Refuse Incineration Research Articles

Environmental Evaluation for Three Typical MSW Incineration Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Garbage incineration is an effective minimization and resource processing methods, but there are no comparative analysises about the environmental impact of incineration processes. To investigate the environmental impacts of three typical MSW incineration processes, we modeled scenarios, calculated energy consumed and six aspects which classified as GWP, ODP, AP, EP, POCP and DUST. The classification results showed the value of the environment impact potential respectively. The impact potential of heat recover-dry absorption processes according to normalized results in descending order is GWP>EP>DUST>AP>POCP>ODP, in contrast the rank of heat recover-wet absorption and semidry processes is GWP>EP>AP>DUST>POCP>ODP, global warming impacts is the most significant penitential factor. The rank of impact potential according to weight factor in descending order is GWP>EP>DUST>AP>ODP>POCP. Dust potential became more significant. The weight factor of Dust is almost twice as much as that of AP. This is because there is a large gap between baseline level and the target level, the solid-waste are the focus of control in these years. In environmental terms, the environmental depletion index of heat recover-dry absorption process is lowest with minimal environmental impact and the heat recover-wet absorption process is the highest with largest environmental impact. The incineration with dry absorption program is the best environment-friendly process in term of environmental impact. Utilization of waste water and reducing total amount of water entering the system can effectively reduce the environmental implication for both HW and HS processes.

Characterization of controlled low-strength material obtained from dewatered sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash: Mechanical and microstructural perspectives

Potential reuse of dewatered sludge (DS) and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as components to develop controlled low-strength material (CLSM) was explored. The effects of DS:MSWI bottom ash:calcium sulfoaluminate (CS¯A) cement ratio and thermal treatment of MSWI bottom ash at 900 °C on the mechanical and microstructural properties of CLSM were intensively studied to optimize the process. Results showed DS and MSWI bottom ash could be utilized for making CLSM. The CLSM prepared with milled MSWI bottom ash gave higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 2.0–6.2 MPa following 1 year of curing at 1.0:0.1:0.9 ≤ DS:MSWI bottom ash:CS¯A ≤ 1.0:0.8:0.2. However, the corresponding strengths for CLSM containing thermally treated MSWI bottom ash ranged from 0.7 to 4.6 MPa, decreasing 26–65%. The microstructural analysis by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that ettringite (C3A·3CS¯·H32, or AFt) crystals were the most important strength-producing constituents which grew into and filled the CLSM matrix pores. Milled MSWI bottom ash addition favored the formation of highly crystalline AFt phases and accordingly enhanced compressive strengths of CLSM specimens. In contrast, thermal treatment at 900 °C produced new phases such as gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)), which deteriorated the pozzolanic activity of bottom ash and caused the strengths to decrease. Leaching tests evidenced that leachable substances from CLSM samples exhibited negligible health and environmental risks. The results of this study suggested that MSWI bottom ash can be effectively recycled together with DS in developing CLSM mixtures with restricted use of CS¯A cement.

焼却設備でのセシウム挙動解析 (1) - 総論・計画

焼却設備でのセシウム挙動解析 (1) - 総論・計画

PIXE analysis of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 for air quality assessment of Islamabad, Pakistan: Application of chemometrics for source identification

A Gent sampler was used to collect 379 pairs of filters from Nilore, a suburban area of Islamabad city. The study was designed to assess the concentration variations of trace elements in fine and coarse particulate matter due to anthropogenic activities and naturally occurring events. Source identification was performed by applying MATLAB software for principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). The average fine and coarse particulate masses during the study period were 15.1 ± 11.9 and 37.3 ± 28.0 μg/m3 respectively which complies with the 24-h air quality limits set by the government of Pakistan. The application of PCA to PM2.5 data suggests the PM contribution from sources such as soil, automobile exhaust and coal combustion, road dust and wearing of tyres, wood combustion, biomass burning and fertilizers and fungicides whereas for the PM2.5–10 data shows signatures of suspended soil, automobile exhaust, road dust and wearing of tyres, wood and biomass burning, refuse incineration, Ni smelter, fertilizers and fungicides are obtained. Cluster analysis of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 datasets reveals that there are mainly three contributory pollution sources and these are suspended soil particles, automobile related sources and wood and coal combustion.

Simple and rapid yeast reporter bioassay for dioxin screening: evaluation of the dioxin-like compounds in industrial and municipal waste incineration plants

The CROMIS AhR kit, a simple and rapid yeast bioassay kit, was developed and used to detect dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in 20 gas and solid samples collected from refuse incineration plants in Japan. The World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ) values of the samples were also calculated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high--resolution mass spectrometry. The WHO-TEQ values of the samples varied greatly, ranging from 0.0021-6.3 ng/g to 0.00013-16 ng/m(3)N (normal cubic meter) in the solid and gas samples, respectively. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (23478-PeCDF) and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (12378-PeCDD) were the major contributors to the samples' WHO-TEQ values. The yeast in the bioassay responded to these congeners, and the EC50 values of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TeCDD), 12378-PeCDD, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF were 490, 560, and 590 nM, respectively. The incinerator samples were subjected to the bioassay to obtain 2378-TeCDD equivalent values (CROMIS-TEQ values). The CROMIS-TEQ values of the solid and gas samples ranged from 0.0019 to 5.64 ng/g and from 0.14 to 20 ng/m(3)N, respectively. The CROMIS-TEQ and WHO-TEQ values displayed good correlations (r (2) = 0.94 and 0.95 in the solid and gas samples, respectively), except for those of the samples with low dioxin concentrations (below the Japanese emission standards). Therefore, the CROMIS AhR kit is a useful tool for the initial screening of samples containing dioxin-like compounds.

Detection of chromium in wastewater from refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

A laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was developed for determination of toxic metals Cr in wastewater collected from a refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake. The plasma was generated by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm on the surface of liquid. Experimental conditions were optimized for improving the sensitivity and repeatability of the LIBS system through a parametric dependence study in potassium bichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) aqueous solutions. Calibration curves for Cr I 425.43 and 357.87 nm lines are compared and the limit of detection is found to be 39 and 86 ppm, respectively. This calibration curve of Cr I 425.43 nm has been used for quantification of Cr in wastewater collected from a refuse incineration power plant near Poyang Lake where the concentration of Cr is found to be 97 ppm. The results between LIBS and standard analytical technique such as atomic absorption spectroscopy were compared, and the relative standard deviation was 8.5%.

Performance Appraisal of Controlled Low-strength Material Using Sewage Sludge and Refuse Incineration Bottom Ash

This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement (C▪A) in making controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Various properties of CLSM mixtures were characterized in terms of unconfined compressive strength, microstructure and leachability. It was found that the strength of tested CLSM mixtures ranged from 3.6 to 9.0 MPa, over the upper excavatable limit of 2.1 MPa. The micro-structural analysis revealed that sewage sludge and bottom ash were crystallochemically incorporated within CLSM systems by forming the needle-like ettringite (C3A·3C▪·H32) with exiguous tubers via the typical Pozzolanic Reaction, leading to a dense and low-porosity microstructure. Furthermore, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure evidenced that the cumulative leachable metals in the leachate were much below the regulatory thresholds. The potential for using sewage sludge and bottom ash in CLSM making was thus confirmed.

