Garbage Accumulation Research Articles

КОНФЛІКТИ ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ВТРАТИ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ ПОСЛУГ

Ecosystem services, important for the society welfare, are degraded and lost due to irrational nature using and excessive exploitation of the planet resources. The close relationship between different types of nature management on the mutual territory is caused by the ever-increasing needs in natural resources, the complication of production and the reduction of territories suitable for development. In addition, conflicts between different land users often arise, which are exacerbated by competition for resources, territory and the possibility of obtaining quality ecosystem services. The most conflictual are industrial and transport types of nature management, which expand the area and the intensity of impact on the natural environment. Most often conflict situations arise between land users within the same river basin, who share water resources. Conflicts caused by the deterioration of air quality are most pronounced in urbanized areas where the main sources of pollution are located and the population is concentrated as the main recipient of contaminated air. Conflicts due to competition over the territory are inevitable between agrarian and forestry nature management, because they are the main consumers of soil resources. Large-scale deforestation is the main cause of forest conflicts among many interested land users. Mining and processing industries are in conflict with virtually all types of natural management in the adjacent territories, where irreversible lands violations, pollution of all landscape components, and dangerous exogenous processes are happening. Most diverse ecosystem services for mankind are provided by protected areas, where the main conflicts of nature management are associated with excessive recreational loads, garbage accumulation, poaching, penetration of invasive species, illegal building. The largest losses of ecosystem services occur in protected areas located within large cities. Considering the significant damage from degradation and loss of ecosystem services, society must be aware of the benefits of avoiding conflict situations, which will contribute to the timely prevention of the degradation of vital ecosystem services. Inventory and assess the benefits derived from ecosystems will help to stimulate ecosystem services consumers to preserve the natural environment.

A bi-objective integer programming model for locating garbage accumulation points: a case study

Enhancing efficiency in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is crucial for local governments, which are generally in charge of collection, since this activity explains a large proportion of their budgetary expenses. The incorporation of decision support tools can contribute to improve the MSW system, specially by reducing the required investment of funds. This article proposes a mathematical formulation, based on integer programming, to determine the location of garbage accumulation points while minimizing the expenses of the system, i.e., the installment cost of bins and the required number of visits the collection vehicle which is related with the routing cost of the collection. The model was tested in some scenarios of an important Argentinian city that stills has a door-to-door system, including instances with unsorted waste, which is the current situation of the city, and also instances with source classified waste. Although the scenarios with classified waste evidenced to be more challenging for the proposed resolution approach, a set of solutions was provided in all scenarios. These solutions can be used as a starting point for migrating from the current door-to-door system to a community bins system.

Soft computing methods for multiobjective location of garbage accumulation points in smart cities

This article describes the application of soft computing methods for solving the problem of locating garbage accumulation points in urban scenarios. This is a relevant problem in modern smart cities, in order to reduce negative environmental and social impacts in the waste management process, and also to optimize the available budget from the city administration to install waste bins. A specific problem model is presented, which accounts for reducing the investment costs, enhance the number of citizens served by the installed bins, and the accessibility to the system. A family of single- and multi-objective heuristics based on the PageRank method and two mutiobjective evolutionary algorithms are proposed. Experimental evaluation performed on real scenarios on the cities of Montevideo (Uruguay) and Bahia Blanca (Argentina) demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. The methods allow computing plannings with different trade-off between the problem objectives. The computed results improve over the current planning in Montevideo and provide a reasonable budget cost and quality of service for Bahia Blanca.

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Loja Basin (Ecuador)

Study region: Loja Basin, Ecuador.Loja city is mainly supplied by surface water and solely few places in the city make use of groundwater. For sustainable handling and consumption; development of groundwater inventories, determination of physical and chemical characteristics and the analysis of modifying phenomena and contaminating sources that may affect these waters, is vital. Chemical analyzes were performed on groundwater samples from Loja basin and with all these data, through the use of bivariate diagrams (TDS vs Na/(Na + Ca), TDS vs Cl/(Cl + HCO3), Mg/Na vs Ca/Na and HCO3/Na vs Ca/Na), determine the hydrochemical processes that control the composition of groundwater.New hydrological insights for the region: In Loja basin, the rock-water interaction determines; mostly, the composition of groundwater. The predominant ion in most of these waters was HCO3- followed by Cl-. Ions such as sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium and gypsum come from the weathering of calcite, dolomite and gypsum (Ca + Mg vs. HCO3, SO42- = r2 = 0.93). Silicate weathering also generates an input of calcium, magnesium and sodium to groundwater. Local increases in the K+ and NO3− levels of some sampling points cannot be justified by the interaction with the basin's geological materials so these variations may probably be influenced by anthropic factors such as: domestic wastewater contamination, application of fertilizers and garbage accumulation contiguous to the places where the water emerge. Springs were more affected by anthropogenic activity.

