yellow fever, Spanish flu, and coronavirus. The textile materials treated with triclosan would be a strong alternative to obtain antibacterial function against microorganisms for the medical applications, such as face masks, lab coats, and wound dresses. This study aimed to investigate the characterization, antibacterial properties, and durability of triclosan on polyester, polyester/cotton, and cotton surfaces. The pure triclosan and presence of triclosan in solutions were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry chromatograms. It can be seen that surfaces were homogeneously covered by triclosan on scanning electron microscope micrographs, and there were new bands on Fourier transform infrared spectra after treatments. Large inhibition zones around all surfaces were observed, and antibacterial activity slightly increased depending on increasing chemical concentrations. The samples demonstrated strong biocidal activity to bacteria for 3 h. They lost their antibacterial properties after washing, but they showed good antibacterial (bactericidal) properties and satisfactory durability to washes. The results show that triclosan is a highly effective and durable chemical on polyester and cotton surfaces for medical textile applications.

Volatiles from the Mandibular Gland Reservoir Content of Colobopsis explodens Laciny and Zettel, 2018, Worker Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Forty-five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified or annotated in the mandibular gland reservoir content (MGRC) of the Southeast Asian ant Colobopsis explodens Laciny and Zettel, 2018 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid extraction combined with GC-MS. In extension of previous reports on VOCs of C. explodens, members of different compound classes, such as alkanes, aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, and phenolics, were detected. The ketone 2-heptanone and the biochemically related phenolics benzene-1,3,5-triol (phloroglucinol, PG), 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone (monoacetylphloroglucinol, MAPG), 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromen-4-one (noreugenin), and 1-(3-Acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, DAPG) dominated the GC-MS chromatograms. The identities of the main phenolics MAPG and noreugenin were further verified by liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). A comparative study of MGRC samples originating from three distinct field expeditions revealed differences in the VOC profiles, but the presence and relative abundances of the dominating constituents were largely consistent in all samples. Our study considerably extends the knowledge about the number and type of VOCs occurring in the MGRC of C. explodens. Based on the type of the detected compounds, we propose that the likely irritant and antibiotic phenolic constituents play a role in defense against arthropod opponents or in protection against microbial pathogens.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry-based trimethylsilyl-alditol derivatives for quantitation and fingerprint analysis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge polysaccharides

Here we report a novel approach using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS)-based trimethylsilyl-alditol (TMSA) derivatives for simultaneous baseline separation and detection of 8 neutral saccharides and 2 uronic acids within 25 min. Using mild alkaline conditions to dissolve the sample in advance significantly increased both the detection sensitivity and sample stability of uronic acids because of occurrence of de-lactonization, whereas no obvious effects were observed for neutral saccharides. Sodium borohydride reduction of the carbonyl group of aldoses and the subsequent formation of TMSA derivatives simplifies GCMS chromatograms by producing a single peak for each derivatized sugar. The effects of both reaction temperatures and solvent ratios between HMDS and TMCS on formations of TMSA derivatives were also investigated. The established GCMS method was successfully applied for quantitation and fingerprint analysis of polysaccharides from the plant Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. A comparative analysis of A. asphodeloides polysaccharides was further performed between TMSA and other four types of derivatizations. The results showed that GCMS analysis based on precolumn TMSA derivatization coupled with fingerprint analysis is a comprehensive and effective technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicines.