Garbage Collection Research Articles

HUBUNGAN PERSONAL HYGIENE DAN PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI (APD) DENGAN KEJADIAN DERMATITIS KONTAK PADA PETUGAS PENGANGKUT SAMPAH DI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) TADUKAN RAG

Contact dermatitis is dermatitis caused by the presence of irritants or allergens attached to the skin. Epidemiological data in Indonesia shows that 97% of 389 cases of skin disease are contact dermatitis, 66.3% of these cases are irritant contact dermatitis and 33.7% are allergic contact dermatitis. This study aims to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) with the incidence of contact dermatitis in waste collectors at the Tadukan Raga Deli Serdang final disposal site (TPA) in 2023. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross sectional study design. The research was conducted in March 2023 – June 2023 at the Tadukan Raga landfill in Tanjung Morawa. The population of this study were all garbage collectors at the Tadukan Raga TPA. The number of samples in this study were 43 people with the sampling technique being total sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire with interviews. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately with the chi-Square test. The results showed that the variables associated with the incidence of contact dermatitis were: personal hygiene (pvalue=0.004), personal protective equipment (pvalue=0.013). There is a relationship between personal hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) with the incidence of contact dermatitis.

Optimization of Green Vehicle Paths Considering the Impact of Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation

In recent years, the waste produced as a result of the production and consumption activities of urban residents has led to significant environmental degradation and resource wastage. This paper focuses on the research object of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and transportation based on the concept of “sustainable development and green economy”. Firstly, this study examines the current state of urban domestic garbage collection and transportation. It analyzes the following challenges and deficiencies of the existing collection and transportation system: (1) the operating efficiency of garbage collection vehicles is low, resulting in a significant accumulation of waste on the roadside and within the community; (2) the vehicle collection and transportation routes are fixed, and there are empty vehicles running; (3) the amount of garbage on a route exceeds the vehicle’s loading capacity, which requires the vehicle to perform a second round of collection and transportation. To enhance the efficiency of urban garbage collection and transportation and minimize the collection and transportation costs, we are investigating the problem of optimizing the path for green vehicles. To comprehensively optimize the fixed cost, variable cost, and carbon emission cost incurred during vehicle operation, a vehicle routing model with time windows is established, taking into account vehicle load constraints. Carbon emission coefficient and carbon tax parameters are introduced into the model and the “fuel-carbon emission” conversion method is used to measure the carbon cost of enterprises. An improved ant colony optimization (ACO) method is proposed: (1) the introduction of a vehicle load factor improves the ant state transfer method; (2) the updated pheromone method is improved, and additional pheromone is added to both the feasible path and the path with the minimum objective function; (3) the max–min ACO algorithm is introduced to address the issue of premature convergence of the algorithm; (4) the embedding of a 2-opt algorithm further prevents the ACO algorithm from falling into the local optimum. Finally, the calculation results based on the example data demonstrate that the algorithm has a significant advantage over the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The total transportation distance determined by this algorithm is shorter than that of the GA and PSO methods, and the total cost of the scheme is 1.66% and 1.89% lower than that determined by GA and PSO, respectively. Compared to the data from the actual case, the number of vehicles required in the operation of this algorithm and model is reduced by three. Additionally, the total cost, fixed cost, and carbon emission cost incurred by the vehicles during operation were reduced by 31.2%, 60%, and 25.3% respectively. The results of this study help the station to collect and distribute waste efficiently, while also achieving the goals of energy saving, consumption reduction, and emission reduction.