3R philosophy for sustaining recreational attractiveness and development of hotel business in Ukraine

The paper highlights the problem of waste accumulation and ways of its solution. It was established that landfills occupy 7% of the total territory of Ukraine and their area is larger than the area of natural reserve funds. Based on the dynamics of garbage accumulation the paper forecasts increase solid household waste in geometric progression. The article shares experience in field of utilization and waste management and grounds the necessity of separating rubbish into fractions and processing each component that is sold separately on the market. It is proposed to use a systematic approach to waste management in hotel business. The paper justifies the conclusion that only the proliferation of 3R philosophy – Reuse-Reduce-Recycle – in behaviour of tourists and the local population in everyday life will preserve the recreational attractiveness of Ukraine and provide the basis for the development of hotel business.

Trash on the Menu:Patterns of Animal Visitation and Foraging Behaviour at Garbage Dumps

Garbage accumulation around terrestrial nature re-serves poses a risk to many species. We monitored animal visitation patterns and foraging behaviour at garbage dumps near a forested area in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India, to examine plastic consumption by animals. We recorded 32 species of birds and mam-mals visiting garbage dumps and classified them as ‘peckers’, ‘handlers’ and ‘gulpers’ based on their foraging behaviour. Gulpers (carnivores and rumi-nants) were observed feeding more frequently and spent longer durations (3.8 ± 0.2 min) at garbage dumps. Our results highlight the importance of at-source segregation of waste to prevent wild and domestic animals from ingesting hazardous wastes, including plastics at garbage dumps.

OPTIMALISASI PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN TEKNOLOGI BIODIGESTER SEBAGAI UPAYA KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN

Garbage is one of important issues in the life community, particularly in Indonesia. The volume of garbage heap is increasing along with the increase of public consumption every day, which affects garbage accumulation especially in GEMPEL - BEHI TPST. Therefore, an alternative waste treatment is needed to reduce the volume of waste to be transported to the landfill by utilizing organic waste with anaerobic-digester technology. This condition encourages researchers to design biodigester type fixed dome to optimize waste processing. Based on the research that has been done, Designed anaerobic-digester that had been made can be known the total volume of reactor used is 196,8 m3 to process waste 32,8m3/day. From utilization the anaerobic-digester technology, it provides benefits for the community such as income from the sale of economic value of waste are Rp. 58.795.750,- per month and value of expenses are Rp 52.320.000,- per month with pay back period are 6 month. So with the design, it occurs environmental conservation efforts as one step to improve human welfare and realize the sustainability of natural resources.

Trash Basket Sensor Notification Using Arduino with Android Application

<span lang="EN-US">The protection of society and environment from garbage accumulation and its polluting effects is carried by waste management companies, the services provided by these companies are improving life overall quality. By preserving raw materials, proper collecting and elimination of trash have reduced pollution and environmental impact. On the other hand, areas which are suffered from inappropriate negative service appreciate the garbage collector’s valuable efforts. Appropriate garbage collection and management facilities have made a recycling process improvement which caused a reduction in waste generation. Also controlling the released contaminators and pollutants has decreased the impact on landfills and protected the environment from the pollution negative effects. Using mobile and electronic technology to enable waste management companies to finish its work and make it easier for collecting trash in a simple and an easy way. We introduce Trash Sensor Android Application to help waste management companies detect trash levels to collect it and help citizens from undesired odours.</span>

