Gas Chromatograms Research Articles

1‐O‐alkylglycerols and fatty acids of cholesteryl esters in squid oil are fully saturated and show parallel relative abundance of chain lengths. A possible compartmented fatty alcohol cycle in squid

Squid oil is a good source for ethyl esters enriched in DHA. As usually with marine oils, ethyl esters undergo winterization. The stearin obtained from cold filtration is a mixture of relatively high melting point mostly saturated compounds. Stearin from squid ethyl esters released a solid material upon treatment with methanol. This was characterized as a mixture of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols. Replacing methanol precipitation with chromatographic separation of stearin gave the same results, ruling out preferential precipitation. Alkyl chains of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols are C16:0 preponderantly, C14:0, C18:0, and traces of C15:0 and C17:0. No unsaturated alkyl chains were detected by GC‐MS and 13C‐NMR. However, 1‐O‐alkylglycerols were not detected in crude squid oil. They were contained in the crude oil mainly in the form of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacylglycerols and lesser amounts of plasmanyl‐phospholipids. The alkyl chain distribution recalls the result found in the case of acyl chains of cholesteryl esters in crude squid oil. These findings suggest that the biochemical build‐up of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols and cholesteryl esters in squid follows a common compartmented pathway, different than the metabolism of glycerides, rich in mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acid. A hypothesis is put forward based on the fatty alcohol cycle.Practical applications: Ethyl esters from squid crude oil are enriched by short path distillation to give ethyl esters containing high amounts of DHA. As a part of usual processes leading to omega‐3 concentrated marine oils, enriched ethyl esters undergo winterization. During this step, ethyl esters with relatively high melting point are crystallized at low temperature and removed by filtration. The usual effect of winterization is to contribute to a slight further enrichment in polyunsaturated compounds. The present work shows that winterization also contributes in removing 1‐O‐alkylglycerols, produced from 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacylglycerols during ethanolysis of squid oil. A smaller part of 1‐O‐alkylglycerols is contained in the starting squid oil in the form of plasmanyl‐phospholipids, which are likely removed during initial degumming.A gas chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters from squid cholesteryl esters (top) compared to a gas chromatogram of isopropylidene derivatives from squid 1‐O‐alkylglycerols (down).

Effects of CO2 on sulfur removal and its release behavior during coal pyrolysis

In this study, two Chinese coals, Jiexiu (JX) and Yanzhou (YZ) raw coals, their deashed coals and depyrited coals, were used to investigate the effects of CO2 on sulfur removal and its release behavior during coal pyrolysis by pyrolysis with mass spectrometer (Py-MS) and pyrolysis connected with gas chromatogram (Py-GC). It is found that the sulfur removal ratio of YZ and JX coals under CO2 atmosphere is higher than that under Ar atmosphere. Most sulfur removal of JX coal is distributed in tar under Ar atmosphere, while it is distributed in gas phase under CO2 atmosphere. The CO2 atmosphere is very beneficial to H2S, COS and SO2 release into gas phase. That is the maximum evolution peak temperature of H2S and SO2 decreases, and their evolution amount all increase remarkably, especially for COS evolution. The COS evolution of each coal increases with temperature increasing after 850°C under CO2 atmosphere. This further validates COS formation is related to CO at higher temperatures, while it is unrelated to CO at lower temperatures.

Assessment of the orthogonality in two-dimensional separation systems using criteria defined by the maximal information coefficient

A novel method based on the maximal information coefficient (MIC) is developed to assess the orthogonality of comprehensive two-dimensional separation systems. The proposed method is based on a modification of Marriott's method, which was previously reported in 2013. Marriott's method relies on the calculation of two separate parameters. The first term is Cpert which defines the peak coverage percent in separation space, and the second is Cpeaks which corresponds to 2-D distribution correlation of the peaks. Marriott's method for estimating the values of Cpeaks is based on the calculation of the coefficient of determination (R2) between the retention indices of the peaks. Herein, we present some examples where R2 is an inefficient way to estimate the values of Cpeaks. The results in this work illustrate that when there are either functional or non-functional local dependencies between the distributions of the peaks, R2 values fail to thoroughly estimate the values of Cpeaks. We proposed using the MIC instead of R2 to estimate the values of Cpeaks for orthogonality calculations. Simulations of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograms were performed using the Abraham solvation parameter model in order to generate examples for orthogonality assessment. The results indicate that the suggested modifications in this work correct the shortcomings of Marriott's model, and the proposed equation accurately measures the column dependencies in 2-D separation systems.

