Mouthwash Research Articles

Knowledge, Self-Perception, Attitude of Halitosis Among Students in Chengalpet: A Questionnaire Study

Aim: To measure self-perception, knowledge, and awareness of halitosis among students studying in Karpaga Vinayaga educational groups Materials and Methods: In this study, total of 240 participants who are students of Karpaga Vinayaga educational group were recruited. A questionnaire was created online using Google Forms, and the link was sent to the participants through different social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Emails. Their responses were recorded. Result: A widespread issue that affects people all over the world, halitosis or bad breath, has social and psychological as well as medical repercussions. There is ample evidence that halitosis is common everywhere in the world. Our study found that the self-perception of poor breath is significantly influenced by age. Most of the respondents in our study did not report to dentist for having bad breath. Instead, they tried to solve by using chewing gums, mouth wash and sweets. This gave us the conclusion that they lack knowledge about the cause and management plan. Conclusion: Oral malodour is generally poorly understood in all of its facets. Therefore, it is important to promote increased public awareness and education. To lessen this issue, regular visits to dentists and other healthcare providers should be promoted. It should be stressed that dentists have a responsibility to educate and advise their patients about oral malodour, and dental students should receive enough training in handling this problem by organising dental camps, lectures should be provided to students so as to improve knowledge about halitosis14 Keywords: Halitosis, Awareness, Self-perception, Bad breath, Oral Malodor

Virucidal activity of a plant-oil-based oral rinse against respiratory viruses

Respiratory viruses have been reported to infect the salivary glands and the throat, which are potential reservoirs for virus replication and transmission. Therefore, strategies to reduce the amount of infective virus particles in the oral mucous membranes could lower the risk of transmission. In this study, the viral inactivation capacity of a plant oil-based oral rinse (Salviathymol) was evaluated in comparison to chlorhexidine (Chlorhexamed FORTE) using a quantitative suspension test according to EN 14476. Salviathymol efficiently inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and two influenza strains to undetectable levels, highlighting its potential as preventive measure to lower transmission of respiratory viruses.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses: A clinical study

Background: This clinical study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses in a controlled setting. With oral hygiene being a crucial aspect of overall health, it is essential to determine which type of mouth rinse is more effective and safer for daily use. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted with 150 adult participants. They were divided into two groups: one using an alcohol-containing mouth rinse, and the other using an alcohol-free alternative. Participants followed a standardized oral hygiene regimen for four weeks, using their respective mouth rinses twice daily. Key parameters such as plaque reduction, gingival health, and adverse effects were assessed at baseline and after the study period. Results: The results indicated a significant reduction in plaque accumulation in both groups, with the alcohol-containing mouth rinse group showing a mean reduction of 25.4% and the alcohol-free group showing a mean reduction of 23.1%. In terms of gingival health, both groups demonstrated improvement, with the alcohol-containing mouth rinse group showing a mean reduction of gingival inflammation by 19.2%, while the alcohol-free group exhibited a reduction of 18.5%. Importantly, the alcohol-free mouth rinse group reported fewer cases of adverse effects such as dry mouth and irritation compared to the alcohol-containing group. Conclusion: This clinical study suggests that both alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and improving gingival health when used as part of a daily oral hygiene routine. However, the alcohol-free mouth rinse demonstrated a lower incidence of adverse effects, making it a potentially safer choice for individuals with sensitivity or a history of irritation. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S97-S100

Peri-implantitis: Knowledge and attitudes of implantology clinicians regarding the disease management: Peri-implantitis knowledge.