Environmental Degradation: Waste Disposal and Management in Kuwait

Findings suggest that humans produce more than a billion tons of garbage a year, which is either incinerated, buried exported or recycled. Waste in Kuwait has reached an epidemic proportion. Notwithstanding this, there is a growing concern about the threats posed by these environmental issues throughout the World. Newton’s third law of physics states that for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction. Though not limited to physics alone, this can be metaphorically demonstrated in the case of Kuwait. The country is blessed with an abundance wealth from the oil sector which endorses a conduct of high mass consumption. The equal and opposite reaction in this case, is the high level of wastage emanating from rapacious consumption. Consistent with the resource curse hypothesis, a culture of waste concomitant with wealth could very well make one to become insensitive to individuals and families that are suffering from hunger and malnutrition. Kuwait has identified sustainability as a key driver of its 2035 Vision. Therefore addressing wastage in all its forms is critical for Kuwait’s socio-political legitimacy, economic reputation, and ecological performance. Garbage accumulation in Kuwait is perhaps a manifestation of the gross wastage of water and energy. Therefore curbing the culture of waste is further exacerbated by the benevolence of Kuwait’s leadership. The purpose of the paper is to shed light on the overdependence on one waste management technique, highlight the consequences of the current system, and finally formalize an environment management system that is consistent with best practices. This entails the engagement of civil society and the public authority in a holistic fashion.

Improvement of public administration in the sphere of solid household waste management

Problem setting. One of the most actual environmental problems in Ukraine is the accumulation and utilization of the solid household waste. Due to the considerable volumes of garbage accumulation, Ukraine is considered to be the one of the most technically inflicted countries in the world. In its experience of solid domestic waste treatment, our state is for a few decades behind the developed countries of Europe. There are tens of thousands of spontaneous dumps in Ukraine and more than 6 500 official landfills.Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of researches on the assessment of the status of waste disposal sites in Ukraine has shown the lack of scientific works on the integrated assessment and forecast of solid waste landfills’ state and the minimization of their impact on the environment. The imperfection of modern measures to minimize the impact of dumps on the environment and the lack of an effective monitoring system necessitate the development of a set of measures to ensure the ecological safety of landfills.Aim of the article. To study the problem of solid waste accumulation and utilization in Ukraine and to identify ways of public governance’s improvement in the sphere of dealing with them.Main material. Hundreds of thousands of tons of solid household waste are being collected annually in urban landfills. Location, arrangement and operating conditions of most sewage dumps do not meet regulatory requirements, this increases the ecological danger of these objects. There are about 2000 objects in Ukraine, which are organized without projects and engineering and hydrogeological exploration. The consequence of this is the pollution of groundwater by filtrate and the migration of pollutants along with ground and underground flows.Due to widespread problems with solid household waste throughout Ukraine, the entire power vertical faces this question. At the local level, attempts to start a business in the sphere of waste sorting and recycling have taken place for several years. There are a lot of reports on the building of waste sorting and waste recycling enterprises in different regions of Ukraine.The garbage market, where it would be possible to sell secondary raw materials, has not yet been developed in Ukraine. According to experts, for example, waste produced only by the capital itself, can be estimated at 3 billion UAH in a year. Thus, tens of billions of hryvnias can be got for the country’s secondary raw materials. It has been estimated, that 100 waste processing plants are needed in order to clean the country from garbage.Taking into account the general difficult economic situation in the country, experts see the solution of this issue in attraction of foreign investments into the construction of such enterprises. For Ukraine there is a need for a state waste management strategy.Positive trends in the sphere of state regulation of the waste management system can be seen in recent years, but Ukraine has not created the appropriate legal and regulatory framework yet that would gradually reach the requirements of the European legislation. Conclusions of the research. The enshrined regulations of national rules on disposal and solid waste management are currently not implemented fully. This calls for the improvement of enforcement practice on this issue, as well as the introduction of amendments and additions to existing legal acts. It is necessary to develop an effective state program that would include a complex of state measures for the creation of specialized enterprises for sorting and processing of solid waste in Ukraine, to conduct a series of educational actions among citizens. Ukrainian legislation on the effective solution of the problem of solid household waste management should be based on national characteristics and positive experience of relevant European legislation in this sphere. And the attraction of foreign investments in the waste recycling industry will definitely contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation in Ukraine.

Intelligent Garbage Monitoring System using Internet of Things

Objectives: This paper describes an intelligent garbage monitoring system. Garbage management is an essential and mandatory process due to increase in human population and the amount of waste being accumulated. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Garbage accumulation leads to unhealthy environment and enables spreading of infections and diseases. The present invention provides a monitoring system and further includes a system to control the littering of the garbage in the vicinity of the bin aiming for a healthy and safe environment. An intelligent garbage monitoring system will be installed in all the localities and allows the monitoring party, the municipal corporation to view and take action according to the status of the garbage bin in that locality. Findings: The intelligent garbage monitoring system further has a control feature that prevents the users from spreading the waste around the vicinity of the garbage bin. The system aims for a cleaner environment and promotes a healthy life, by reducing the number of diseases that spreads due to improper waste management. Application/Improvements: The smarter garbage monitoring system enables a cleaner, healthier safer and disease free environment.