Relation between Demographic Profiles and Residential Satisfaction Among Iranian Citizens: A Case Study

Housing is a basic human need and a basic human right and one of the most important issues that humans have always been struggling with and trying to find a proper and reasonable answer to this problem. As such, one of the significant aspects in this context is the residential satisfaction from the residents’ perspective. Having this mind, residential satisfaction among the city dwellers in most urban areas become highly unclear and for Mashhad’s urban areas, there is dearth of knowledge. Therefore, the current study was an endeavor to explore the level of residential satisfaction among the residents in District 11 of Mashhad, Iran and to explore whether residential satisfaction rates differed according to demographic information including gender, job type, age, and residency history. A questionnaire on Residential Satisfaction examining four categories of body, facilities, utilities, and economy using 22 questions, which showed a reliability of 0.81 was completed by 70 participants. The Statistical analyses revealed that residential satisfaction level among the participants of this study was above average and the highest satisfaction rate belonged to the body of the apartment whereas the lowest category went for utilities. Moreover, the residents showed dissatisfaction with parking, followed by garbage collection, and the asphalt in the neighborhood as the biggest concerns; yet, they were highly satisfied with water, electricity, gas, telecommunication and drainage system. As for the demographic data of the residents, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of their satisfaction rate, and that no significant difference was found in terms of job type, i.e. governmental or private, while the same results was found concerning the age. Finally, there was no significant difference between residency history and residential satisfaction level.

Analysis of Factors Associated with Household Waste Production in Antang Landfiil, Tamangapa Village, Manggala District

The Antang Final Disposal Site is a reality of life that not many people look into. The Makassar city rubbish dump is the final point for all rubbish trucks in the center of the city. Thus, the Antang Final Disposal Site becomes a center for landfills where it may take years to manage all the collected waste. Apart from being a place to collect rubbish, the Antang Final Disposal Site is also a place to earn a fortune for those who live there. Not a few depend on their profession as garbage collectors. Starting from the head of the family to their children and wives. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between factors and household production waste at the Antang Tamangapa Final Disposal Site, Makassar City. Based on the results of the research and discussion previously stated, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the variables of number of family members or household residents (p=0.029<0.05, OR=2.941), socio-economic status (p=0.035<0 .05, OR=2.909) with household waste production variables.

Intestinal parasitoses: a contextualized educational approach aimed at reducing the disease

Intestinal parasitosis is caused by endoparasites that cause damage to the health of the affected person. These diseases, mainly linked to the conditions of hygiene and basic sanitation, can interfere with the performance of schoolchildren. The objective of this study was to carry out health education actions on intestinal parasitosis with 75 students in the second year of high school in the State of Pará, Brazil. Actions were carried out: school cleaning campaign; manufacture and organization of garbage collectors; collection of hygiene materials; lecture on parasitosis; Creation of cleaning duct: construction of a manual and didactic game. Two stages of parasitological examinations of feces were carried out on the students. The first stage was carried out before the prevention and treatment actions and the second after six months. A pre-test questionnaire (before the activities) and post-test questionnaire (after the activities) were applied. In the first stage of examinations, there was a prevalence of 53% of parasitic infestations in students. After the actions, there was a reduction to 25%, demonstrating that the treatment with dewormers and the actions developed contributed to the reduction of infestations, which shows the effectiveness of direct actions involving students to control these diseases.

Evaluation of Garbage Management Based on IoT

Smart Waste Monitoring: To track the amount of waste in bins and containers, IOT-enabled garbage management systems use sensors and connected devices. These sensors can communicate real-time data to a centralized monitoring system and can identify the fill level. This data aids in streamlining waste collection routes, cutting back on pointless pickups, and enhancing garbage management effectiveness as a whole. Effective Resource Allocation: By giving precise data on waste generation patterns and trends, IOT-based garbage management systems enable optimal resource allocation. This information can be used by municipal authorities to make well-informed decisions on waste collection schedules, resource deployment, and staffing levels. IOT-based waste management solutions have the potential to make trash management procedures more effective and efficient while also being more affordable. The best garbage collection routes, operational cost reductions, and resource utilization may all be achieved with the aid of research into the best deployment strategies for IOT sensors and devices. Environmental Impact and Sustainability: Research Objective: Clearly identify the research objective, for example, by assessing how well IOT-based garbage management systems gather waste and allocate resources. Data gathering: Compile pertinent information on the methods used for trash generation, collection, and resource use. On-site observations, employee interviews, and database access for waste management operations are all effective ways to accomplish this. Gather information on IOT sensor technologies and their capabilities as well. Taken As alternative for Smart Waste Bins, Waste Level, Sensors, AI Recycling, Robots, E-Waste Kiosks. Taken for Evaluation preference is Reliability, Mobility, Service Continuity, User Convenience., and Energy Efficiency. Smart Waste Bins has performed more when compare to with other Real-Time Monitoring: The Internet of Things (IOT) can be used in waste management to enable real-time monitoring of trash cans or bins can be used to enhance garbage sorting procedures. Smart bins with cameras and sensors can automatically recognize and sort various types of rubbish. These smart bins can identify and categorise rubbish by utilizing IOT technology. on their material composition or recycling category.