Since peri-implantitis is an increasing and prevalent concern in clinical practice and there is no consensus regarding the best therapeutic protocol, this study evaluated the knowledge and behaviours of dentists working in Implantology regarding implant-related infections modulating factors and therapeutic protocols used in the management of peri-implantitis. Cross-sectional study was conducted with 86 Brazilian Implantology clinicians. Data were collected using a structured and online questionnaire evaluating socioeconomic characteristics, education, work/clinical practice, knowledge and attitudes regarding the risk factors and management of peri-implantitis. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by test-retest technique. The questionnaire was developed based on the last consensus on peri-implant diseases (2018) and the current evidence related to implant-related infections. Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted adopting a significance level of 5%. In this study, 89.5% of included dentists reported that already treated patients with peri-implantitis. Approximately 80% of dentists use antibiotics and mouth rinses during the treatment, and surgical procedures seem the main choice to treat peri-implantitis (91.8%) by dentists. As a preventive approach, 94.2% of dentists reported that routinely assessedbiofilm accumulation in the follow-up visits after implant placement. Logistic regression showed that the self-reported ability to treat peri-implantitis was statistically (p < 0.05) higher among dentists who reported abilities to diagnose the disease and use laser for peri-implantitis treatment. Dentists working in Implantology have a good level of knowledge and behaviors in the management of peri-implantitis. However, the lack of consensus regarding the best treatment protocols may reflect dentist's behaviours because different treatment protocols have been used by evaluated clinicians.

Oral hygiene practices and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundPoor oral hygiene affects the overall health and quality of life. However, the oral hygiene practice in rural communities and contributing factors are not well documented. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess oral hygiene practices and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 1190 households. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire, prepared based on a review of relevant literature. The questionnaire comprises socio-demographic information, access to health and hygiene messages, oral hygiene practices, and water quality. We assessed oral hygiene practices with these criteria: mouth wash with clean water in every morning, mouth wash with clean water after eating, brushing teeth regularly, and avoiding gum pricking. Gum pricking in this study is defined as sticking needles or wires into gums to make the gums black for beauty. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with oral hygiene practices. Significant associations were declared on the basis of adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-values < 0.05.ResultsResults showed that all the family members usually washed their mouth with clean water in everyday morning and after eating in 65.2% and 49.6% of the households, respectively. Furthermore, 29.9% of the households reported that all the family members regularly brushed their teeth using toothbrush sticks and one or more of the family members in 14.5% of the households had gum pricking. Overall, 42.9% (95% CI: 39.9, 45.6%) of the households had good oral hygiene practices. Health and/or hygiene education was associated with good oral hygiene practices in the area (AOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.21).ConclusionMore than half of the households had poor oral hygiene practices in the area and cleaning of teeth with toothpastes is not practiced in the area, where as gum pricking is practiced in more than one-tenth of the households. The local health department needs provide community-level oral health education/interventions, such as washing mouth with clean water at least twice a day, teeth brushing using indigenous methods such as toothbrush sticks or modern methods such as toothpastes, and avoiding gum pricking to promote oral health.

PH-Triggered Controlled Release of Chlorhexidine Using Chitosan-Coated Titanium Silica Composite for Dental Infection Prevention.

Peri-implantitis is a growing pathological concern for dental implants which aggravates the occurrence of revision surgeries. This increases the burden on both hospitals and the patients themselves. Research is now focused on the development of materials and accompanying implants designed to resist biofilm formation. To enhance this endeavor, a smart method of biofilm inhibition coupled with limiting toxicity to the host cells is crucial. Therefore, this research aims to establish a proof-of-concept for the pH-triggered release of chlorhexidine (CHX), an antiseptic commonly used in mouth rinses, from a titanium (Ti) substrate to inhibit biofilm formation on its surface. To this end, a macroporous Ti matrix is filled with mesoporous silica (together referred to as Ti/SiO2), which acts as a diffusion barrier for CHX from the CHX feed side to the release side. To limit release to acidic conditions, the release side of Ti/SiO2 is coated with crosslinked chitosan (CS), a pH-responsive and antimicrobial natural polymer. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed successful CS film formation and crosslinking on the Ti/SiO2 disks. The presence of the CS coating reduced CHX release by 33% as compared to non-coated Ti/SiO2 disks, thus reducing the antiseptic exposure to the environment in normal conditions. Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyzer (SDT) results highlighted the thermal stability of the crosslinked CS films. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) indicated a clear pH response for crosslinked CS coatings in an acidic medium. This pH response also influenced CHX release through a Ti/SiO2/CS disk where the CHX release was higher than the average trend in the neutral medium. Finally, the antimicrobial study revealed a significant reduction in biofilm formation for the CS-coated samples compared to the control sample using viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction (v-qPCR) measurements, which were also corroborated using SEM imaging. Overall, this study investigates the smart triggered release of pharmaceutical agents aimed at inhibiting biofilm formation, with potential applicability to implant-like structures.