The Emissions of Heavy Metals Caused by Refuse Incineration (III)

The Emissions of Heavy Metals Caused by Refuse Incineration (III)

Elemental Composition of Suspended Particles Released in Refuse Incineration

Elemental Composition of Suspended Particles Released in Refuse Incineration

Effect of Furnace Temperature on Emission of Nitrous Oxide from Municipal Refuse Incinerators

Effect of Furnace Temperature on Emission of Nitrous Oxide from Municipal Refuse Incinerators

Oxidation Characteristics of NO and SO2 in Exhaust Gas from Municipal Refuse Incinerator by Pulse Corona Discharge

Oxidation Characteristics of NO and SO2 in Exhaust Gas from Municipal Refuse Incinerator by Pulse Corona Discharge

7-3-1 武蔵野クリーンセンター既存焼却施設における廃プラ混合焼却に伴うダイオキシン類の長期的排出挙動(7-3 環境対策,Session7 環境対策・リサイクル,研究発表)

7-3-1 武蔵野クリーンセンター既存焼却施設における廃プラ混合焼却に伴うダイオキシン類の長期的排出挙動(7-3 環境対策,Session7 環境対策・リサイクル,研究発表)

A New Scheme for Refuse Incineration End Point Detection Based on Computer Vision

The paper introduces computer vision into the detection of end points of flame burning during the process of refuse incineration and proposes a method to detect the end points of flame by image processing. Firstly, filter image and enhance the special quality of shade by total variation de-noising. Secondly, extract the main edge of the flame image by method based on binary morphology algorithm. Thirdly, detect and output the end points of flame by median method which has removed the spike of the image. The results show that the presented method is efficient and the system can meet the requirement of both detection accuracy and processing speed. Also it increases the safety of incineration equipment and saves plenty of labor force.

Manufacture of Non-Toxic Lava from Recovery of the Incineration Ash by Plasma Fusing Technology

This research investigated and explored the overall technical and legal suggestions on mixed ash (bottom ash + fly ash) from the first BOT(built-operation then transfer) incineration plant in south Taoyuan of Taiwan, with the hope of serving as the reference for treating ash from urban refuse incinerator and making sustainable operation management policies in Taiwan. Both bottom ash and fly ash contain high-content harmful metals like lead, chrome, and cadmium, with the lead content exceeding standard value. Plasma fusing technology may effectively settle toxic heavy metals and reduce their dissolution rate. The results show that the increase in percentage of bottom ash could maintain post-fusing strength and produce solidification effect, but this reduced the stability of toxic heavy metals and raised their dissolution rate. Suitable mixture ratio of bottom ash and fly ash was 2:1, volume reduction ratio 0.349, and weight reduction ratio 0.4936. The mixture was fulvous and dense with gloss and adequate strength. The dissolution test of lava products complied with national standards, and they might be used for recycling aggregates and solidifying cement.

A Study for Substituting Part of Raw Materials by Bottom Ash in Portland Cement

The disposal and reuse of waste combustion residues has become a critical topic recently in view of the method of treating household wastes in a city, which has gradually changed to be incineration (major) and landfill (minor) in densely populated Taiwan, plus the difficulty of various wastes disposed by the Refuse Incineration Plant at Yilan County. To propose concrete recommendations as references for the local competent authorities’ policy for reuse of bottom ash, we researched and analyzed compositions of wastes and ingredients as well as leaching toxicity of bottom ash (accounting for 70% of waste combustion residues) which had been collected from the Li-Ze Incineration plant at Yilan, and transported bottom ash to a cement plant also at Yilan as an alternative material for Portland cement. The results in this study indicated quite a few products, with ingredients of bottom ash from an incineration plant, can be taken as principal compositions used in production of cement, and the capacity of bottom ash treated by the cement plant can be further expanded according to the quality of produced cement and bottom ash properly processed.

Behavior of Dioxins after Mixed Incineration of Plastic Refuse in Existing Facilities of Musashino Clean Center

