Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Research Articles

876 Effects of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler chickens

876 Effects of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler chickens

Breaking the sporoderm of Ganoderma lucidum spores by combining chemical reaction with physical actuation

The hard and indissolvable sporoderm of Ganoderma lucidum spore (GLS) hinders the release of bioactive components that are significant to disease treatment and vitality enhancement. In this paper, a strategy to break sporoderm was proposed, in which the chemical reaction was cooperated with physical actuation (ultrasonication and refrigeration). Dealing with this chemicophysical treatment, the porous sporoderm of GLS was formed, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect factors and mechanism of breaking sporoderm were discussed, and the efficiency of breaking sporoderm was evaluated by detecting the dissolution behaviour of inner triterpenoids in GLS. In addition, aiming to improve the solubility and stability of GLS product, the β-cyclodextrin was used to seal the holes on sporoderm of GLS product. The results show that the developed method is effective and feasible in producing high-bioactive and stable GLS product.

Anticarcinogenic effects of water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) polysaccharides (GLPs) have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for cancer prevention for many years. However, the mechanism by which GLP exerts its chemopreventive activities remains elusive. In addition, it is unclear whether sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum water extract (BSGLWE), which contains mainly GLPs, has anticancer effects on colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the anticancer effects and potential mechanisms of BSGLWE on colorectal cancer in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that BSGLWE significantly inhibited colorectal cancer HCT116 cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that BSGLWE disrupted cell cycle progression at G2/M phase via downregulation of cyclin B1 and cyclin A2, and upregulation of P21 at mRNA levels. Moreover, BSGLWE induced apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 and survivin at mRNA levels, and reduced Bcl-2, PARP, pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9 at protein levels. Furthermore, BSGLWE suppressed tumor growth in vivo by regulating the expression of genes and proteins associated with cell cycle and apoptosis, which was further confirmed by a reduction of Ki67, PCNA, and Bcl-2 expression as determined by immunohistochemistry staining. NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), a pro-apoptotic gene, was significantly upregulated in vivo and in vitro upon BSGLWE treatment at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the relative amounts of secreted NAG-1 in cell culture medium or serum of nude mice were all upregulated upon BSGLWE treatments, suggesting a role of NAG-1 in BSGLWE-induced anticolorectal cancer activity. This is the first study to show that BSGLWE inhibits colorectal cancer carcinogenesis through regulating genes responsible for cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis cascades. These findings indicate that BSGLWE possesses chemopreventive potential in colorectal cancer which may serve as a promising anticancer agent for clinical applications.

Structural characterization and immuno-enhancing activity of a highly branched water-soluble β-glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum

A water soluble β-glucan (GLSWA-I) with a weight average molecular weight ∼1.57×105g/mol, isolated from the aqueous extract of the broken cellular wall Ganoderma lucidum spores, was purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The immunological activity test in vivo showed that GLSWA-I could significantly promote dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed-type ear swelling in mice. Based on the monosaccharides composition analysis, methylation analysis, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, the repeating unit of polysaccharide GLSWA-I was elucidated as follows: [Display omitted]

Protective Effects of Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganderma lucidum on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Low Level of Aflatoxin B₁.

This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and evaluate the effects of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SSGL) in relieving aflatoxicosis in broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old male Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly divided into four dietary treatments; the treatment diets were: Control (a basal diet containing normal peanut meal); AFB1 (the basal diet containing AFB1-contaminated peanut meal); SSGL (basal diet with 200 mg/kg of SSGL); AFB1+SSGL (supplementation of 200 mg/kg of SSGL in AFB1 diet). The contents of AFB1 in AFB1 and AFB1+SSGL diets were 25.0 μg/kg in the starter period and 22.5 μg/kg in the finisher period. The results showed that diet contaminated with a low level of AFB1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the average daily feed intake and average daily gain during the entire experiment and reduced (p < 0.05) serum contents of total protein IgA and IgG. Furthermore, a dietary low level of AFB1 not only increased (p < 0.05) levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, but also decreased (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capability, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and hydroxyl radical scavenger activity in the liver and spleen of broilers. Moreover, the addition of SSGL to AFB1-contaminated diet counteracted these negative effects, indicating that SSGL has a protective effect against aflatoxicosis.

Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganoderma lucidum Inhibit the Growth of Lung Cancer: Involvement of the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACTThe sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SBGS) and their extracts exhibited a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we prepare ethanol/ethanol extract (E/E-SBGS) and ethanol/aqueous extract (E/A-SBGS) from SBGS and examine their antitumor activities against human lung cancer. Our results showed that E/E-SBGS, not E/A-SBGS, inhibited the survival and migration of lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. E/E-SBGS arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase and triggered apoptosis by decreasing the expression and activity of cell cycle regulators, cyclin B1 and cdc2, as well as anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Consequently, colony formation of lung cancer cells was markedly blocked by E/E-SBGS at subtoxic concentrations. Oral administration of both E/E-SBGS and SBGS significantly suppressed tumor volume and tumor weight without gross toxicity in mice. Mechanism study showed that E/E-SBGS dose-dependently suppressed the activation of Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and their downstream molecules S6 kinase and 4E-BP1 in treated tumor cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the ethanol extract of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum suppresses the growth of human lung cancer, at least in part, through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting its potential role in cancer treatments.

Comparing analysis on several wall--cracking methods of {\sl Ganoderma lucidum} spore

Several methods on the wall-cracking of Ganoderma lucidum spore were carried on, mainly wall-cracking methods included supercritical wall-breaking, homogenate wall-cracking and ultrasonic wall-breaking. The results showed that adopting supercritical high-pressure steady state wall-cracking method could particularly improve the wall-crushing rate of Ganoderma lucidum spore. Although the wall-cracking rate of homogenate wall-cracking and ultrasonic wall-cracking was lower and most of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum were integrate in the microscope,the contents were nearly disappeared, attach to the purpose extracting effective constituentof spore inner.

Mitotic activity of a new phytotherapeutic product with a trade name of “Ganomix”

AbstractWater extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Vilcacora) bark and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) spores that are rich in biologically active compounds, are increasingly widely used in prevention and treatment of many serious medical conditions. They are considered an important treatment option, complementary to phytotherapeutics and synthetic medicines. A new formulation with a trade name of Ganomix was developed based on these two components. The aim of this study was to determine mitotic activity of Ganomix and to compare the activity of Ganomix with the activity of its individual components. The biological activity was assessed using the following plant tests: Allium test (Levan test) and Phytotoxkit biotest. In addition, the chemical composition of selected components was analyzed. Water extracts of Vilcacora bark and Reishi spores, as well as their combination in Ganomix, exhibited varying biological activities. The Vilcacora bark extracts had inhibitory effects at the great majority of concentrations tes...

Magnetic Ganoderma lucidum spore microspheres: A novel material to immobilize CotA multicopper oxidase for dye decolorization

In this study, hollow microspheres were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum spores. Then the hollow microspheres were loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prepare novel magnetic spore microspheres. TEM images and X-ray diffractometry demonstrated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were incorporated throughout the spore microsphere. CotA multicopper oxidase was chosen as biomacromolecule to study the loading ability of the magnetic spore microspheres. The combination of the CotA enzyme with the microsphere was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope. The loaded amount of CotA on the microspheres was 75mg/g when the CotA concentration was 1.2mg/mL and the activity recovery of the immobilized CotA was 81%. The magnetic microspheres loaded with CotA, which can be easily and quickly recovered by an external magnetic field, were used for dye decolorization. After 1h decolorization, 99% of the indigo carmine has been removed by 10mg microspheres. In addition, the immobilized CotA retained 75% of activity after 10 consecutive cycles, which indicated that the magnetic spore microspheres are good support material for immobilization of the enzyme.

A supercritical-CO2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum spores inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration by reversing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition

BackgroundGanoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is an oriental medical mushroom that has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent and treat different diseases, including cancer. Hypothesis/PurposeThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of A supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Study designThis was an in vitro study with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells treated with varying concentrations of G. lucidum. MethodsA supercritical-CO2 extract of G. lucidum spores (GLE) was obtained from completely sporoderm-broken germinating G. lucidum spores by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF-CO2) extraction. GLE pre-incubated with human cholangiocarcinoma TFK-1 cells prior to TGF-β1 treatment (2ng/ml) for 48h. Changes in EMT markers were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The formation of F-actin stress fibers was assessed via immunostaining with phalloidin and examined using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the effect of the GLE on TGF-β1-induced migration was investigated by a Boyden chamber assay. ResultsTGF-β1-induced reduction in E-cadherin expression was associated with a loss of epithelial morphology and cell–cell contact. Concomitant increases in N-cadherin and Fibronectin were evident in predominantly elongated fibroblast-like cells. The GLE suppressed the TGF-β1-induced morphological changes and the changes in cadherin expression, and also inhibited the formation of F-actin stress fibers, which are a hallmark of EMT. The GLE also inhibited TGF-β1-induced migration of TFK-1 cells. ConclusionOur findings provide new evidence that GLE suppress cholangiocarcinoma migration in vitro through inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT. The GLE may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer metastasis.