Flash storage technology status and development research

Data storage devices are an important component of computer systems. Solid-state Drives, which use NAND Flash technology, are widely used in various fields due to their unique advantages such as high read-write speed, low power consumption, shock resistance, and small size compared to traditional mechanical hard drives. This paper first discusses the basic structure and principles of Flash memory, including floating gate transistors for storing and reading charges. Based on the current state of NAND Flash-based solid-state hard drives, this paper discusses key technologies and characteristics such as flash memory types, wear leveling, garbage collection, etc. It explores their features, advantages and limitations, and finally reasonably deduces the future development trend of Flash devices.

SMART DUSTBIN MONITORING SYSTEM USING NodeMCU AND IOT

This paper presents an inexpensive, simple, and scalable intelligent garbage management system. The system uses ultrasonic sensors to measure fill levels and send notifications to garbage collectors when bins need to be emptied. The web-based interface allows waste collectors to monitor fill levels in real time. Smart dustbin monitoring systems have the potential to improve waste management by making it more efficient, sustainable and cost-effective. Smart dustbin monitoring systems use sensors and IoT technology to improve waste management by increasing collection frequency, saving money and improving efficiency. Keywords – Smart Dustbin, Smart City,NodeMCU, Smart System

Garbage Collection Android Application

Abstract: The "Android Garbage Collection Application" stands as an innovative solution tailored for Android devices, with the objective of revolutionizing waste management in smart cities. Conventional waste collection methods frequently result in missed pickups, litter accumulation, and potential public health risks. This project harnesses seamless integration with Firebase to create a user-friendly Android app. It provides real-time notifications to residents as garbage collection trucks approach their locations. A central feature of this app is its live tracking system, enabling users to monitor the precise location of the garbage truck in real-time. Additionally, it offers estimated arrival times, effectively reducing waiting times for residents and optimizing the waste collection process. What truly sets this application apart is its focus on community engagement. By actively involving residents in the waste management process, it encourages shared responsibility and cooperation among city dwellers, fostering a cleaner environment and ensuring timely and efficient waste collection. Furthermore, this project serves as a testament to the transformative power of modern technology in enhancing traditional municipal services. It exemplifies how integrating cuttingedge technology can effectively address longstanding challenges and enhance the quality of life for residents in smart cities. The scalability and adaptability of this application make it a valuable asset for optimizing waste management in various urban settings. Its data analytics capabilities provide city officials with valuable insights, enabling more informed decision-making and a proactive approach to waste management.

Effects of Outsourcing Support Services on Organizational Performance: The case of Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (IRUWASA), Tanzania