PENGARUH REVITALISASI SUNGAI TERHADAP KINERJA SISTEM DRAINASE KALI PEPE HILIR KOTA SURAKARTA

<p><em>Flood in Surakarta mostly due to overflowing rivers that flow through the region of Surakarta. The river is part of the urban drainage system. Department of Public Works (DPU) as the local government agency is responsible for the drainage management in Surakarta. One of form of implementation of the river management as part of drainage system is river revitalization program of Pepe River downstream which performed by the DPU. Despite Pepe River downstream revitalization program has been implemented in a variety of activities, the event of flooding due to overflowing Pepe River downstream still occur. Where as the flood is one of the performance indicators of urban drainage system. Thus, from that background it can be defined in research formulation problems, that is how the influence of the river revitalization performed by the DPU Surakarta against Pepe River downstream performance as part of urban drainage system in Surakarta. </em></p><p><em>This research uses quantitative descriptive analysis supported by several analytical techniques including descriptive narrative analysis to identify the characteristics of the revitalization of Pepe River downstream and paired simple t-test analysis to identify the changes of drainage system performance. Next, the relations from the results of both analysis will be identified using explanatory descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis results, it shows that the characteristics of the revitalization of Pepe River downstream is categorized in moderate intensity, because it only includes physical and social activities. Although there are improved changes in the drainage system performance. On the river section I, there are less significant changes with the number of the biggest changes ison the indicator of gabions, that is 11. On the river section II, the drainage system performance changes are significant with the number of the biggest changes is on the indicator of sedimentation, that is 38. In river section III, there are less significant changes with the number of the biggest change is on the indicator of garbage accumulation, with a score of 21.Therefore, it can be argued that the river revitalization program performed by the DPU Surakarta affects the Pepe River downstream performance as the primary drainage channel in the drainage system in Surakarta. The influence can be seen from the reversion of river functions as a drainage channel which is marked by changes in Pepe River downstream drainage system performance from before the river revitalization performed and after the revitalization performed, which is improved.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: river revitalization, catchment area, drainage system performence</em></p><p> </p>

Towards a Software Tool Supporting Urban Decision Makers in Locating and Sizing the Household Garbage Accumulation Points Within Cities

Locating and sizing garbage bins for the separate accumulation of household solid waste within urban areas is of primary interest for the local administrations that so far lack adequate IT support. The paper highlights the versatility of a method for solving such a problem, which involves both standard and geographic data. Implementation of the proposal, centered around a spatial database, goes in the direction of developing a supporting software tool to the officials responsible for the management of municipal solid waste. They are offered a dual-mode display of the results: one tabular (the standard format featured by relational databases) and the other based on the metaphor of geographic maps, the latter being particularly useful in capitalizing on the spatial component of the problem.

Integration of Spatial and Descriptive Information to Solve the Urban Waste Accumulation Problem

The paper presents a general method to determine the location of garbage accumulation points on urban territories and sizing the number of bins. The position is set by taking into account the distance from the house of the citizens, while the number of bins is adequate to the amount of waste produced “locally”. The solution is reached by integrating spatial and descriptive information.

Percepção da população de Rondonópolis (MT) sobre desafios e benefícios ambientais da coleta seletiva

O crescimento populacional, o êxodo rural, a industrialização dos bens de consumo e o aumento de renda geram graves problemas de acumulo de lixo nas cidades. Propôs-se nesta pesquisa identificar os desafios e os benefícios ambientais na percepção da população de Rondonópolis (MT) em relação à coleta seletiva. Para isso, utilizou-se de uma abordagem metodológica de caráter exploratória e descritiva por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado junto a uma amostra aleatória e representativa de moradores da cidade. Os resultados mostraram que praticar a separação dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis em suas residências é uma ótima atitude e um comportamento educativo que influencia, inclusive, na educação e formação de cidadãos conscientes da preservação do meio ambiente. Não foram percebidas dificuldades a serem vencidas na implantação da coleta seletiva de lixo na cidade, pois já existe uma conscientização da preservação ambiental por parte do morador.