Association between human papillomaviruses, metabolic syndrome, and all-cause death; analysis of the U.S. NHANES 2003-2004 to 2015-2016.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, attributed to 4.5% of all cancers worldwide. Co-infection with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a common cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, has been shown to increase the persistence of HPV. The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between HPV and MetS on mortality risk. Data for the current study was drawn from seven consecutive cycles (2003-2004 to 2015-2016) of the U.S. NHANES. The final analytic sample consisted of 5,101 individuals aged 18-65y with HPV and MetS information with follow-up to Dec. 31st, 2019. Baseline HPV status was assessed by either vaginal swab, penile swab or oral rinse and used to classify participants as: no HPV (n = 1,619), low (n = 1,138), probable (n = 672), and high-risk (n = 1,672; 22% type 16, and 10% type 18) HPV using IARC criteria. MetS was assessed by the Harmonized criteria. The average follow-up was 9.4 y with 240 all-cause deaths (no HPV: n = 46 deaths; low-risk: n = 60 deaths; probable: n = 37 deaths, and; high-risk: n = 97 deaths). HPV status alone revealed no associations with mortality in fully adjusted models. Cross-classification into discrete MetS/HPV strata yielded an increased risk of mortality in females with high-risk HPV/MetS relative to the no MetS/no HPV group. In this study, low, probable, and high-risk HPV and MetS were differentially related to mortality risk in men and women. Further work is necessary to separate the temporal, age, vaccination, and sex effects of HPV diagnosis in these relationships using prospective studies with detailed histories of HPV infection and persistence.

Efficacy of povidone-iodine nasal rinse and mouth wash in COVID-19 management: a prospective, randomized pilot clinical trial (povidone-iodine in COVID-19 management)

Objectives/HypothesisTo assess the efficacy of 0.23% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) nasal rinses and mouth washes on detectability of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus and cycle threshold (Ct) values in nasopharyngeal swabs.Study designThis was an open-label, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.SettingThe study was conducted in King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from August 2021 to July 2022.MethodsParticipants diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 were randomly assigned to one of three groups, with participants receiving either 0.23% PVP-I, 0.9% normal saline (NS) nasal rinses and mouth washes, or no intervention (control group). Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken 4, 8, 12, and 18 days after the first swab to measure the detectability of the virus and the Ct.ResultsA total of 19 participants were involved in this study. The mean viral survival was 9.8, 12, and 12.6 days for the PVP-I, NS, and control groups, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.046). The Ct mean values were 23 ± 3.4, 23.5 ± 6.3, and 26.3 ± 5.9 at the time of recruitment and 25.2 ± 3.5, 15 ± 11.7, and 26.9 ± 6.4 after 4 days for the PVP-I, NS, and control groups, respectively.ConclusionsWhen used continuously at a concentration of 0.23%, PVP-I showed promising results in terms of decreasing the pandemic burden by reducing the period of infectiousness and viral load. However, the use of PVP-I did not result in significantly different changes in the quality-of-life parameters in recently vaccinated and mild COVID-19 patients.

Impact of various solutions on the oral health status of critically ill patients.

Oral care is a crucial challenge of nursing care in orally intubated patients. Oropharyngeal colonization with microorganisms is probably the first step in the pathogenesis of most bacterial pulmonary infections. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different oral care solutions on the oral health status of critically ill patients. We conducted a quasi-experimental study involving a convenience sample of 60 adult orally intubated patients, distributed equally into three groups: 20 patients received 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) solution as an oral rinse; 20 patients received 0.1% hexetidine (HEX) solution as an oral rinse; and a control group of 20 patients received routine hospital oral care with 0.9% normal saline (NS) solution. Oropharyngeal and tracheal cultures were obtained from patients within 24-48 h of admission, before the administration of topical oral antimicrobial solutions and then repeated on day 4 and day 7 after the oral solutions. The study revealed that CHX has a more powerful effect than HEX and NS in improving the oral mucosa and decreasing colonization of both the oropharynx and trachea. On day 7, the improvements were statistically significant in the CHX group and the HEX group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively), but not in the NS group. This research confirms the effect of CHX and HEX in lowering the risk of tracheal and oropharyngeal colonization, and recommends the use of a CHX solution as oral mouth care in critically ill patients.

