Gap Theory Research Articles

The finite-gap method and the periodic Cauchy problem for $(2+1)$-dimensional anomalous waves for the focusing Davey-Stewartson $2$ equation

The focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation is the simplest universal model describing the modulation instability of $(1+1)$-dimensional quasi monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear media, and modulation instability is considered to be the main physical mechanism for the appearance of anomalous (rogue) waves in nature. By analogy with the recently developed analytic theory of periodic anomalous waves of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation, in this paper we extend these results to a $(2+1)$-dimensional context, concentrating on the focusing Davey-Stewartson $2$ equation, an integrable $(2+1)$-dimensional generalization of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. More precisely, we use the finite gap theory to solve, to the leading order, the doubly periodic Cauchy problem for the focusing Davey-Stewartson $2$ equation, for small initial perturbations of the unstable background solution, which we call the doubly periodic Cauchy problem for anomalous waves. As in the case of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we show that, to the leading order, the solution of this Cauchy problem is expressed in terms of elementary functions of the initial data. Bibliography: 86 titles.

The People or the Message: Which is Responsible for Cognitive Conflict? 

While work on agricultural messaging is abundant, the way that audiences form perceptions of messages is not well understood and little research has examined the cognitive effects of image and word associations in an agricultural context. Previous knowledge gap research has shown that socioeconomic status and access to information could be one contributor of perception formation. We propose that these variables could also impact cognitive processing. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine how components of cognitive dissonance and knowledge gap theory apply in the context of a contentious agricultural issue. Data were collected from 1,049 United States’ residents through an online survey with an embedded experimental design. Respondents randomly received one of two image and word association pairings. After viewing the treatment, measures of cognitive conflict, demographics, and desire to learn more were collected. The results showed that the cognitive conflict instrument performed differently in the context of a complex agricultural issue than in prior research. Additionally, the message pairings had a stronger influence on cognitive conflict components than demographic characteristics. Finally, the desire to learn more was impacted by the message treatments. Future research on cognitive conflict and advanced modeling is recommended.

Modeling Deception: A Case Study of Email Phishing

Information manipulation for deception continues to evolve at a remarkable rate. Artificial intelligence has greatly reduced the burden of combing through documents for evidence of manipulation; but it has also enabled the development of clever modes of deception. In this study, we modeled deception attacks by examining phishing emails that successfully evaded detection by the Microsoft 365 filtering system. The sample population selected for this study was the University of North Texas students, faculty, staff, alumni and retirees who maintain their university email accounts. The model explains why certain individuals and organizations are selected as targets, and identifies potential counter measures and counter attacks. Over a one-year period, 432 phishing emails with different features, characters, length, context and semantics successfully passed through Microsoft Office 365 filtering system. The targeted population ranged from 18 years old up to those of retirement age; ranged across educational levels from undergraduate through doctoral levels; and ranged across races. The unstructured data was preprocessed by filtering out duplicates to avoid overemphasizing a single attack. The term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and distribution of words over documents (topic modeling) were analyzed. Results show that staff and students were the main target audience, and the phishing email volume spiked in the summer and holiday season. The TF-IDF analysis showed that the phishing emails could be categorized under six categories: reward, urgency, job, entertainment, fear, and curiosity. Analysis showed that attackers use information gap theory to bait email recipients to open phishing emails with no subject line or very attractive subject line in about thirty percent of cases. Ambiguity remains the main stimulus used by phishing attackers, while the reinforcements used to misinform the targets range from positive reinforcements (prize, reward) to negative reinforcements (blackmail, potential consequences).

Exclusion of South African Rural Communities from Digital Communication Podia: A Regulatory Conundrum

This article reports on a study that examined how SA Connect (i.e., the South African broadband policy that was approved in 2013) has sought to integrate rural South Africans into the digital communication podia. The study drew from a major recent study focusing on selected themes as captured in SA Connect. Furthermore, it interrogated the current configurations of the South African telecommunications market and the role of the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) in levelling the playing field within the sector. Located within the terrain of telecommunications policy and regulation, the study interrogated the interplay between mobile operators and ICASA in expediting broadband penetration into rural South Africa. Theoretically, the study was guided by the tenets of the knowledge gap theory as proposed by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Clarice Olien in 1970 and the principles of universal access within the context of the broadband ecosystem. The findings showed that an unreconstructed and predisposed skewed urban market as well as the indecisive regulator stance led to failure to reduce the digital divide. Thus, despite relentless attempts to address these challenges at policy level, South African rural areas remain excluded from the digital communication podia, subsequently causing digital inequality. The findings confirmed critical perspectives on digital inclusion which maintain that, the more information is circulated through the new conduits of information technology, the more communities from the low economic stratum of society are excluded from the information society and participation in the digital economy.

