Garcinia Atroviridis Research Articles

Genetic diversity based on molecular analysis for Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis griff. ex t. anders) some districts in North Sumatra

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. known as asam gelugur, it is native to Peninsular Malaysia. The distribution area of Asam gelugur in Indonesia is from Aceh to South Sumatra. The use of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers aims to understanding of the genetic diversity of G.atroviridis. This study aims to observed at the genetic diversity of asam gelugur from Deli Serdang, Langkat, Karo, Serdang Bedagai and Asahan Districts, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The research was conducted at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. The research method used of the molecular marking method using 2 SSR primers (M1s75 and Vsur) based on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) which amplifies the Specific DNA sequence. The results showed that primers M1s75 and Vsur were able to amplify 25 samples. The size of the bands was around 150-285 bp and showed monomorphic bands.

The effect of Garcinia atroviridis extract on water content, pH and cooking loss value of rejected laying hens meat

Garcinia atroviridis or by Indonesian name is Asam Gelugur (tamarind) is often used as a spice for cooking in Indonesia. Garcinia fruit contains minerals, vitamins, fibre, flavonoids, hydroxy citric, ascorbic, malic, tartaric, and also other ingredients that are useful for health and cause a decrease in the quality of meat. The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of Garcinia extract on water content, pH, and cooking loss values of rejected laying hens. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was given to the rejected laying hens meat that were marinated in Garcinia extract levels that are 0% (P0), 2% (P1), 4% (P2) and 6% (P3) for 15 minutes and then stored for 48 hours at room temperature 270C to 300C. Based on the analysis of variance and test results with DMRT showed that using Garcinia extract at all levels had a highly significant different (P<0.01) of the water content, pH and cooking losses of rejected laying hens meat. Garcinia atroviridis at 4% level effectively maintains the quality of meat during storage for up to 48 hours because it produces the normal water content, pH and reduces cooking loss.

Garcinia atroviridis (Botani, Pemanfaatan dan Bioaktivitasnya)

Garcinia atroviridis is a species in the Clusiaceae family that has long been used by humans as a spice and traditional medicine. The use of G. atroviridis as a spice and traditional medicine is related to its secondary metabolites and bioactivity. The method of writing this article is a review of the literature published online, especially on Google scholars, using the keyword Garcinia atroviridis, uses of G. atroviridis and bioactivity of G. atroviridis. The articles or research results obtained were reviewed and then synthesized so that comprehensive information was obtained about the botany, benefits and biactivity of G. atroviridis. Garcinia atroviridis can be identified by the thin, pale yellow sap produced on the stems. Ethnobotany G. atroviridis is used for cooking spices to enhance taste, produce a sour / fresh taste and increase food resistance. Bioactivity of G. atroviridis is anti-obesity, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-cancer. Garcinia atroviridis contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA, or (-) - HCA) which is associated with bioactivity as an anti-obesity because it inhibits ATP-citrate lyase. Bioactivity as an antimicrobial can be developed into a natural food preservative.

Physical quality improvement of culled chicken meat with marinated technology using Gelugur acid (Garcinia atroviridis) biomass

Culled chicken meat have a tough texture, so they are less liked by consumers. The quality improvement of meat is needed to overcome the problem, one of which uses inexpensive spices, namely Gelugur acid (Garcinia atroviridis). This study aimed to determine the gelugur acid marination, which was effective to improve the physical quality of culled chicken meat. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of P0: without marination using gelugur acid, marinating in 50 g of gelugur acid + 1000 mL distilled water (P1); 750 mL distilled water (P2) and 500 mL distilled water (P3). It was concluded that the level of marinating using gelugur acid to the physical quality of culled chicken meat had a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on the physical quality of chicken meat, namely the pH value, cooking loss and tenderness. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on drip loss and colour of meat. Acid compounds contained in Gelugur acid are thought to cause protein denaturation so that they affect the physical quality of meat. Marination at concentration (P1) was an effective level to improve the physical quality of culled chicken meat.