73 Long-term psychosocial impact of head & neck cancer treatment

Advancing insights into QOL of long-term survivorsIn this presentation, the following topics will be addressed: •Changes in health related quality of life over time from time of diagnosis to 2 years after treatment•Health related quality of life in relation to survival•What is the role of personal, clinical, biological, physical, psychological, social, lifestyle, and HNC-related factors?Data was used of The NETherlands QUality of life and BIomedical Cohort study in head and neck cancer (HNC) (NET-QUBIC) a prospective cohort study including 739 HNC patients and 262 informal caregivers. NET-QUBIC comprises a Data Warehouse and Biobank integrating detailed clinical information and data derived from patient reported outcomes, interviews, and functional tests, and samples of tumour tissue, blood, oral rinse, and saliva. Data and samples are available to researchers worldwide via data releases that are announced on www.kubusproject.nl.In the present study, we used NET-QUBIC data and samples to investigate the course of health related quality of life of HNC patients from diagnosis to 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment. Health related quality of life was operationalised by the EORTC QLQ-C30 global quality of life subscale (2 items) and the summary score.

The effect of preprocedural mouthrinses against COVID-19 before acid etching on the microleakage of a resin-based sealant in permanent molars: An in vitro experimental study.

To determine whether rinsing with preprocedural mouthrinses against coronavirus disease before acid etching affects resin-based sealant microleakage. A presented in vitro experimental study was performed on 15 extracted permanent third molars. Samples were randomly allocated into five groups: Group 1-distilled water (control); Group 2-1% hydrogen peroxide; Group 3-1.5% hydrogen peroxide; Group 4-0.5% povidone-iodine; and Group 5-1% povidone-iodine. After the teeth were immersed in the assigned mouth rinses for 60 s, they were sealed with Concise™ white sealant. Subsequently, the teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles, immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 h, and sectioned with two parallel cuts in the buccolingual direction. Sixty surfaces (12 surfaces in each group) were examined for microleakage under a 40× light microscope and scored as described by Zyskind et al. Welch's one-way analysis of variance test and the Games-Howell test were used to analyze the results at a significance level of P < 0.05 for all tests. The intergroup comparisons indicated that the 0.5% povidone-iodine group and the 1% povidone-iodine group had significantly higher microleakage compared with the control group. The 1% and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide groups demonstrated no significant difference in mean microleakage scores compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between the povidone groups and the hydrogen peroxide groups. Preprocedural rinsing with 0.5% and 1% povidone-iodine before acid etching caused higher microleakage of resin-based sealant, while hydrogen peroxide rinsing gave comparable microleakage compared with the control group.

In Vitro Evaluation of Remineralization Potential: Whey Extract, Fluoride Varnish, and Fluoride Mouthwash on Bleached Enamel

Background: Extrinsic discoloration is treated with bleaching which increases enamel porosity and roughness. Remineralizing materials is applied to avoid the bleaching side effects. The current study aimed to evaluate time dependent safety of bleaching materials on enamel surfaces roughness, and to assess the remineralizing potential of whey extract as a natural product and to compare it with the commercially available fluoride varnish and fluoride mouthwash after maximum bleaching time (30 min.). Methods: Extracted human incisor teeth without cracks or any enamel defects were used in this study. Teeth were cleaned and decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction. A nail varnish was used to cover the entire surface of the crowns of each tooth, leaving a window measuring 4 mm × 4mm. Bleaching material was applied to the enamel of all teeth specimens. The Application of bleaching material was repeated 2 more times, each time for 10 minutes, which amounted in total to 30 min. The specimens in group 1 were soaked in artificial saliva, the specimens in group 2 were soaked in whey extract, the specimens in group 3 were treated with fluoride varnish and group 4 specimens were soaked in fluoride mouthwash. Results: The mean value of the surface roughness of all the teeth specimens was increased significantly after bleaching for 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes (p=0.000) when compared with baseline mean value. As well, there was significant direct correlation between application time of bleaching material and mean value of surface roughness (r= 0.94). There were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) between the specimens of the 4 groups when the mean value of surface roughness compared at baseline and after bleaching. But, after treatment, there was significant difference (p≤0.05) between the 4 groups, with the best result obtained from whey extract and fluoride varnish. Conclusions: The enamel surface roughness is significantly and directly correlated with prolonged application time of bleaching material. Remineralizing materials; whey extract, fluoride varnish and fluoride mouth wash had significantly decreased enamel surface roughness caused by bleaching. Whey extract has statistically the same effect as fluoride varnish on decreasing the surface roughness of bleached enamel surface.