The impact of political programs on Lebanese television on political knowledge of the youth

The study aimed to find out the effect of watching political programs on Lebanese television on the level of political knowledge of Lebanese university youth and the extent of their dependence on them, according to many variables. The study
 also aimed to apply the test of hypotheses of the knowledge gap theory.
 The researcher used the descriptive approach, to achieve the aim of the study, through the "questionnaire tool", which was implemented on an intentional non-probability sample of (400) single Lebanese university students in Beirut, which included a set of questions related to questions and hypotheses of the study. And its goals and variables.
 The researcher came out with many conclusions. The important ones are: 
 
 In general ,viewing the political programs in the Lebanese satellite channels was medium among the participants, the high level came in the second place while the law level got the third and last place.
 The political knowledge among the participants was high; the participant with middle political knowledge was in the second place while the low political knowledge came in the third place.
 There is a non-statistically significant correlation between the volume of exposure to television channels and the size of political knowledge of the respondents.
 
 There is a statistically significant correlation between the size of the respondents' political knowledge and the degree of their interest in the political issue raised.
 5- There are statistically significant differences between the respondents in the size of political knowledge, according to the variable of the economic and social level.
 

E-GOVERNMENT SERVICE ADOPTION THROUGH THE LENS OF THE KNOWLEDGE GAP

The aim of the paper is to raise some issues in relation to the technology adoption-based e-government acceptance models and that the knowledge gap theory can be applied to the use of online public administration services: higher status equals not only wider and more sophisticated usage of ICT tools, but also more knowledge about public administration procedures themselves, which can result in various channel-preferences and routines among the users of different public services. Using data from the multivariable Good State Public Administration Opinion Survey, the paper shows that the knowledge gap clearly exists in terms of public administration-related knowledge. Based on this finding, the paper recommends that the currently marginally used ‘necessary knowledge about public administration procedures’ factor should be more widely incorporated in e- government adoption models, as it can have a significant effect on adoption, or alter the effect of other constructs in these models.

A qualitative exploration of health-related quality of life and health behaviours in children with sickle cell disease and healthy siblings

Objectives This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQL) and health behaviours of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and healthy siblings, drawing on Gap theory, which suggests HRQL is the discrepancy between current and ideal selves. Design Thirty-two interviews, facilitated by children’s drawings of their current and ideal selves were thematically analysed. Results Two themes were identified. First, limitations of SCD and adjusted expectations. Children with SCD report some discrepancy in HRQL as they would like to participate in more physical activity, but overall, they appear to have normalised their condition and adjusted their expectations in the context of the limits of their condition. Healthy siblings worry about their sibling and have greater expectations about engaging in adventurous activities and for their future. Second, coping with SCD. Children have limited social support, although children with SCD seek support from their mothers. They also modify health behaviours, like reducing exercise to help prevent and cope with sickle-related pain. Conclusion Children have some discrepancies in their HRQL but adjusted expectations among children with SCD may reduce discrepancy. Adapting health behaviours may help to cope with SCD but it is important that reductions in physical activity do not impair HRQL.

The 2019 Nigerian presidential elections and the resurgence of the magic bullet theory of media effect

This study examined the continued relevance of Magic Bullet Theory, also called Hypodermic Needle Theory. It adopted the applied and survey research methods. The sample had 1,265 respondents. Qualitative analytical approach was used to discuss how the Magic Bullet Theory has remained a relevant interpretative tool for assessing the behaviour of media audiences during election period. Theoretical framework was anchored on Tichenor, Donohue and Olien’s Knowledge Gap Theory. The paper argued that the impactful use of media propaganda (particularly fake news on social media) during Nigeria’s 2019 elections has demonstrated the continued relevance of the theory in media studies, especially as it was observed that members of the main competing parties and aides of election contestants used fake news on social media to influence voters’ electoral judgments. Internet-based rumours of President Muhammadu Buhari’s demise and his “Islamisation” agenda, for instance, created such great concern that his party, the All Progressive Congress, exerted much efforts during its campaigns to debunk these allegations. Findings from the study led to the conclusion that media content substantially influenced the voters’ choice on who to support; and this vividly showed in the party’s dismal electoral performance in the Christian-dominated South-East, South-South and North-Central geo-political zones.