Isofuranodiene is the main volatile constituent of Smyrnium perfoliatum L. subsp. perfoliatum growing in central Italy

The essential oil hydrodistilled from the aerial parts of Smyrnium perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum growing in central Italy was analysed by GC-MS. The main peak in the gas chromatogram was given by the furanosesquiterpene curzerene which is the Cope rearrangement product of isofuranodiene formed into injector and column during the gas chromatographic run. A truthful quantification of these compounds was achieved by HPLC-DAD analysis which showed that isofuranodiene is the main volatile component (180.0 mg/g eo) of S. perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum, while curzerene occurs in small amounts (18.1 mg/g eo).

Identification of 4-substituted 2-(4-x-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25X-NBOMe) and analogues by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) derivatives

Gas chromatograms and E.I. mass spectra of the parent compounds and seven heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatised, 4-substituted 2-(4-x-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamines (25X-NBOMe), (x = Br, Cl, Me, Et, I, NO2,SMe; X = B, C, D, E, I, N, T2), 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25H-NBOMe) and six other analogues are reported. Derivatisation allows determination of the mass of the molecular ion, and observation of characteristic fragmentation patterns. All the NBOMe compounds studied showed a McLafferty rearrangement in the E.I. mass spectrum that is diagnostic of a hydrogen atom that is six atoms removed from a π-bonded hetero-atom. The ease of this protocol makes this an important tool for the routine analysis of appropriately-structured new psychoactive substances in crime laboratories.

Purification, characterization and anti-aging capacity of mycelia zinc polysaccharide by Lentinus edodes SD-08.

BackgroundIn the modern society, aging had been a major problem. People may rely on many medicines to delay it. However, lots of medicines were chemosynthetic, and they would do a bad side-effect on human body. Microbial sources could be used as a potential means of producing natural antioxidants. Lentinus edodes, commercial obtained in daily life, had recently become more attractive in physiological research. Zinc was now considered as a major element in assuring the correct functioning of an organism and essential for maintaining coordination of the major homeostatic networks. To investigate the bioconversion of zinc and the physiological effects of their complex (MZPS), the present studies were processed.MethodsMycelia polysaccharides (MPS) and mycelia zinc polysaccharides (MZPS) of Lentinus edodes SD-08 were extracted by hot water leaching and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column chromatography separately. The zinc content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The evaluation of monosaccharide compositions and proportions used gas chromatogram. The analysis of molecular weight used HPGPC chromatogram. The typical structure of polysaccharide was evaluated by IR spectrum. The antioxidant activities in vitro measured through reducing power, the scavenging effects on hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The anti-aging activities in vivo measured through the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), GSH peroxide (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA).ResultsMPS and MZPS of Lentinus edodes SD-08 were extracted and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column chromatography separately, and four fractions (MPS-1, MPS-2, MZPS-1 and MZPS-2) were obtained. In addition, MPS composing of rhamnose, arabinose and mannose (molar proportion = 1.75:1.00:3.02) and MZPS containing rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and glucose (molar proportion = 7.19:2.26:1.00:8.39) were investigated by gas chromatography. Infrared spectrum analysis indicated that there were C-H, C=O and -CH2 bonds in MPS and MZPS. MPS also had the typical absorption of -NH3+, -NH2 and -COOH. Compared with MPS, MZPS showed in vitro positive rising of reducing power and certain scavenging effects on hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. MZPS were found to upregulate in vivo the anti-aging activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), GSH peroxide (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and decrease the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA).ConclusionsMZPS effectively showed potential anti-aging activities in vivo and antioxidant activities in vitro, and the molecular constituents, chemical bonds and functional groups of MZPS were superior to MPS, suggesting that the MZPS of L. edodes SD-08 could be used as a potential natural antioxidant.

Retention time correction in gas chromatography by modeling concentration related effects, applied to the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters

Constant and reproducible retention times are a basic requirement to allow the automatic peak assignment in complex gas chromatograms. Drifting retention times are best handled by frequent updates, based on reference peaks. Some refinements of this concept have been reported as well as alternative concepts, including pattern recognition algorithms to achieve ultimate precision; however, in applications requiring a wide concentration range, the effects of concentration on the retention time of individual peaks may become relevant, requiring special considerations. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters is such an application. A model describing concentration related effects was drawn up and found to work best for this purpose. The precision of peak alignment could be improved by an order of magnitude, allowing reliable automation of routine analysis.