Effects of Giving Asam Gelugur Leaf Meal in Non-Conventional Rations on Carcass Percentage and Carcass Composition of Male and Female Ducks in Grower Phase

Ducks are still less liked by consumers because the quality of production is still low compared to broilers. To improve this quality, additional feed can be in the form of herbs which are thought to have content for this. Asam gelugur leaves contain hydroxycitric acid and active substances that act as antioxidants. So that it is expected to improve the quality of the carcass. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of giving asam gelugur leaf meal on the percentage and composition of male and female ducks in the grower phase. The study was conducted for 2 months in the Poultry Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University. The 40 grower ducks consist of male and female. Fourty male and female grower ducks were allocated into a 2 x 4 completely randomized factorial design. Factor A consisted of sexes (male and female) and factor B consisted of levels of asam gelugur leaf meal inclusion in rations (0, 2, 4, and 6%). five replicates were used for each treatment. The variables observed were slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, commercial cut percentage of carcass and duck carcass composition. The results showed that there was no interaction and there was no significant difference (P&gt; 0.05) from giving asam gelugur leaf meal to carcass percentage, carcass commercial cut percentage and duck carcass composition. The conclusion of this study is that giving asam gelugur leaf meal to males and females can maintain the quality of the carcass and the composition of the local duck carcass.

The methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) reduces body weight and food intake, and improves lipid profiles by altering the lipid metabolism: a rat model.

Garcinia species are widely used for their slimming effects via increased fat burning and suppression of satiety. However, scientific evidence for the biological effects of Garcinia atroviridis (GA) is lacking. We investigated the phytochemical composition, safety profiles, and antioxidant and antiobesity effects of methanolic extracts of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) in obese female rats. Repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted according to the OECD guidelines. Upon sacrifice, haematological, biochemical, lipid profile, and serum-based metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate metabolic expression changes and their related pathways. MeGa contains several phytochemical groups and GA fruit acids. MeGa was found to be nontoxic in both male and female rats with an oral lethal dose (LD50) of 2000 mg/kg. After 9 weeks of treatment, MeGa-treated obese rats had lower weight gain and better lipid profiles (cholesterol and triglyceride), which correlated with the altered metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of lipid (glycerophospholipid) and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. In addition, MeGa caused differential metabolism pathways of arachidonic acid and tryptophan that affect the inflammatory response and suppression of appetite. We concluded that MeGa is safe, and its slimming effects are due to the differential metabolism of lipids.

Development of Garcinia Atroviridis (Asam Gelugur) during Fruit Growth

Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anderson) in Malaysia normally used as dried fruit for ingredients in the food. Dried G. atroviridis also used for medicinal and health benefits food. Recently, G. atroviridis become more popular when RandD found that this fruit has high hydroxy acetic acid (HCA) (to reduce cholesterol and fat, slimming agent), high antioxidant content, anti-bacteria, anti-tumour, manage high blood pressure etc. This fruit was processed as health benefit foods and also as supplement and healthy drink. This traditional plant also proven can be planted on a commercial scale and give promising income to entrepreneurs. Therefore, a study on this plant also given priority. Study on different maturity stages is important to understand the development of fruit and to determine suitable harvesting stage as a guideline for harvesting and processing. Therefore, this study were carried out by tagging the fruit from flowering until the fruit set, matured and ripen stage. From the observation, fruit at age 85 days after flowering seem started matured and they were picked at every 5 days and analysed until day 125 when fruit were overripe and drop from tree. Fruit were analysed on physical (visual appearance, firmness, lightness, chroma, hue) and chemical (pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC) changes. Result showed that SSC of G. atroviridis were range from 6.13 – 7.73. SSC of G. atroviridis maintain during development and significantly increased after 120 days. Acidity (TTA) of G. atroviridis were very high (3.83 – 4.60 mg/100g). TTA significantly low at day 90 and 120 after fruit set, compare to other stages. Ascorbic acid content of G. atroviridis is considered low (0.77 – 1.35 mg/100g). pH of G. atroviridis is very low at 2.41 -2.60. This considered too low compared to other fruits. pH and ascorbic acid of G. atroviridis is fluctuated during the development of fruit from 85 to 125 day after flowering. Skin lightness increased significantly from day 85 to 100, maintain until day 110 and significantly decreased until day 125. Flesh lightness maintain during fruit development. Skin chroma maintain from day 85 to day 105, significantly increased after day 105 to 110, maintain until day 115 and significantly decreased thereafter. Flesh chroma remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 120, but slightly increased from day 120 to until day 125. Skin hue maintain from day 85 to day 95, significantly decreased after day 100 to 110, significantly increased until day 115 and maintain thereafter. Flesh hue remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 125. Firmness of G. atroviridis maintain during development, 19.35 – 23.25 N, but significantly higher at 125 days after flowering, 25.32 N.