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of outsourcing services on organisation performance at Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (IRUWASA). Specifically, the study was guided by the following objectives: to assess the effect of outsourcing cleaning services on organisational performance, to investigate the effect of outsourced garbage collection services on organisational performance and to assess the effect of outsourced stationery outsourcing services on organisational performance at IRUWASA. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, where data were collected at one point in time. The targeted population of this study were all employees (48) from IRUWASA. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyse data. Major findings from the study showed that cleaning, garbage collection and stationery outsourced services positively impacted IRUWASA performance. The results also revealed that outsourcing resulted in cost savings in all three aspects of cleaning, garbage collection and stationery outsourcing of about Tsh. 12,309,000 (56.89%); 19,520,000 (55%) and 12,309,000 (36.73%) respectively. Results from correlation and multiple linear regression showed the adjusted R2 equals 0.640, implying that the model explains about 64% variations in organisation performance, while all the independent variables were found statistically and positively significant, influencing the dependent variable. The study concludes that outsourcing services improve organisational performance. The study recommends that the government and other institutions discern the potential benefits of outsourcing services in terms of cost-effectiveness, resource allocation, and the optimisation of core functions

Optimizing Hospital Waste Management through Fly Trap Technology: A Cost and Potential Problem Analysis

The problem that often occurs in hospitals is that regulations related to hospital environmental health still need to be popular in the community. However, the development of technology and science has made agricultural tools and machines experience development and renewal and adapt to environmental conditions. Many types of fly control are available, such as fly traps in temporary garbage shelters in hospitals. This study analyzes operational needs and problems encountered by implementing fly trap technology in hospitals. This study consisted of three stages: budgeting, calculating the Kepner-Tregoe Situation Appraisal (KTSA), and the Kepner-Tregoe Potential Problem Analysis (KTPPA). The total operational costs required for this tool are IDR 887,496.00. Where this cost includes the component of preventing problems that must be faced in fly trap operations. Identification of tool constraints in operation consists of damage to the net on the fly trap, garbage piling up due to overloading in the garbage container, blockage of the entry path for flies to the fly trap, and the garbage collector coming into contact with the waste at the TPS. There are four potential problems in implementing fly traps that we previously identified, where there are possible causes, preventive actions, and contingent actions that can be taken to overcome these potential problems.

Holistic Trash Collection System Integrating Human Collaboration with Technology

Effective waste management is of paramount importance as it contributes significantly to environmental preservation, mitigates health hazards, and aids in the preservation of precious resources. Conversely, mishandling waste not only presents severe environmental risks but can also disrupt the balance of ecosystems and pose threats to biodiversity. The emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) can constitute a significant factor in the progression of global warming and climate change, consequently giving rise to atmospheric pollution. This pollution, in turn, has the potential to exacerbate respiratory ailments, elevate the likelihood of cardiovascular disorders, and negatively impact overall public health. Hence, efficient management of trash is extremely crucial in any society. It requires integrating technology and innovative solutions, which can help eradicate this global issue. The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary communication paradigm with significant contributions to remote monitoring and control. IoT-based trash management aids remote garbage level monitoring but entails drawbacks like high installation and maintenance costs, increased electronic waste production (53 million metric tons in 2013), and substantial energy consumption for always-vigilant IoT devices. Our research endeavors to formulate a comprehensive model for an efficient and cost-effective waste collection system. It emphasizes the need for global commitment by policymakers, stakeholders, and civil society, working together to achieve a common goal. In order to mitigate the depletion of manpower, fuel resources, and time, our proposed method leverages quick response (QR) codes to enable the remote monitoring of waste bin capacity across diverse city locations. We propose to minimize the deployment of IoT devices, utilizing them only when absolutely necessary and thereby allocating their use exclusively to central garbage collection facilities. Our solution places the onus of monitoring garbage levels at the community level firmly on the shoulders of civilians, demonstrating that a critical aspect of any technology is its ability to interact and collaborate with humans. Within our framework, citizens will employ our proposed mobile application to scan QR codes affixed to waste bins, select the relevant garbage level, and transmit this data to the waste collection teams’ database. Subsequently, these teams will plan for optimized garbage collection procedures, considering parameters such as garbage volume and the most efficient collection routes aimed at minimizing both time and fuel consumption.