Determination of homologous distributions of bisEMA dimethacrylates in bulk-fill resin-composites by GC–MS

ObjectivesEthoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (bisEMA) is a basis monomer in several dental resin composites. It was the aim of the present study to develop a method allowing detection of bisEMA and its different degrees of ethoxylation eluted from polymerized resin composites. MethodsHigh-temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HT-GC/MS) by direct on-column injection was used to identify ethoxylated bisEMA in ethanol/water (3:1) eluates from polymerized specimen of four bulk-fill resin composites – Venus® bulk fill, Surefil® SDR™ flow, Filtek™ Bulk Fill and Sonic Fill™. Additionally, the unpolymerised pastes were analysed. ResultsThe developed method allowed identification of a homologous series of bisEMA up to twelve ethoxy groups in the unpolymerised materials. The molecular masses of the homologous bisEMA varied between 452g/mol and 892g/mol and were detected for retention times from 9.43min to 13.36min. Analysis of eluates from polymerised materials identified bisEMA monomers with less than 6 ethoxy groups. Chromatograms showed larger peak areas for the lower volatile bisEMA with 4–6 ethoxy groups compared with higher volatile bisEMA with 2 or 3 ethoxy groups, thus indicating that the amounts of these homologues in the pastes were higher. SignificanceEthoxylated bisEMA with up to twelve ethoxy groups can be identified by HT-GC/MS. In all eluates bisEMA was found. The higher the number of ethoxy groups the lower are the peak areas from bisEMA in the gas chromatogram. These findings may be significant for toxicological analysis of resin-composites incorporating bis-EMA.

Evaluation of microalga for biodiesel using lipid and fatty acid as a marker – A central composite design approach

Present study used central composite design (CCD) to evaluate algal strains for biodiesel by optimizing their harvesting time and pH. As a preliminary step, green alga Chlorella vulgaris MCRC A0001 and two cyanobacteria Chroococcus turgidus MCRC A0002 and Spirulina platensis MCRC A0005 have been explored for growth in terms of cell number, protein, chlorophyll-a, dry weight and pH from every 5th day till 25th day of growth. Furthermore, no hitherto report on CCD approach to inspect the impact of harvesting period and pH on algal lipid content. As evident from CCD, seemly candidate C. vulgaris MCRC A0001 exhibited high lipid content of 0.22 g dry weight−1 on day 20 compared to other strains. Under nitrogen stimulus, C. vulgaris MCRC A0001 grown under 0 g nitrogen/L and 27 °C showed 1.39 gL−1 biomass which marginally equal to control, and a significant increase in total lipid about 26% which is 4% high over control forum. It is noteworthy that, high biomass coupled with high lipid content was observed in nitrogen deprived and limited cells of C. vulgaris MCRC A0001. Additionally, robust methyl ester yield at 0.69 g g−1 was observed in 1:9 ratio of lipid-methanol and 3% NaOH, and ester yield was confirmed by FTIR spectra and gas chromatogram. Besides, gas chromatographic analysis revealed an increase in C16:0–29.61%, C18:1–25.33%, C18:2–11.3% which are prerequisite for biodiesel production. Further, biodiesel was critically analyzed for Degree of unsaturation (DU-77.32) and Long chain saturation factor (LCSF-2.96) which accords the European standard.

Comparison of the chemical components of essential oil extracted by MAHD and SPME methods from two species of Salvia from Iran

Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. and Salvia rhytidea Benth. species of the genus Salvia which are belong to the Lamiaceae family. At the Present report deals with the analysis comparison of the essential oils from aerial parts of S. macrosiphon and S. rhytidea growing wild in Iran obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) , microware assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) procedures and the collected essential oils was investigated by GC and GC-MS. The major compounds of essential oil of S. macrosiphon extracted by hydrodistillation were: Linalool(12.6%),Caryophyllene oxide(11.9%) , Octane(8.5%) and β-Eudesmol(7.1%). Also the main compounds of essential oil from S. macrosiphon extracted by microwave assisted hydrodistillation were: Caryophyllene oxide(21.8%) ,Linalool(18.8%) and β-Eudesmol (6.1%). In this study,the gas chromatogram was obtained of injection the essential oil from aerial parts of S.macrosiphon extracted by solid phase micro extraction ,was not helpful. Chemical composition of volatile compounds from dried aerial parts of Salvia rhytidea Benth. was extracted, by hydrodistillation and solid phase micro extraction methods but microwave assisted hydrodistillation method was not helpful . The major compounds of essential oil of S.rhytidea extracted by hydrodistillation were:Sabinene(12.8%),Spathulenol(12.4%),Germacren-D (6.7%) , β-Eudesmol (6.3%) and α - Cubebene(5.4%). Also the main compounds of essential oil from S. rhytidea extracted by solid phase micro extraction were: Sabinene (38.5%), Limonene(11.6%) , Myrcene (7.2%) and β-Pinene(5.5%).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i2.12051 International Journal of Life Sciences 9 (2) : 2015; 61-64