Service Exports and Productivity: Evidence from OECD Panel Data

This study aims to investigate the relationship between service exports and productivity in 27 OECD countries by using a panel dataset for the years 1995-2018. In the theoretical context, this relationship is basically handled by the learning-by-exporting and self-selection mechanisms. Additionally, product life cycle and technological gap theories also have implications related to the export and productivity association. In the study, after detecting the cross-sectional dependence, the stationarity characteristics of the exports and productivity series were investigated by Pesaran's (2007) panel unit root tests. The findings of Westerlund (2007) panel co-integration test indicated that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between service exports and productivity. Common correlated effects estimators also supported this finding and showed that productivity affects exports positively in both short and long run. Finally, Dumitrescu and Hurlin's (2012) heterogeneous panel causality tests showed that there is a unidirectional causal relationship running from productivity to service exports. The findings support the predictions of product life cycle theory and technological gap theory regarding the exports and productivity linkage and indicate the validity of the self-selection mechanism for OECD countries' service exports.

Seasonal Gap Theory for ENSO Phase Locking

Abstract The life cycle of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) typically follows a seasonal march, onset in spring, developing during summer, maturing in boreal winter, and decaying over the following spring. This feature is referred to as ENSO phase locking. Recent studies have noted that seasonal modulation of the ENSO growth rate is essential for this process. This study investigates the fundamental effect of a seasonally varying growth rate on ENSO phase locking using a modified seasonally-dependent recharge oscillator model. There are two phase locking regimes associated with the strength of the seasonal modulation of growth rate: (1) a weak regime in which only a single peak occurs; and (2) a strong regime in which two types of events occur either with a single peak or double peak. Notably, there is a seasonal gap in the strong regime, during which the ENSO peak cannot occur because of large-scale ocean-atmosphere coupled processes. We also retrieve a simple analytical solution of the seasonal variance of ENSO, revealing that the variance is governed by the time-integral of seasonally varying growth rate. Based on this formulation, we propose a seasonal energy index (SEI) that allows explaining the seasonal gap, and provides an intuitive explanation for ENSO phase locking, potentially applicable to global climate model ENSO diagnostics.

Gap theory based performance analysis: A case study of an Indian hostel building with passive architectural character

Meeting diversified expectations of users is a constant challenge. Only limited studies examine the perception as expectation and satisfaction of hostel building indoor environments, especially in India. This identified research gap is addressed in this study to propose a systematic indicative post-occupancy evaluation method using gap theory under the SERVQUAL model. Through site visits and focus group meetings, six main performance aspects of the hostel’s facilities were identified: visual comfort, thermal comfort, aural comfort, fire safety, hygiene, and communication. Further, a perception survey had conducted for 234 users. The thermal and hygiene aspects had shown the least expectation and satisfaction, while fire safety was the highest. This gives the idea of the preconception of users on aspects. Further, the perceptions were evaluated based on user subgroups such as gender (male and female), room type (single and double), academic year (1 and > 1), and course (UG and PG). The results show that females, single rooms, academic year > 1, and PG hold expectations higher. The service gaps range from -0.09 (fire) to -1.05 (hygiene), where this gap can be reversed. Cubic regression models were used to explain the proportion of users against change in performance gap under the aspects. This could be used for benchmarking for similar projects. This methodology can be adopted for hostel buildings for perception studies.

Platinum-Doped Prussian Blue Nanozymes for Multiwavelength Bioimaging Guided Photothermal Therapy of Tumor and Anti-Inflammation.

Developing appropriate photothermal agents to meet complex clinical demands is an urgent challenge for photothermal therapy of tumors. Here, platinum-doped Prussian blue (PtPB) nanozymes with tunable spectral absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and good antioxidative catalytic activity are developed by one-step reduction. By controlling the doping ratio, PtPB nanozymes exhibit tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) frequency with significantly enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency and allow multiwavelength photoacoustic/infrared thermal imaging guided photothermal therapy. Experimental band gap and density functional theory calculations further reveal that the decrement of free carrier concentrations and increase in circuit paths of electron transitions co-contribute to the enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency of PtPB with tunable LSPR frequency. Benefiting from antioxidative catalytic activity, PtPB can simultaneously relieve inflammation caused by hyperthermia. Moreover, PtPB nanozymes exhibited good biosafety after intravenous injection. Our findings provide a paradigm for designing safe and efficient photothermal agents to treat complex tumor diseases.