Physical and antioxidant properties of starch/gelatin films incorporated with Garcinia atroviridis leaves

The potential application of Garcinia atroviridis leaves (GAL) extract as an active compound in tapioca starch/gelatin films for natural-based food packaging was studied in this work. Films with different concentrations of GAL extract (1, 3 and 5 %) were prepared by solution casting and the obtained films were homogenous, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regarding mechanical properties, tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) increased with GAL concentration, leading to stronger and more flexible films. Furthermore, a higher level of GAL reduced water solubility. Additionally, DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the antioxidant properties of the films were improved with the addition of GAL extract. Therefore, GAL extract incorporated into film-forming formulations showed potential as antioxidant additive. However, future research is essential to assess the shelf-life extension for various types of food products.

Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Anti-obesity Properties of Garcinia atroviridis and Camellia sinensis Extracts in High-Fat Diet Mice

Hyperlipidemia and obesity are risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension among the world’s population. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of green tea (Camellia sinesis) and Garcinia (Garcinia atroviridis) extracts in high-fat diet mice. The mice were fed with a high-fat diet and orally administrated extracts once daily. The extracts displayed a significant decrease in body weight, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, atherosclerosis index (AI), and glucose levels in blood. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol significantly increased. Treatment with the extracts reduced the lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and indicated the pathohistology of lower fat cells deposited in liver tissues. In in vitro studies, the extracts have been identified to be capable of inhibiting the activity of amylase and glucoside enzymes and scavenging free radicals. Moreover, both green tea and Garcinia extracts showed non-toxicity as presented by the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, the pathogenic factors involved in atherosclerosis were reduced by green tea and Garcinia extracts, and both extracts could be useful for better prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.

Encapsulation and characterization of Garcinia atroviridis rinds water extracts loaded nanoparticles

Garcinia atroviridis fruit has been shown to express anti-obesity activity as a result of its bioactive compound, hydroxycitric acid (HCA). HCA is effective in decreasing appetite, inhibiting fat synthesis, and reducing body weight. However, HCA is very unstable towards certain conditions thus limiting its bioavailability. To overcome the issue of HCA instability, HCA was encapsulated in chitosan (CS) nanoparticles in this study. CS nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent. The concentration of chitosan and TPP: chitosan volume ratios were varied and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized based on zeta potential, particle size, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and kinetics release. The most optimum nanoparticle was obtained with a combination of 1.5 mg/mL chitosan with a CS: TPP volume ratio of 4: 1. Zeta potential was measured by approximately 49 mV. The size of the particle at optimum condition was found to be 140 nm and the nanoparticle had high encapsulation efficiency (87.55±5.35%). G. atroviridis extract release from CS nanoparticles followed either Higuchi or Korsmeyer Peppas kinetic model. FT-IR studies indicated that G. atroviridis was encapsulated in CS nanoparticles. The present study revealed that concentration of chitosan, and CS: TPP volume ratio can significantly change the physical characteristics of the nanoparticles and this provides an avenue for formulators to engineer CS nanoparticles according to needs.

WARNA KULIT DAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA BUAH ASAM GELUGUR (Garcinia atroviridis Griffith et Anders.) PADA TINGKAT KEMATANGAN YANG BERBEDA

Gelugur acid (Garcinia atroviridis) is a fruit with high citric acid content so that it can be used as a source of antioxidants. This research was aim ed to study the effect of fruit maturity on the color and chemical composition of gelugur fruit. Gelugur acid f ruits with the different maturity level such as unripe , half-ripe, and ripe were analyzed for color, moisture content, ash content, total acid, total dissolved solids, and citric acid levels. The results showed that fruit maturity had a significantly different effect (P <0.05) on color, moisture content, ash content, total acid, total dissolved solids, and citric acid levels. The color of fruit which is stated by o Hue has a value of 71.6149-86.1362, including the yellow-red category. The higher the level of maturity, the lower the value of o Hue which indicates the color of the fruit more yellow. Moisture content, ash content, and total dissolved solids increase with increasing maturity, but total acid and citric acid levels decrease with increasing fruit maturity. The highest levels of citric acid were obtained in raw fruit at 6.22%.