Thermal degradation behavior and probable mechanism of aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s fibers

Thermal degradation behavior and mechanism of aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s fibers (POD fibers) under nitrogen and air were studied. The thermal stability of POD under air and nitrogen was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results reveal that in the initial stage of thermal decomposition, the thermal degradation behavior under air was the same as that under nitrogen, and in the end stage of thermal decomposition, oxygen had influence on thermal degradation behavior of POD. The changes of macromolecular structure of POD when heated at 500 °C with different times were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, which illustrated that during thermal decomposition process some nitrile groups were formed, implying the disruption of oxadiazole rings. Subsequently, the whole macromolecular chain turned into carbonaceous materials at last. Thermogravimetric analysis–infrared spectra measurement further demonstrated that the carbon dioxide was the main volatilized product and the source of mass loss during thermal decomposition under nitrogen. Disruption of oxadiazole rings and formation of nitrile were further proved by pyrolysis–gas chromatogram–mass spectra characterization. The other characterizations, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrographs, were also applied to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of POD. According to these results, the mechanism of thermal degradation of POD was proposed.

English

Petroleum crude oil biodegrading fungi were isolated from Treculia africana seeds in the presence and absence of petroleum fumes. An assessment of the relative ability of each fungus to biodegrade petroleum crude oil, kerosene, diesel, unspent engine oil, spent engine oil and extracted oil from T. africana seeds on minimal salt solution was investigated using changes in optical density read on a spectrophotometer and gas chromatographic analyses. Ten fungi were isolated from T. africana seeds in the presence and absence of petroleum fumes. These included one species each of Mucor, Paecilomyces, Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum, four species of Aspergillus and two species of Penicillium. It was evident that the fungi used in this research work were capable of biodegrading the petroleum and extracted T. africana seed oil hydrocarbon, though at different rates. Rhizopus had the highest degrading ability in kerosene, unspent engine oil, crude oil and the extracted oil from the seed, while Penicillium pinophyllum had the lowest ability to degrade the oil. The gas chromatogram (GC) showed that Paecilomyces biodegraded the hydrocarbons in the crude oil compared to the control (crude without fungi) using up some carbon atoms (C12-C24) after the 40 days of incubation, suggesting n-alkane biodegradation. Also the GC analysis of the seed oil of T. africana, after 40 days of incubation, showed a reduction in the seed oil hydrocarbons, removing C10- C15. Key words: Hydrocarbon utilization, Treculia Africana, seeds, petroleum crude oil, fungi.

Predicting cytotoxicity of complex mixtures in high cancer incidence regions of the Huai River Basin based on GC–MS spectrum with partial least squares regression

Complex mixture exposures, such as those associated with water sources, are an important issue in health risk assessment. This study assessed the cytotoxicity of chemical mixtures extracted from water sources in regions of the Huai River Basin with high cancer incidences and built statistical models of cytotoxicity based on pollution profiles that were measured with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Both surface and ground waters were collected from rural water sources of Shenqiu County, Henan Province of China from 2008 to 2011 and extracted with XAD-2 resigns. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells and compared against the pollution profiles of the extracts. IC50 of water samples ranged from 0.023 to 0.338L-eq/mL. The pollutants in waters determined by GC–MS are complex and some of the compounds that contributed to cytotoxicity lack toxicity data. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model of cytotoxicity was built based on linear aggregation of predictor variables (i.e., peaks for single compounds in the gas chromatograms). The PLS model contains 2 PLS factors extracted from 141 variables. The model was validated internally with training data permutation and externally with a test sample. The model explained 92% of the cytotoxicity in the training samples and 40% in the test sample. This approach provides a general, rapid method for relating water toxicity to GC–MS chromatograms and for predicting the compounds that contribute most to toxicity.

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties of Hevea Brasiliensis Seed Oil into Lubricating Base Oil

This template explains and demonstrates This article determines the oil content of Hevea brasiliensis seed by using ether as a solvent, and conducts a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of ratty acid in the oil of Hevea brasiliensis seed with gas chromatogram, thus certifying the composition and relative content of 8 kinds of fatty acid. We also determine the chemical composition of Hevea brasiliensis cake, the protein content in cake, and the existence of cyanic glucoside. All these provided scientific data for future comprehensive development and utilization of the natural source of Hevea brasiliensis seed.