Analysis of garbage collection network of Colombo district using centrality measures

Waste management is a common problem faced by all developing countries. Colombo city faces the biggest garbage problem than other cities in Sri Lanka. Even through many studies were carried out for waste management problem using different approaches, there were very few research findings were available using graph theoretical approach. In this research, applications of graph theory in garbage collection procedure are depicted. The study mainly focuses on analyzing the garbage collection procedure of Colombo municipal council area in western province through constructing garbage collection network and using centrality measures. Centrality measures are used to compute the importance of any node in a network. Colombo municipal area divides into 6 main administrative districts, and each of these is divided into municipal wards with several junctions and streets. Garbage collection network was initially constructed by assigning a node by a location in google map, and an edge by a street or a path between two locations. Constructed network is an undirected unweighted graph and betweenness, closeness, degree, and eigenvector centrality measures are used to find central locations of the network. By identifying central locations, some machines or recycling trucks can be placed in that central places to deposit the waste. Next, a weighted graph was constructed by taking the weights of an edge as a fraction of weight of collected garbage between two locations. Collected garbage weights and betweenness and degree centrality values for weighted graph are used to identify the shortest paths between central nodes in each municipal ward. Garbage collection trucks can be followed this shortest path in order to reduce their fuel cost and collection time.

AN IMPROVED SVM AND CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK-BASED GARBAGE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (GCLS) AUGMENTED WITH TRANSFER LEARNING AND OBJECT DETECTION API

Garbage is a waste substance that is abandoned by people, generally owing to a perceived lack of utility. We are confronted with the massive amount of garbage generated by people every day that should be properly recycled, reused and repaired by the garbage management system. The first step after garbage collection is to separate or classify garbage into different categories such as glass, paper, plastic, etc. in order to reuse, recycle, repair and recover it. The existing classifiers can only classify garbage in three or six categories. We have designed and implemented a Garbage Classification and Labeling System (GCLS) using SVM and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) that segregates garbage in eight classes and also label the objects in the image namely cardboard, leather, glass, metal, plastic, paper, rubber and trash. Using transfer learning we have achieved up to 90.4% accuracy that is higher than the existing classifiers.

Solid waste management practice and challenges in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Sustainable healthy living conditions depends on effective waste management. The aim of this study is to evaluate solid waste management practices and challenges in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria. Three communities were administered three hundred questionnaires which were pre- tested and refined. The results shows that 56.7% of respondents are male while only about 43.3% are female and 70% of household heads are married. Organic waste/food waste had the highest percentage of 96.7% followed by plastic (90%). Empty can drinks recorded the highest percentage with (100%) across the study area. A Majority (73.3%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that inadequate service coverage by waste managers could lead to waste management problems while 13.3% were undecided. 73.3% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that lack of trained personnel by waste managers could lead to waste management problems. A Majority (80%) and (83.3%) of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that lack of vehicles and vehicle /equipment breakdown of waste managers could lead to waste management problems. 72% and 66.7% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that the lack of enforcement measures by government agencies and poor cooperation by government agencies on waste managers could lead to waste management problems. 86.7% of respondents considers that environmental degradation from solid waste affects their families while 96.7% of respondent agreed that waste litter the road, land and public area. Sapele locals require health education as well as regular garbage collection facilities at authorized final dump locations. These will encourage rigorous adherence to proper and appropriate waste management procedures among them.

Natural attributes or aesthetic attributes: Which is more valuable in recreational ecosystem services of nature-based parks considering tourists’ environmental knowledge and attitude impacts?