Wild edible fruits generate substantial income for local people of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tamiang Region

Background: Gunung Leuser National Park offers a variety of wild edible fruit species (WEFs) with food, nutrition, medicine, and economic value to the local people. In recent times, these WEFs have been threatened by over-exploitation, land-use changes, and biodiversity loss. This study aims to investigate the diversity of WEFs and their contribution to household income for communities living around the National Park.Methods: The study was conducted in three sub-districts adjacent to Gunung Leuser National Park. The plant materials were randomly collected from three sub-districts, while local knowledge was gathered through a structured survey and in-depth interviews. The informant sample comprised 450 people, 150 from each of the three sub-districts.Results: A total of 54 wild edible fruit plants belonging to 41 genera and 27 families were recorded in the study area. Thirty-nine (72.22 %) species were found growing in forests, 12 (22.22 %) species in farmland, and 3 (5.56%) species occur in the bush. Several species have economic value including Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Diospyros kaki L.f., Flacourtia rukam Zoll.&amp;Moritzi, Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson, Lansium domesticum Corrêa, Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera odorata Griff., Mangifera laurina Blume, Nephelium cuspidatum Blume, Passiflora edulis Sims., Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst., Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston, and Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M. Perry. These fruits formed a source of household income and were harvested by approximately 82% of respondents. The sale of WEFs contributed approximately 34.31% of the total annual household income. These findings confirm the assumption that WEFs are important for the generation of household income.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of WEFs to local communities in Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia, particularly rural communities living near Gunung Palung National Park. WEFs play an important role in rural livelihoods by ensuring food, medicine, and sustained income. Policies and legislation involving stakeholders are required to ensure the cultivation, management, sustainable use, and promotion of WEFs in order to encourage the economic growth of the rural community in the Aceh Tamiang region.

Lipid Accumulation Modulation by Garcinia atroviridis Fruit Extract in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Cells

Garcinia atroviridis contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA) that affects obesity and obesity-related diseases. This paper aims to quantify the amount of (HCA) available in the fruit extract of Garcinia atroviridis and investigate the lipid modulation properties possessed by the extract in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to quantify HCA in the extract, whereas differentiated adipocytes were evaluated Oil Red O staining. The expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα was investigated using western blot, and the lipid content was confirmed using leptin ELISA assay. HPLC analysis quantified about 11.35 ± 0.55 % (w/w) of HCA in the fruit extract, with a retention time of 0.9 minutes corresponding to the standard. In the adipogenesis assay, an increased co-treatment concentration was observed and inhibited the formation of intracellular lipids. According to the western blot analysis, the treatment was found to significantly affect the expression of C/EBPα proteins solely. Meanwhile, the leptin assay finding was in agreement with the adipogenesis analysis as a decrement of leptin released was noted at increased treatment concentrations. Finally, the fruit extract enhanced the adipocyte breakdown (adipolysis) process as revealed by the glycerol concentration measured in the adipolysis assay. The findings indicated that the fruit extract of G. atroviridis played a role in the alteration of lipid accumulation processes by the intervention of proteins associated with adipogenesis and enhanced adipolysis.

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 ± 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 ± 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.

The effect of maturity level on pH, total soluble solid, protein and fat content of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) from North Sumatera

Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) a type of endemic plant that is found in Indonesia widely planted by farmers. Asam gelugur have been used for traditional food like gulai pindang, asam pedas, arsik and manisan. This paper deal about effect maturity level on pH, total soluble solid, fat content of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) from North Sumatera. The results showed that when the level of maturity increased the protein decreased, meanwhile when the level maturity increased the pH, total soluble solid and fat content increased.