Apple of Sedom a Ayurveda’s Gift

The beginning of civilization, human beings have worshiped plants and such plants are conserved as a genetic resource. Calotropis gigantea Linn is a well known medicinal herb commonly known as milk weed. It has been used in Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine for years. The current study was intended to evaluate and compare the in vivo efficacy of Calotropis gigantea mouth rinse as anticariogenic agents with 0.2% chlorhexidine and Listerine mouth rincsae. All parts of the plant have been used as medicine as well as an important ingredient in a number of Unani formulations used for the treatment of various ailments. In classical Unani literature it is mentioned to have anthelmintic, appetizer, anti flatulence, astringent, tonic, expectorant, emetic, diaphoretic, anti inflammatory, sedative, wound healer, antidote and digestive properties and used in asthma, stomach ache, cholera, amenorrhea and toothache. Phytochemical constituents include giganteol, α and β calotropeol, β-amyrin, giganteol and isogiganteol etc. Calotropis gigantea has been reported for its anti asthmatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound healing, antiinflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic activities. In this review the main extract of Calotropis gigantea discussed.

Efficacy of probiotics and coconut oil-based mouthrinses to improve oral health

Objectives: We analyzed the relative beneficial impacts of probiotics and coconut oil-based mouth rinses on oral health. Methods : A total of 33 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to three groups. Coconut oil and probiotics were given to the experimental group, and distilled water to the control group. We evaluated the possession site of Gingival index, CPITN index, BOP, Pocket depth, and PHP index. Results: In the coconut oil and probiotic groups, Gingival index significantly decreased on both days 15 and 30. CPITN significantly decreased on days 15 and 30 in the coconut oil group (p&lt;0.01), and on day 30 in the probiotic group (p=0.002). There was a significant interaction between group and time for BOP and PHP index (p&lt;0.001), and the coconut oil group was more effective in improving BOP and PHP index. Conclusions: The above results showed that the mediation effect of coconut oil and probiotics was more effective with coconut oil.

Importance of Metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) in the Diagnosis of Periodontitis.

Periodontitis is a complex condition. Left untreated, it leads to tooth loss and the need for prosthetic treatment. The incidence of periodontitis is steadily increasing, so new methods are being sought to aid in the diagnosis of the disease. Among the methods postulated is the determination of concentrations of bioactive compounds which include extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These enzymes are present in various structural elements of the stomatognathic system. The most promising enzyme of this group appears to be metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8). MMP-8 assays are performed in gingival fluid or saliva, and MMP-8 levels have been shown to be higher in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects and correlated with some clinical parameters of the condition and the severity of the disease. In addition, the preliminary usefulness of this enzyme in evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal treatment and doxycycline therapy has been demonstrated. Determination of the active form of MMP-8 (aMMP-8) in oral rinse fluid using off-the-shelf assays shows the highest potential. Despite reports about aMMP-8 and promising data on the role of MMP-8 in periodontal diagnosis, a clear determination of the usefulness of this enzyme requires further research.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse failed to reduce central fatigue, lower perceived exertion, and improve performance during incremental exercise.