1983年に日本の都市ごみ焼却炉フライアッシュからダイオキシン類が検出されて以来，ダイオキシンの問題が注目されるようになった．一方，最終処分場用地はますます限定されるようになった．これらの点から，武蔵野市では2002年と2003年に廃プラスチック類の混合焼却試験を行い，ダイオキシン類排出濃度の測定結果に基づき，2003年10月から廃プラの可燃ごみとしての混合収集とその焼却を開始した．本研究では，混合焼却開始後のダイオキシン濃度の変化を継続的に測定した結果を報告するとともに，1999–2000年のバグフィルタへの改修以前の1996年から蓄積されていたそれらのデータとの比較を行った．その結果，混合焼却試験時にみられた煙突からの排出濃度が集塵器出口より高いとの現象はその後も観測されたが，煙突からの排ガス中のダイオキシン濃度は徐々に下がり，最新の2009年の測定平均濃度は0.011 ng–TEQ/m3N（酸素12%換算，3炉平均）と，廃プラスチック類を焼却する前の2000年の0.97 ng–TEQ/m3Nと比べて2桁程度小さく，集塵器出口濃度とほぼ同一の値にまで至った．過去の高濃度ダイオキシンが集塵器から煙突に至る煙道の停滞部に蓄積し，これが徐々に再放出されたが，十年を経過しようやく煙突からの排出ダイオキシン濃度が集塵器出口の濃度程度まで減少してきたものと推察された．

Energy and exergy analyses of urban waste incineration cycle coupled with a cycle of changing LNG to pipeline gas

Garbage incineration systems are originally designed solely for the purpose of disposing urban waste. Today however, besides environmental issues, taking advantages of the heating value of fuels is also a subject of attention ( Ogawa, 1998). Nowadays the schemes which are characterized by best using of energy resources are the only ones which are economically justified. Thus, cogeneration systems have been developed for the better usage of energy resources. In the present case study, a waste incineration system is coupled with a power cycle. The power cycle uses hot gases produced from combustion of waste material. Cooling energy of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is used to cool the operating fluid in the power cycle ( Miyazaki et al., 1998). In this paper, the increased power of the cycle resulting from the addition of pipeline gas to the waste incineration system is studied. At the same time, the amount of pipeline gas produced from LNG is studied as well. A detail Exergy and energy analyses is used in this study.

Particulate matter (PM10) in Istanbul: Origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions

Water-soluble ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, C2O4−, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+,Ca2+), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) and trace metals (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) were measured in aerosol PM10 samples above the megacity of Istanbul between November 2007 and June 2009. Source apportionment analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) indicates that approximately 80% of the PM10 is anthropogenic in origin (secondary, refuse incineration, fuel oil and solid fuel combustion and traffic). Crustal and sea salt account for 10.2 and 7.5% of the observed mass, respectively. In general, anthropogenic (except secondary) aerosol shows higher concentrations and contributions in winter. Mean concentration and contribution of crustal source is found to be more important during the transitional period due to mineral dust transport from North Africa. During the sampling period, 42 events exceeding the limit value of 50 μg m−3 are identified. A significant percentage (91%; n = 38) of these exceedances is attributed to anthropogenic sources. Potential Source Contribution Function analysis highlights that Istanbul is affected from distant sources from Balkans and Western Europe during winter and from Eastern Europe during summer. On the other hand, Istanbul sources influence western Black Sea and Eastern Europe during winter and Aegean and Levantine Sea during summer.

Boron Present Status in Wastewater from Garbage Incineration Plant and Its Economic Treatment Method Studies in Osaka City

Boron Present Status in Wastewater from Garbage Incineration Plant and Its Economic Treatment Method Studies in Osaka City

A Study on Optimal Operation of Power Generation by Waste

This paper proposes the optimal operation of power generation by waste. Refuse is taken as a new energy resource of biomass. Although some fossil fuel origin refuse like plastic may be mixed in, CO2 emission is not counted up except for above fossil fuel origin refuse for the Kyoto Protocol. Incineration is indispensable for refuse disposal and power generation by waste is environment-friendly and power system-friendly using synchronous generators. Optimal planning is a key point to make much of this merit.The optimal plan includes refuse incinerator operation plan with refuse collection and maintenance scheduling of refuse incinerator plant. In this paper, it has been made clear that the former plan increases generation energy through numerical simulations. Concerning the latter plan, a method to determine the maintenance schedule using genetic algorithm has been established. In addition, taking environmental load of CO2 emission into account, this is expected larger merits from environment and energy resource points of view.