WEEE treatment strategies’ evaluation using fuzzy LINMAP method

Electrical and electronic equipments (EEE) have already begun to be accumulated at the garbage dumps. This garbage accumulation brings big danger to the environment and human health. That’s why one should look for exploring the ways to dispose of these wastes and emphasize the waste treatment strategies. Waste treatment strategies also contribute either to local or global economies by creating a new sector and employment opportunities, and by reducing use of scarce resources. In this paper, a linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP) method for solving multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems with preference information on alternatives in fuzzy environment is developed. The aim is to develop a fuzzy LINMAP model for evaluation and select of a waste treatment strategy for EEE. Thus, three treatment strategy alternatives and eight criteria are determined. The best strategy is selected and the key criterion is found accordingly. The best alternative is found to be treating waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE) by reuse and recycling methods.

Physical Activity Levels According to Physical and Social Environmental Factors in a Sample of Adults Living in South Brazil

To evaluate the association between the physical and social environment and physical activity (leisure-time and transport-related) in a population-based sample of adults. Cross-sectional study including 972 adults (20-69 years) living in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil. Physical activity was measured using the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Environmental variables were assessed using a modified version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. 69.8% (95% CI = 66.9-72.7) and 51.9% (95% CI = 48.8-55.1) of the subjects did not reach 150 min/wk on leisure-time and transport-related physical activity, respectively. Subjects living near green areas were more likely to be active in leisure-time, as well as those who reported to live in safe neighborhoods. Transport-related physical activity was higher among individuals living in areas with garbage accumulation, and was lower among those living in neighborhoods which are difficult to walk or cycle due to traffic. Social support was strongly associated with leisure-time physical activity. Safety investments, which are urgently required in Brazil, are likely to have a desirable side effect at increasing physical activity at the population level. Building enjoyable and safe public spaces for physical activity practice must be prioritized.

Testing the ?garbage? accumulation theory of ageing: mitotic activity protects cells from death induced by inhibition of autophagy

Imperfect autophagic degradation of oxidatively damaged macromolecules and organelles (so-called biological "garbage") is considered an important contributor to ageing and consequent death of postmitotic (non-dividing) cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes. In contrast, proliferating cells apparently escape senescence by a continuous dilution and repair of damaged structures during division. Postmitotic ageing can be mimicked and studied in cultures of potentially dividing cells if their mitotic activity is inhibited. To test the "garbage accumulation" theory of ageing, we compared survival of density-dependent growth-arrested (confluent) and proliferating human fibroblasts and astrocytes following inhibition of autophagic sequestration with 3-methyladenine (3MA). Exposure of confluent fibroblast cultures to 3MA for two weeks resulted in a significantly increased proportion of dying cells compared to both untreated confluent cultures and dividing cells with 3MA-inhibited autophagy. Similar results were obtained when autophagic degradation was suppressed by the protease inhibitor leupeptin. In 3MA- or leupeptin-exposed cultures, dying cells were overloaded with undegraded autofluorescent material. The results support a key role of biological lysosomal "garbage" accumulation in the triggering of ageing and death of postmitotic cells, as well as the anti-ageing role of cell division.

Estudo dos riscos geológicos na região do município de Santa Maria: o caso da Vila Billbiu

The density of urban population with socio-spacial segregation in its most different manifestations on the use and occupation of the natural space, associated to an intensive exploitation of the environment and of the real estate speculation, determines the occupation of inadequate place dwellings by the less favoured social layers. Santa Maria city doesn't escape from this juncture, with Bilibiu village as the place where man and nature conflicts are intensified. In this region earthflows and debris flows occur on the steep areas; on the Vacacaí-Mirim river brook nearest areas the most important event is the flood. Besides this fact, the garbage accumulation in inadequate places and the pluvial and the sewer wastewater treatment are diseases and harmful animals dissemination sources.

External Increasing Returns, Short-Lived Agents and Long-Lived Waste

Actions that affect environmental quality both influence and respond to macroeconomic variables. Further, many environmental and macroeconomic consequences of current actions will have uncompensated effects that outlive the actors. This paper presents an overlapping-generations model of environmental externalities and capital accumulation: consumption of the old generates long-lived garbage as a by-product, while young agents invest in both capital and destruction of the existing garbage stock. The model also assumes external increasing returns: increases in the capital stock increase the future productivity of capital. In the model, increases in the natural rate of degradation do, and improvements in society's ability to dispose of garbage may, encourage capital accumulation. Multiple Pareto-ranked equilibria can arise as a consequence of the interaction between garbage and capital accumulation. Underaccumulation of garbage, analogous to dynamically inefficient overaccumulation of capital, can arise in the model.