Nature-based tourism provides recreational ecosystem services for both local inhabitants and tourists being of considerable importance. Existing literature predominantly concentrates on the potential for environmental communication interventions to augment the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for nature-based recreational ecosystem services. However, scant attention has been paid to the impact of tourists' pre-existing environmental knowledge and attitudes on specific service attributes. In addressing this research gap, this study uses social surveys to design a choice experiment and employs mixed logit models to analyse tourists' preferences and WTP for recreational ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Delta, east China. The results reveal that tourists are more likely to pay for recreational ecosystem services attributes, with a stronger WTP for aesthetic attributes over natural ones. Tourists with more environmental knowledge and attitude are also more inclined to pay for reduced waste and lower tourist traffic. These findings suggest that environmental communication encourages trade-off considerations between natural and aesthetic attributes in determining WTP. Enhancing public education and promoting environmental protection awareness can effectively manage aesthetic services. Management implicationsOur results offer practical insights for improved natural resource management and planning for protected areas with nature-based tourism. We determined that tourists' environmental knowledge is significantly lower than actual inclinations towards environmental responsibility, particularly in waste classification, which significantly influences their environmental valuation and willingness to conserve nature. Encouraging waste classification awareness in parks and daily life can reinforce pro-environmental behaviour and promote the sustainable consumption of public goods. Furthermore, payment is strongly related to aesthetic attributes, with tourists demonstrating positive WTP for improved features. Planners can better regulate nature-based tourism by understanding which attributes tourists are willing to spend extra for, such as creating themed mini-zones with specific recreational attributes and controlling tourist flow. Administrators could also offer off-season volunteering opportunities for garbage collection, offering rewards such as discounted tickets. Finally, the lack of environmental knowledge among tourists highlights ecotourism's potential for driving change in the industry and daily life, emphasizing the need for a pro-environmental approach. Ecotourism managers can also leverage differences in tourist preference elasticity to reduce the total visitor numbers.

A High-performance RDMA-oriented Learned Key-value Store for Disaggregated Memory Systems

Disaggregated memory systems separate monolithic servers into different components, including compute and memory nodes, to enjoy the benefits of high resource utilization, flexible hardware scalability, and efficient data sharing. By exploiting the high-performance RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access), the compute nodes directly access the remote memory pool without involving remote CPUs. Hence, the ordered key-value (KV) stores (e.g., B-trees and learned indexes) keep all data sorted to provide range query services via the high-performance network. However, existing ordered KVs fail to work well on the disaggregated memory systems, due to either consuming multiple network roundtrips to search the remote data or heavily relying on the memory nodes equipped with insufficient computing resources to process data modifications. In this article, we propose a scalable RDMA-oriented KV store with learned indexes, called ROLEX, to coalesce the ordered KV store in the disaggregated systems for efficient data storage and retrieval. ROLEX leverages a retraining-decoupled learned index scheme to dissociate the model retraining from data modification operations via adding a bias and some data movement constraints to learned models. Based on the operation decoupling, data modifications are directly executed in compute nodes via one-sided RDMA verbs with high scalability. The model retraining is hence removed from the critical path of data modification and asynchronously executed in memory nodes by using dedicated computing resources. ROLEX efficiently alleviates the fragmentation and garbage collection issues, due to allocating and reclaiming space via fixed-size leaves that are accessed via the atomic-size leaf numbers. Our experimental results on YCSB and real-world workloads demonstrate that ROLEX achieves competitive performance on the static workloads, as well as significantly improving the performance on dynamic workloads by up to 2.2× over state-of-the-art schemes on the disaggregated memory systems. We have released the open-source codes for public use in GitHub.

Sustainable solid waste management system using technology-enabled end-of-pipe strategies