Evidence of individual odors and individual discrimination in the raccoon,Procyon lotor

Abstract Although raccoons (Procyon lotor) were originally categorized as solitary carnivores, recent evidence shows that some raccoons have overlapping home ranges, travel in groups, and share dens. Moreover, raccoons use communal latrines and scent mark, suggesting that chemical signals may be important for communication. Using a familiarization–discrimination technique we investigated whether raccoons can discriminate individual differences in the odors of conspecific urine or feces. The subjects were wild caught (n = 10 raccoons for urine experiments; n = 8 raccoons for feces experiments) and tested in a large outdoor enclosure. We demonstrated that raccoons can distinguish individual differences in the odor of unfamiliar and unrelated conspecific urine, but not in the odor of feces. Gas chromatography was also done on the urine samples to look for chemical differences. The gas chromatograms showed visible differences and qualitative as well as quantitative differences in chemical composition. This is...

Study of Performance and Synthesis of Et<sub>3</sub>NHC1-AlC1<sub>3</sub>

This thesis is focused on the catalyst of ionic liquids. Firstly, chloroaluminate ionic liquid consisting of triethylaminia hydrochloride and anhydrous A1C13 was prepared, and its catalytic performance on the alkylation of benzene with 1-bromobutane was studied experimentally. The composition of the system was analyzed using gas chromatogram. The effect of such influencing factors were investigated as the constitute of ionic liquid,the dosage of catalyst, the mole ratio of benzene to 1-bromobutane, temperature,reaction time,the regeneration approach of the used ionic liquid catalyst. The results suggested that it helps to increase the conversion of propylene and the selectivity of 1-butylbenzene by increasing the mole fraction of AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, the amount of catalyst, the mole ratio of benzene to 1-butylbenzene, reaction time and by reducing reaction temperature. At optimal conditions of 66.7% of mole fraction of AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, l0wt% of catalyst with respect to benzene, 10:1 of mole ratio of benzene to 1-bromobutane and 313 .15K, both conversion of 1-bromobutane and selectivity of butylbenzene can reach 96.6% in 20 minutes. The activity of the catalyst can be basically remained after eight times reused. For the used ionic liquid, its catalytic activity can be partially recovered via adding some extra AlCl3 notwithstanding less satisfactory. The catalyst performance of ionic liquids on the esterification of ethanol with ethanonic acid was studied.

Effects of torrefaction and densification on switchgrass pyrolysis products

The pyrolysis behaviors of four types of pretreated switchgrass (torrefied at 230 and 270°C, densification, and torrefaction at 270°C followed by densification) were studied at three temperatures (500, 600, 700°C) using a pyroprobe attached to a gas chromatogram mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS). The torrefaction of switchgrass improved its oxygen to carbon ratio and energy content. Contents of anhydrous sugars and phenols in pyrolysis products of torrefied switchgrass were higher than those in pyrolysis products of raw switchgrass. As the torrefaction temperature increased from 230 to 270°C, the contents of anhydrous sugars and phenols in pyrolysis products increased whereas content of guaiacols decreased. High pyrolysis temperature (600 and 700°C as compared to 500°C) enhanced decomposition of lignin and anhydrous sugars, leading to increase in phenols, aromatics and furans. Densification enhanced depolymerization of cellulose and hemicellulose during pyrolysis.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on seeds Carica papaya