Residential Satisfaction in Renovated Historic Blocks in Two Chinese Cities

Previous studies of renovated Chinese historic blocks have predominantly emphasized the role of government and physical preservation of blocks, ignoring the interests of residents, although renovation directly influences their daily lives. To reduce this void in the literature, this study sets out to analyze the residential satisfaction in these blocks. Different from existing studies directly assessing the influence of residential attributes on residential satisfaction, following gap theory, satisfaction is assumed to be affected by the gap between a resident’s aspirations and the perceived reality. Results of the best subset regression analysis suggest that residential satisfaction is influenced not only by the residential attributes but also by residential aspirations. The smaller the gap between aspiration and reality, proportional to the aspiration, the higher the residential satisfaction. Residents with a job or living in blocks during the middle renovation stage are more likely to have higher residential satisfaction for several dimensions. The analysis of satisfaction with different residential dimensions influencing overall residential satisfaction indicates that satisfaction about housing contributes the most and work satisfaction affects it the least. Policy implications to increase residential satisfaction during the renovation process of historic blocks are discussed.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS PELAKSANAAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN TERHADAP MAKANAN MIE INSTAN DALAM KEMASAN YANG TELAH KADALUWARSA

The Research is motivated to see how The development of economic sector trade produce various types of goods or variations of food. But in the circulation of food in Indonesian special its instants noodles is still a matter to be considered, where consumers are often harmed by violations committed by business actors by selling instants noodles that have expired. Global competition makes business actors justify any means to reap the benefits of one of them by distributing food expired so that they can reduce the number of losses. Writing method used in this journal writing empirical juridical method that essentially examines the law in its application in public life. The hallmark of empirical juridical research is a study that goes from the das sollen gap (theory)to the das sein (practice or reality). The result of this research is Legal protection for consumers related to the circulation of instant noodles expired in Denpasar is worth noting where many consumers not only inDenpasar city feel the loss due to food or beverage expired. With the existence of Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, the guaranteed consumers who feel aggrieved and the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency in his duties only become a medium in coaching for business actors or producers who sell goods or foods that are expired, while in cracking down in the implementation of public health Office. Not only provide guidance, drug and food regulatory agencies can provide recommendations for follw-up by the health service, as well as the consumer community should be more careful in buying food and if they find naughty business actors in terms of selling expired foods can report to the agency drug and food superintendent.

Analysis and simulation of pedestrians’ behaviors at signalized intersections considering jaywalking

Limited microscopic simulation models focus on pedestrian movements at signalized intersections, and fewer studies still pay attention to their jaywalking. This paper tries to fill this gap by establishing a microscopic simulation model for pedestrians and vehicles, which can include pedestrians’ jaywalking. The acceptable gap theory model and the social force model are modified to develop this model. The model parameters are calibrated using observed speed and trajectory data. Finally, the model performance is verified using both a macroscopic and a microscopic approach. Crossing speeds, crossing positions, the crossing process, conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, trajectories and their distribution are all analyzed. Based on this research, a countermeasure is proposed to limit pedestrians’ jaywalking, and its effectiveness is analyzed through field and simulation experiments. The contrasting results of the simulation and observed data indicate that the proposed model can visually reproduce the crossing behaviors of pedestrians at signalized intersections.

Potential rents vs. potential lives

The seeking of potential rents directs flows of investment into built and natural environments, suffusing volatility into urban and rural landscapes, generating gentrification and other forms of land use change, and displacing lives and livelihoods to make space for ‘improvement’, ‘highest and best use’, ‘revitalization’, or the like. In this paper we argue that potential rents are captured at the cost of potential lives, and that rent gap theory, long central (and limited) to gentrification theory, is more widely applicable to the dynamics of land use change and uneven geographical development in capitalist societies. By reading David Harvey’s analyses of rent and accumulation by dispossession as a sophisticated formulation of rent gap theory, we relate the seeking and capturing of potential rents to the power of landed developer interests and a broadened conceptualization of rentiership. We furthermore relate the seeking of potential rents to an ideology of limitless accumulation, and the striving to rein in potential rents to ideas of degrowth and the need for a culture and a politics of limits. Brief vignettes from the ‘primary sector’ (fisheries in the Baltic Sea, dairy farming in Europe, and small-scale farming in Sweden) suggestively illustrate our central argument that the seeking and capturing of potential rents stand in stark opposition to potentials for wellbeing and flourishing of human and non-human lives. We conclude that constraining potential rents – founded as they are on faith in limitless growth – requires a culture of self-limitation and politically imposed limitations commensurable with post-capitalist societies.