Cell growth stimulating effect of Ganoderma lucidum spores and their potential application for Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell cultivation.

In this work, water-soluble extracts of Ganoderma lucidum spores (Gls), a Chinese medicinal herb that possesses cell growth stimulating function, were found to be an effective growth factor for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultivation. The Gls extract was prepared and supplemented to CHO K1 cell culture media with various serum levels. Our results obtained from both the static culture and the spinner-flask suspension culture showed that use of small-amount Gls extract effectively promoted cell growth and suppressed cell apoptosis induced by serum deprivation with normal cell cycle maintained in a low-serum medium. The low-serum medium containing 1% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.01% (w/v) Gls extract showed a comparable performance on both cell growth and fusion protein productivity with the conventional CHO culture medium containing 10% (v/v) FBS and a commercial serum-free medium. This is the first study of the potential of Gls extracts for use as an alternative cell growth factor and nutrient for CHO cells. The findings have presented a new approach to economic cultivation of CHO cells for therapeutic protein production.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Ganoderma lucidum spore lipids

In this paper extraction of G. lucidum spore lipids (GSL) by supercritical fluid extraction technology (SFE) was optimised and compared with soxhlet and sonication extraction. Response surface methodology was employed to study the effects of extraction pressure, time and temperature on the lipids yield. Under the optimal SFE conditions of pressure of 35 MPa, time of 3 h and temperature of 48 °C, the lipids yield could reach 29.50%, which was significantly greater than that of sonification method (23.74%) and was no significant difference compared to that of soxhlet extraction (30.02%). Fatty acid analysis showed that oleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids of GSL extracted by three methods, which accounted for about 88% of total fatty acids. The total sterols content determined by GC/MS demonstrated that ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β-ol and ergosterol were the major sterol in all of the lipids extracted by SFE, Soxhlet and sonication, which represented about 80% of total sterols. Ergost-7en-3-ol ranged from 0.65 to 0.81 mg/g accounted for 21%. Ergosta-7, 22- diene-3β-5α-6β-triol ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/g. The sterols content of GSL obtained by SFE with 20% ethanol as entrainer reached 3.72 mg/g, which was significantly greater than the other both methods.

Preparation and characterization of Ganoderma lucidum spores-loaded alginate microspheres by electrospraying

Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLSs), popular functional food in preventive medicine, are susceptible to oxidative and acidic degradation during processing, storage and oral administration, resulting in the loss of sensory and nutritional qualities. The main objective of the study was to encapsulate the GLS in order to fully preserve the bioactivity of the ingredients as well as providing controlled and targeted delivery. Electrospraying was applied to prepare GLS–Alginate (GLS/A) micro beads in the current study. The size of GLS/A beads can be tailored by varying the applied voltage and drying processes. pH responsive release profiles of GLS/A beads were revealed from in vitro study in a simulated gastrointestinal environment: no release of GLS encapsulated beads in the simulated gastric fluid (pH of 1.8) was observed; while a rapid, size dependent release was found in the simulated intestinal solution (pH of 7.5). The release from smaller beads (e.g. 600μm) was 1.5 times faster than that of larger beads (e.g. 2000μm). In addition, the GLS release from freeze dried beads was almost 3 times faster than those of air and vacuum dried beads in the first 90min. The present results illustrate the potential to protect GLS by encapsulation using electrospraying to achieve the controlled release of GLS ingredients. This will pave the way to develop effective GLS products with desirable bioactive components for healthcare applications.

Structure Revision of (22E)-Ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14α-pentol from the Spores of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum

Careful reexamination of the published ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data of (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14α-pentol (1), isolated from the spores of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, indicates that, in reality, the compound is (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14β-pentol (5).

English

The present investigation explores the effect of selenium supplementation on radial growth and ultrastructural alterations in the hyphae and spores of Ganoderma lucidum. A concentration dependent decrease in radial growth was observed on culturing G. lucidum on sodium selenate supplemented mushroom minimal agar post 24 h. However, in comparison to control, selenium supplementation slightly increased diameter of radial growth till 10 ppm after 48 h. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies of radial growth showed selenium concentration dependent gradual decrease in hyphal diameter suggesting thinning and extensive branching of mycelia in response to increased Se supplementation. Moreover, SE micrographs also depict selenium concentration dependent decrease in number of spores and spore size. A significant decrease in spore diameter was recorded for mushroom minimal agar supplemented with 20 and 25 ppm (5.64 and 1.26 μm, respectively) as compared to control (10.04 μm). The spore were morphologically altered from spherical to oval or oblong and inflated to constrict deformed on increasing selenium concentration. SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) studies of intact mycelia showed no traces of selenium. However, crushed mycelia samples exhibited Se signals probably due to presence of selenium as integral component of cytosolic moieties like selenoproteins. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) of mycelia showed an increasing trend in the uptake of selenium with increased selenium supplementation. Percentage absorption was found to be in range of 7.2 - 9.9% with maximum absorption at concentrations of 15 and 25 ppm. Hence, sodium selenate supplementation at 10 ppm (with maximum 15 ppm) can be used for Se fortification as Ganoderma can grow rapidly without significant alteration in structure and morphology to enhance its biomedicinal properties. Key words: Ganoderma, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), selenium, selenoproteins.