The breaking of seed dormancy induced by stress [1] is extremely important with regard to the acceleration of germination process [1,2]. Abiotic stress processes, just like high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), are applied in several biotechnological studies, mainly because HHP induces changes in physiological and biochemical processes [3]. Pretreatment with a stress induction tool can be lethal or induce the synthesis of protective factors. When the stress does not kill the organism, it is called sublethal stress, and it can even increase the resistance to other stresses. High hydrostatic pressure is an important model in stress response study, for it has the ability to change the plasma membrane fluidity so as to keep the organism alive, which allows studies on the metabolic changes. Water is used as the medium of fluid pressure transmission since it has lower compressibility and greater compatibility, resulting in less risk of contamination. In our experiment, Carica Papaya seeds were put into a polyethylene tube containing water, the system is then closed in a capsule of high resistance steel, and suffers pressures between 10 and 400 MPa. The seeds were set to germinate in vitro, while the pressure transfer fluid present in the capsule was used to analyze abscisic acid per HPLC. The HHP generated positive effects due the seed hydration, which reflected in the percentage and speed of germination [4]. The begin of the seeds germination subjected to HHP was anticipated to 70 hours due to greater water retention, characterized by the increasing of weight (about 2.8 times greater when compared to dry weight), followed by germination values between 70-90%, while the seeds subjected to ambient pressure (control group) showed hydration of about 2.4 times and germination around 55-65%. The ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) showed lower water retention, resulting in lower mean percentage and germination speed when compared to HHP treatments. The abscisic acid (ABA) is closely related to tolerance to stress conditions (HHP) and its relation to gibberellin (GA) is crucial in the process of germination. The pressure transfer fluid has proven useful for the detection of abscisic acid, characterized by the presence of chromatograph peak with retention time equals to analyses of samples fortified with industrial ABA. The analyses of the HPLC chromatograms demonstrate changes in the composition of the water used as medium of pressure transfer. The seeds undergoing HHP pressure showed through gas chromatogram, differences between the concentrations of protein, peptides and phenol, when compared to the seeds subjected to hydrostatic control group. The balance between the concentrations of abscisic acid and gibberelin is related to germination. The presence of ABA in fluid of pressure transfer indicates a factor of germination capacity of seeds subjected to HHP stress. HHP stress is an effective biotechnological tool in the search for new mechanisms of stimulation of Carica Papaya seeds in order to provide improved germination and breaking of dormancy. Some data obtained in this experiment were omitted because due to patent submission.

Depositional Environment of Es4uand Es3lShales Based on Biomarkers from the Boxing Sag of Dongying Depression, East China

The Boxing Sag is located in the southwest of Dongying Depression, southern Bohai Bay Basin of East China. It is one of the main petroliferous sags in the Dongying Depression, and has two major source rocks, namely the upper 4th Member (Es4u) and lower 3rd Member (Es3l) shales of Eocene Shahejie Formation, which are the new exploration targets in recent years. In this study, 16 core samples were collected from Es4u and Es3l shales in the Boxing Sag, and the saturate hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The results show that Es4u shale has obvious phytane and gammacerane predominance, higher concentration of tricyclic terpanes and regular steranes, and very low concentration of 4-methly steranes; Es3l shale has pristane predominance, lower concentration of tricyclic terpanes, gammacerane and regular steranes, and higher concentration of 4-methly steranes. The Es4u shale can be further divided into two types based on the distribution of n-alkanes in gas chromatograms: normal distribution and double peak pattern. The biomarker characteristics and sedimentary facies distribution show that Es4u shale was deposited in the saline-hypersaline semi-deep (Type A Es4u shale, sag center) to shallow (Type B Es4u shale, sag edge) lacustrine environments, Es3l shale was deposited in the freshwater-brackish semi-deep-deep lacustrine environments, and the former sedimentary facies maps of Es4u and Es3l in the Boxing Sag are further modified.

Sulfur removal and release behaviors of sulfur-containing model compounds during pyrolysis under inert atmosphere by TG-MS connected with Py-GC

Sulfur containing model compounds, tetradecyl mercaptan, dibutyl sulfide, phenyl sulfide, 2-methyl thiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, were selected to investigate their sulfur removal and release behaviors during pyrolysis under inert atmosphere by thermo-gravimetric analyzer with mass spectrometer (TG-MS) and pyrolysis connected with gas chromatogram (Py-GC). It was found that the order of sulfur removal was tetradecyl mercaptan > dibutyl sulfide > 2-methyl thiophene > benzo thiophene > phenyl sulfide > dibenzothiophene. Except for phenylsulfide, this rule is contrary to the decomposition temperature order of the sulfur functional groups. SO2 evolution was detected by MS and GC for all those model compounds and COS evolution was also found except for phenylsulfide and dibenzothiophene; while H2S evolution was measured only for tetradecyl mercaptan, dibutyl sulfide and 2-methyl thiophene. However, SO2 content was much higher than H2S and COS in pyrolysis gas for each model compound, which may be caused by that indigenous hydrogen was much less than indigenous oxygen under inert atmosphere, when activated carbon was used as carrier. Thus, most of sulfur radicals can connect with indigenous oxygen and release in the form of SO2. For phenyl sulfide, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene, as their indigenous hydrogen was not enough to react with sulfur radicals, no H2S was detected during pyrolysis under inert atmosphere, while SO2 was found and its content was very high in pyrolysis gas.