We examined if carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may reduce central fatigue and perceived exertion, thus improving maximal incremental test (MIT) performance. Nine recreational cyclists warmed up for 6 min before rinsing a carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) solution in their mouth for 10 s in a double-blind, counterbalanced manner. Thereafter, they performed the MIT (25 W·min-1 increases until exhaustion) while cardiopulmonary and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) responses were obtained. Pre- to post-MIT alterations in voluntary activation (VA) and peak twitch torque (Tw) were determined. Time-to-exhaustion (p = 0.24), peak power output (PPO; p = 0.45), and V̇O2MAX (p = 0.60) were comparable between conditions. Neither treatment main effect nor time-treatment interaction effect were observed in the first and second ventilatory threshold when expressed as absolute or relative V̇O2 (p = 0.78 and p = 0.96, respectively) and power output (p = 0.28 and p = 0.45, respectively) values, although with moderate-to-large effect sizes. RPE increased similarly throughout the tests and was comparable at the ventilatory thresholds (p = 0.56). Despite the time main effect revealing an MIT-induced central and peripheral fatigue as indicated by the reduced VA and Tw, CHO mouth rinse was ineffective in attenuating both fatigues. Hence, rinsing the mouth with CHO was ineffective in reducing central fatigue, lowering RPE, and improving MIT performance expressed as PPO and time-to-exhaustion. However, moderate-to-large effect sizes in power output values at VT1 and VT2 may suggest some beneficial CHO mouth rinse effects on these MIT outcomes.

Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity.

The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.

Effects of Oil Pulling and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on the Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

Oil pulling is a traditional Indian folk remedy for maintaining oral hygiene among orthodontic patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of oil pulling and compare them with those of chlorhexidine (CHX) and distilled water on the force decay of elastomeric chains. Twenty-one samples were tested in three groups. Each of these groups contained seven samples per group. The samples evaluated contained distilled water, 0.2% CHX, and sesame oil. The samples were dipped in various mouth rinses, and force degradation was measured using a dynamometer (dynamic universal testing machine, Instron 8801, Instron, Norwood, MA) during days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The significance level was considered at 1%. Force degradation was observed more in distilled water, followed by sesame oil, and less in CHX at the end of 28 days. Significant differences in values (p < 0.01) were found among the three groups in all the timelines in the study except on days 14 and 21. Chlorhexidine showed the least amount of force decay, followed by oil pulling and distilled water. However, if oil pulling is practiced daily as a household remedy along with regular oral hygiene practices, it can save time and money and enhance general health.

Comparison of Two Routinely Used Mouthwashes for Plaque Control Among Young Adults: An Observational Study

ABSTRACT Background: The most common and convenient technique to provide antiplaque medicines is through mouth rinses, which have the advantage of accessing places that are difficult for a toothbrush to clean. Chlorhexidine and Listerine mouthwashes were tested for their effectiveness when used in addition to routine teeth cleaning techniques. However, the studies assessing the antibacterial effects of these among young adults are diversified and limited. Materials and Methods: This comparative study was conducted among 240 schoolchildren. The participants were separated into three groups: A, B, and C. The research was conducted at two intervals of time, before therapy and during treatment period. The plaque was assessed through the plaque index (Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein plaque index (1970)). After a month, individuals had oral examination and were assessed. Results: Following the first week, a comparison of plaque scores was made between the three groups. Plaque score is lower in group C and group B than in group A in the succeeding second, third, and fourth weeks, but Tukey’s test results suggest that group C has a larger decrease in plaque than group B. Conclusion: According to this study, as compared to a placebo mouthwash, both a mouthwash containing 0.2% chlorhexidine and one containing phenol dramatically reduced plaque development and gingival irritation.

Fluoride and its Implications on Oral Health: A Review.

This article aims to review the literature about the history of fluoride, its toxicity, prevalence, prevention, diagnosis, and management in oral healthcare practice. Fluoride is the cornerstone of oral health, playing a pivotal role in oral health. Fluoride can be administered topically or systemically. Topically, it is found in toothpaste, mouth rinses, and professional treatments such as fluoride varnish. These directly shield teeth from decay and strengthen the existing enamel. Systemically, fluoride is ingested through water, foods, or supplements, benefiting tooth development, especially in children. Nevertheless, responsible fluoride use is essential. Overexposure can lead to dental fluorosis, affecting tooth aesthetics. Consulting a dentist for personalized guidance on fluoride usage can help strike the right balance between oral protection and potential side effects, ensuring a radiant and healthy smile for life.