Investigation of ice-assisted sonication on the microstructure and chemical quality of Ganoderma lucidum spores.

Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS) are well known for disease treatment and vitality enhancement, and have been shown to contain a variety of bioactive components, such as polysaccharides and triterpenes. However, the resilient bilayer sporoderm structure of GLS restricts the release of bioactive components and limits its complete pharmacological effects. The current study was aimed to improve the quality of GLS by means of a customized sonication technique, particularly, the effect of sonication processing parameters on GLS-breaking efficiencies was investigated. Significant morphological changes, such as cracked, fractured, and disintegrated GLS were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after sonication treatment. The performance for breaking GLS sporoderm was obtained at ultrasonic power density of 23.7 W/cm(2) , duty cycle 100%, and 90-min processing time. Through the combination of sonication in an ice bath, sporoderm breaking efficiency can be further increased from 45% to almost 75%. FTIR analysis revealed an increase in bioactive components of polysaccharide, protein, and fatty acid from the sonication processed GLS when compared to ground spores available commercially. The current results indicated that the ice bath combined sonication method is more effective in delivering GLS ingredients and could be an economic technique for the production of high-quality broken sporoderm GLS.

Identification of Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder and Ganoderma Lucidum Powder Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Cluster Analysis

In order to identify the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and Ganoderma lucidum powder, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of samples were collected by the Fourier near-infrared spectrometer. The spectroscopy was pretreated by vector normalization and then analyzed with chemometrics method. The data of near-infrared spectra in whole spectral region was analyzed by principal component analysis, then the first 5 scores was established cluster analysis model. The results show that this method can effectively identify Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and Ganoderma lucidum powder with the 100% accuracy rate. In conclusion, Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder and Ganoderma Lucidum Powder Based on Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Cluster Analysis.

Identification of the Content of Ganoderma Lucidum Powder in Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares

In order to identify the content of Ganoderma lucidum powder in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of samples were collected by the Fourier near-infrared spectrometer. The spectroscopy was pretreated by minimum and maximum normalization and then analyzed with partial least squares (PLS) method. The spectral at 6110 cm-1 to 4598 cm-1 was establish PLS model with factors number 10. The result show that the squared correlation coefficient R2 between predicted value and true value is 99.99%, and RMSECV is 0.382. In conclusion, Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and Ganoderma lucidum powder can be identified accurately and quickly based on near-infrared spectroscopy and PLS.

Study on the Optimal Hydrolysis Conditions of &lt;i&gt;Ganoderma lucidum&lt;/i&gt; Spore Powder under Microwave Irradiation

In this article, the main influence factors of ganoderma lucidum spore powder hydrolysis in pure water under microwave irradiation were studied by using the method of orthogonal experiment. Weight ratio of ganoderma lucidum spore powder to water, reaction time, microwave power and temperature was considered as the influence factors in detail. It was concluded that the temperature was the main factor in hydrolytic process. The order of the influence factors: temperature &gt; weight ratio of ganoderma lucidum spore powder to water &gt; microwave power &gt; reaction time. And the optimal reaction condition was as the temperature 150 °C, weight ratio of ganoderma lucidum spore powder to water 1:40, microwave power 100 W and reaction time 105 min.

Ganoderma lucidum Spore Induced CA72-4 Elevation in Gastrointestinal Cancer

spore (GLS), an over-the-counter herbal supplement, is widely used by cancer patients in China. Although preclinical studies have shown it to be safe, complete safety data on GLS is still lacking. In this article, we report 5 cases of gastrointestinal cancer that were treated with GLS plus multiple strategies between 2010 and 2011. These patients presented with increased levels of the serum tumor marker CA72-4, one of the most valuable markers for monitoring therapeutic response in patients receiving gastrointestinal cancer treatment, after oral ingestion of GLS twice a day for 1 or 2 months. Interestingly, CA72-4 rapidly returned to normal levels when the patients discontinued the supplement and no change in clinical symptoms accompanied the CA72-4 surge. Taking into consideration that the underlying mechanism of this reaction is obscure, we suggest that additional studies are urgently needed and GLS be used with caution in cancer patients.