When ignorance is bliss: The role of curiosity in online games adoption

Despite the adverse consequences associated with playing risky online games, their popularity is increasing. Prior literature on online games has focused on identifying adoption factors without taking associated risks into consideration. In this study, we examine the factors that drive individuals to play online games in the presence of cybersecurity risks such as physical and psychological risks associated with online games. We draw on the information gap theory of curiosity to investigate the impact of security risk awareness and curiosity on the intention to play online games. Using a hypothetical scenario that simulates a real event and a total of 301 responses collected using Amazon Mechanical Turk platform and analyzed using LISREL 8.80, we provide evidence of how the awareness of threats incites curiosity and invites exploratory behavior that can lead to undesirable consequences. Our results reveal that security risk awareness has a positive and significant effect on both perceived risk and curiosity, while curiosity has a negative effect on perceived risk and a positive effect on the intention to play an online game. This study contributes to the literature on online games by adding the role of cybersecurity awareness as a predictor of curiosity, which in turn leads to risky behavior of playing online games. The study introduces curiosity as a critical factor that has valuable cybersecurity implications in the context of online gaming.

Reflective Case Discussion (RCD) for Nurses : A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to determine the benefits of RCD on nurses themselves, this literature through identification from the Pubmed database, Science direct and online wiley, use the keywords 'Reflection' and 'Case' and 'Nursing'. The method of searching articles uses PICOT technique, Prism Flow diagram, abstraction and synthetic data. Through fulltext screening, double publication and eligibility, 455 research articles were found. The next step is to screen through the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria so that the final result of the article found is 4 articles. Articles have a lot to explain about the benefits RCD for nurses, RCD can add to the knowledge of nurses, minimize the gap theory and practice so that errors can be resolved. Literature is also finding benefits RCD on nurses is increasing the professionalism of the work and cooperation among fellow colleagues. Implementation of the RCD environment of clinical very ber benefits

Gap theory based post-occupancy evaluation (GTbPOE) of dormitory building performance: A case study and a comparative analysis

Student housing significantly influences the quality and competitiveness of the university education environment. Whereas the traditional post-occupancy evaluations (POEs) of buildings have typically focussed on investigating users' satisfaction, an earlier study developed the gap theory based post-occupancy evaluation (GTbPOE) method, by which both the users' expectation and satisfaction (viz. performance gap) of a university dormitory were investigated. To validate the applicability of the GTbPOE method, further research was undertaken to evaluate the building performance of another dormitory. Using face-to-face interviews, responses of 104 dormitory users were collected, of which the relative importance ratings of six essential aspects (namely: visual comfort, thermal comfort, aural comfort, fire safety, hygiene, and communication via information technology) were analyzed via the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A series of gap analyses on the users' expectation and satisfaction levels corroborated the existence of the adaptation effect on the users’ perception: that is, the longer the stay, the smaller the performance gap. A comparative analysis on the findings between the two dormitories - one from the earlier study and the other from the present study - further demonstrated the usefulness of the GTbPOE method in benchmarking building performance. Adoption of this method in future POE studies will enable reliable identification of any shortcoming in building performance and hence, can form the basis for improvement measures to augment the performance of buildings within the built environment.

Double-Sided Polishing Simulation Based on the Gap Theory - Theory of Pressure Distribution Analysis and Conditions for High Flatness

The double sided polishing technique is often applied to achieve high total thickness variance (TTV) of large silicon wafers that are employed to manufacture integrated circuit (IC) cards and smartphones. However, the theoretical analysis of high TTV is not sufficiently studied for the double sided polishing. Whereas, a polishing simulation for single sided polishing based on the gap theory was already developed. This simulation results were compared to the experimental results and indicate good behavior characteristics. This study presents a description of the theory for analyzing pressure distribution for double sided polishing and the simulation results of the surface generation process. It was demonstrated that the average of total running distance is nearly equal for the upper and the lower plates. Improved flatness is obtained when the rotation speed differences of the upper and lower plate rotations for the carrier revolution are equal. Furthermore, it was shown that TTV of less than 0.04 μm with a flatness of less than 0.05 μm may be attained when the cone upper plate with the optimum slope and the flat lower plate are employed with lower carrier rotation.