Ever Increasing accumulation of solid waste, attributed to population growth and rapid urbanization, is a serious issue for all nations. This creates hindrance in implementing sustainable solid waste management systems (SWMS), which contribute to socio-economic-environmental-operational (SEEO) benefits for the nations and their citizens. Limited understanding of various solid waste management (SWM) practices, their operational sequence, and other system constraints pose numerous challenges for the concerned authorities and policymakers. This paper provides a framework depicting three broad categories of strategies for managing solid waste: preventive, end-of-pipe (EOP), and environmental restoration. Among these, the research emphasizes on EOP strategies, being suitable alternative as per current requirements, to deal with massive amounts of generated waste. It further adopts Grey-DEMATEL approach to models the causal relationship among EOP strategies to identify the most influential strategy, which influences other ones. The model suggests waste segregation to be the major enabler for other EOP strategies, as it has maximum overall significance value (R + C) between 1.18 and 1.41 and it is the only one with positive value in “net-effect” computation (R–C), compared to other strategies with negative (R–C) values. This would enable concerned authorities to understand and follow the sequence of actions. Finally, a comprehensive framework is proposed for effective, efficient, and sustainable methods of handling different types of solid waste using technology-enabled EOP strategies. A case study is performed to demonstrate the significance of waste segregation towards SEEO benefits. It indicates that technology-based solutions at decentralized depots and establishment of biogas plant in the vicinity of garbage collection point leads to reduction in transportation cost and energy saving in efficient manner. The ground level implementation of our research in an Indian city resulted in the reduction of daily vehicle requirement from 25 to 20 vehicles, leading to approx. 25% savings in overall transportation costs thereby cutting exchequer's bill by up to $ 2820/month. It also reveals that mechanized and decentralized solutions were not effective for inert waste, its disposal to landfill was more suited alternative.

공동주택 경비와 경비업법 적용에 관한 재검토

Although Multi-family Housing 'security guards' perform a variety of tasks such as cleaning and disinfection, garbage collection, and parking management as management tasks, they are limited to narrow security rooms, pre-modern working every other day, excessive break time allocation to avoid wage increases, and routine short-term contracts. They face a variety of problems, including employment instability and labor disadvantages due to the application of intermittent monitoring.
 In order to solve this problem, the competent authority newly established Article 15-2 of the 「Security Services Industry Act」 for the purpose of improving the working environment of these security guards and stipulated that they cannot be allowed to engage in activities beyond the scope of security work. However, conflicts between security guards, residents, and management entities caused.
 Accordingly, as a solution, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established Article 65-2, Paragraph 1 of the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」, allowing security guards to engage in tasks necessary for managing Multi-family Housing complexes within the scope prescribed by Presidential Decree.
 And article 69-2 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act includes tasks necessary for managing Multi-family Housing complexes, such as assistance with cleaning and similar beautification, monitoring and organizing the separate discharge of recyclable resources, posting notices and putting mail in mailboxes, and tasks such as theft, fire, and theft in Multi-family Housing complexes. Parking management and storage of delivery items were stipulated to the extent of preventing risks.
 However, security guards under the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」 and security guards under the 「Security Services Industry Act」 show differences in the content of their work, and also show differences in their work performance methods in terms of employment structure, employment type, and employment conditions. Also, in relation to laws, the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」 and the 「Security Services Industry Act」 must be interpreted as separate laws, and it is not appropriate to directly apply the 「Security Services Industry Act」 to the security work of security guards for Multi-family Housing management.
 Accordingly, through this paper, the researcher reexamined the already proposed improvement plan for the work of Multi-family Housing security guards and proposed an amendment to the 「Multi-family Housing Management Act」

Examining the Occupational Safety and Health Hazards encountered by Municipal Waste Collectors in Murewa Rural District Council, Zimbabwe

The failure of Zimbabwean local authorities to implement contemporary waste management technology, combined with refuse management incapacity exposes handlers of solid waste to work-related diseases and accidents. The study sought to use Murewa Rural District Council (RDC) as a case study and a mixed-method that triangulated qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was employed as a method of inquiry. The study established that, in Murewa, there is an irregular garbage collection schedule which results in piles of uncollected refuse on roadsides, street corners and other undesignated areas. The illegal dumping of refuse and overflowing of garbage bins have become an eyesore in Murewa Township Centre. The people employed to clean this mess are often ill equipped to clean the garbage in hygienic ways as they often use their bare hands to shovel the garbage from dumpsites and overloaded bins into the refuse collection trucks. In doing this, these workers are exposed to biological hazards such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and cysts. To minimise the associated hazards, the study suggests, among other things, that the Murewa Rural District Council should improve workplace safety and health for employees by modifying workplace and process design and by adhering to the hazard identification and risk assessment methodology.