Experimental study of the prototype of acid gelugur solar dryer (Garcinia atroviridis) with air velocity of 1.5 m/s

A prototype of a constant flow type of Solar Gelugur Acid (Garcinia atroviridis) dryer using 2 racks was investigated experimentally. The aim is to explore the performance and characteristics of the prototype. A box of solar acid Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) is designed and made. In experiments the thickness of Acid Gelugur consists of 3 mm and 5 mm. The speed of heat flow sourced from the solar collector is 1.5 m/s. Prototype exposed to sunlight located in the city of Medan. The average solar collector temperature is 92.20°C, the drying box temperature averages 33.54°C, Gelugur Acid Moisture average 94.42%, and Ambient Temperature data measured System efficiency is analyzed. The results showed that with a flow velocity of 1.5m/s constant, the percentage of acid content in Acid Gelugur (Garcinia Atroviridis) with a slice thickness of 3mm was greater than that of 5mm with drying for 8 hours.

IDENTIFIKASI LEBAH KELULUT ASAL BANGKA DAN PENDATAAN JENIS TUMBUHAN PENGHASIL RESIN BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN PROPOLIS

Resin is a substance needed by bees to produce a product, namely propolis. Resins are produced by plants as secondary metabolites. The diversity of plant species will affect the composition of active compounds in propolis. The more diverse types of plants will increase the quality of propolis. The purpose of this study was to identify the type of Kelulut bee and record and identify plants that were planted in bee culture, Pangkal Beras (West Bangka) and Lubuk Lingkuk (Central Bangka). Data collection on plant species is done by interview and exploration methods. The results of identification Kelulut bee in Pangkal Beras and Lubuk Lingkuk are Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula fuscobalteata. There are ten types of resin-producing plants in both locations, namely Artocarpus integra Merr., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Aquilaria malaccensis Benth., Cratoxylum glaucum Korth., Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll. Arg., Macaranga triloba Müll. Arg., Mangifera odorata Griff., Mangifera indica Thwaites, and Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.

Binding Mode, Absorption, And Distribution Profile, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff.) Fruit Phytoconstituents as Influenza H7N9 Neuraminidase Inhibitor

Binding Mode, Absorption, And Distribution Profile, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff.) Fruit Phytoconstituents as Influenza H7N9 Neuraminidase Inhibitor

Application of Phytochemical and Elemental Profiling, Chemometric Multivariate Analyses, and Biological Activities for Characterization and Discrimination of Fruits of Four Garcinia Species

Species of Garcinia (Guttiferae) are used for flavoring curries, as a supplement, and to treat various diseases. This study describes the comparison and discrimination of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia mangostana and Garcinia atroviridis fruits by analyzing their major phytochemicals, elemental content, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase enzymes activities. For phytochemical and elemental profiling, ultraviolet (UV), near infrared/infrared (NIR/IR), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) techniques were used. The chemometric multivariate tests of linear discriminant and principal component analyses (LDA, PCA) were used to discriminate the subject fruit samples. Spectroscopic data showed resonances of phenolics and flavonoidal constituents present in the fruits. G. mangostana exhibited the highest phenolics (721.6 to 2815.3 µM GAE/g), whereas G. cambogia was rich in flavonoids (51.9 to 2709.2 µM QE/g). Anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) evaluated by high performance liquid chromatographic was 9.01 mg/kg in G. mangostana fruit. In the analyzed fruits, Ca, K and Na were high, trace essential elements were at appreciable contents, whereas the toxic elements As, Cd, Tl, and Pb were within the safe limits. G. mangostana contained potent free radicals and cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors, whereas G. cambogia inhibited α-amylase enzyme more significantly. PCA and LDA discriminated the fruit samples with distinct classification and variability indices. The analyzed fruits were shown to be good sources of free radicals, cholinesterase, and α-amylase enzymes inhibition, mineral and essential elements, and safe for human consumption.

Physicochemical Properties of Gelugur Powder (Garcinia atroviridis)

Garcinia fruits (local name asam gelugur) are one of endemic species in North Sumatera, Indonesia. In Indonesia, asam gelugur have been used for seasoning cook and tea. This study used two factors, the maturity level (T) and drying temperature (S). The result showed that the level of maturity had a very significant effect on water content, total soluble solid, and total acid; had a significant effect on ash content. Drying temperature had a very significant effect on water content, ash content, vitamin C content, total soluble solid, and color score; had a significant effect on total acid. The interaction between the two factors had a very siginificant effect on total soluble solid. The raw gelugur and drying temperature 50 °C produced the best and more acceptable quality of gelugur powder.