Ganoderma Applanatum Research Articles

The Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Crude Polysaccharide Against a-Smooth Muscle Actin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expressions in Mice after Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

Liver fibrosis was regarded as result of wound healing process in chronic liver injury. The α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) are several indicators for extracellular matrik (ECM) production which relate in fibrosis process. This study aims to determine the effect of Ganoderma applanatum crude polysaccharide (GACP) extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-against α-smooth muscle actin and matrix metalloproteinase expressions. A total of 24 male mice strain BALB/C, 3-4 months were divided into 6 groups. control group (distilled water and olive oil), model group (distilled water and CCl4), low G. applanatum crude polysaccharide group (G. applanatum extract at the dose of 25 mg/kg BW and CCl4), middle G. applanatum crude polysaccharide group (G. applanatum extract at the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w and CCl4), high G. applanatum crude polysaccharide group (G. applanatum extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW and CCl4) and silymarin group (silymarin 100 mg/kg BW and CCl4). Expressions of α-SMA and MMP1 were examined by immunohistochemical methods. The observation of immunohistochemistry used an inverted microscope at 200× magnification. The results of the observation were analyzed using ImageJ software to measure the percentage of α-SMA and MMP1 expressions. All of the data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism Software. The results showed that G. applanatum extracts prevented a significant increase in α-SMA expression and decrease MMP1 expression (p < 0.05) in comparison with the model group. Therefore, G. applanatum extracts play as liver protector against chronic liver injury after successfully inhibit α-SMA expression and prevent reduction of MMP1 expression.

Integrating machine learning and electrochemistry to develop a glucose biosensor assembled with Ganoderma applanatum lectin

Fungal lectins have enormous biotechnological potential, but limited knowledge about their biochemical and biophysical features prevents their proper use. Herein, we report an innovative alternative to use Ganoderma applanatum lectin (GAL) as a glucose biorecognition element, after identifying the ideal electroanalytical conditions by machine learning studies performed with a homologous agglutinin from the same macrofungus. The research revealed that GAL has moderate resistance to pH (4–8) and temperature (20–60 °C) variations, but its hemagglutinating activity (376.5 HU mg−1 GAL at 20 °C) was better conserved under physiological conditions. Integrating electrochemical data and semi-empirical molecular modeling, biocompatible and electrostatically favorable conditions were found to immobilize the lectin on Prussian blue-modified glassy carbon electrode, after thermal activation of the metal-complex film. The glucose dose–response relationship obtained with the developed biosensor, defined as GAL/ta-PB/GCE, showed a typical Hill equation correlation, suggesting electrodic interactions represented by a sigmoidal mathematical function. GAL/ta-PB/GCE achieved remarkable electroanalytical performance, with emphasis on the detection limit (10.2 pM) and sensitivity (0.012 µA µM−1cm−2). The biosensor was successfully used to quantify glucose in pharmaceutical formulations, reiterating that the association of theoretical and experimental information drives important advances in bioelectrochemical studies.

Lichen Transplantation on Polyporales Fungi. An Attempt to Verify the Compatibility after Translocation from a Hill Forest to Anthropized City Parks at Livorno (Tuscany, Italy)

The transplantation of genus Cladonia terricolous lichens on Polyporales parasitic xylophagous fungi was attempted. Three species of Cladonia (C. pyxidata, C. rangiformis, C. foliacea) have been moved (translocated) from Livorno hill woods (Tuscany, Italy) to some public Livorno parks which suffer by an excessive anthropization. After a short period (a week) of adaptation to the new environment we transplanted thirteen specimens of Cladonia lichens on four different species of Polyporales fungi (Fomitopis betulina, Phellinus torulosus, Stereum hirsutum and Ganoderma applanatum) identified on the trees of the parks. The transplants obtained good engraftment and every periodic qualitative control showed a persistent photosynthetic activity even eight months after the start. Only one transplant (on Ganoderma applanatum) failed due by the toxicity of a secretion after incision. These observations lead us to consider those experiments as a demonstration of the compatibility of the implied tissues on transplantation and also allow us to introduce the difference of the term transplantation (the insert of an organism to another) from the often-confused translocation (relocation of an organism in different habitat). Future checks will indicate how and for how long this artificial association complex might persist.

Modelling Mechanical Properties of Topical Films Containing Ganoderma applanatum using the Design of Experiments

With the guidance of Design-Expert® software version 11, the mechanical properties of topical films containing Ganoderma applanatum (G. applanatum) extracts were investigated. While ethyl cellulose (EC), G. applanatum extracts, and triethyl citrate (TEC) were independent factors, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation at break, and folding endurance were dependent variables. The best relationships between UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance could be predicted more accurately using quadratic, 2FI, and linear models, respectively. The ratio of EC, G. applanatum extracts, and TEC was predicted by the Design of Experiments (DoE) to be 2.6: 2.8: 2.8. The model’s suitability for predicting outcomes inside the design space without necessitating extra trials was established by proving that the ratio’s value of prediction was more than 4. The experimental values of UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance were 82.15±7.42 MPa, 87.40±15.56 %, and 79±6 folds, respectively. The percent errors of prediction were 12.27, 15.49, and 11.82 %, respectively. The Design-Expert® software’s DoE effectively demonstrated a low percent error of the prediction of less than 20 %. This was suitable and acceptable for developing film formulation in drug delivery systems. HIGHLIGHTS The formulations of topical films containing applanatum extract were optimized, and they were improved EC and TEC were used as polymer matrix and plasticizer, respectively The best relationships between UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance could be predicted more accurately using quadratic, 2FI, and linear models, respectively UTS, elongation at break, and folding endurance experimental values were 82.15±7.42 MPa, 87.40±15.56 %, and 79±6 folds Less than 20 % was effectively proven which was enough and acceptable GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ganoapplins A and B with an unprecedented 6/6/6/5/6-fused pentacyclic skeleton from Ganoderma inhibit Tau pathology through activating autophagy

Ganoapplins A and B (1 and 2) with a 6/6/6/5/6-fused pentacyclic skeleton containing an aromatic E ring, were obtained from Ganoderma applanatum. Their structures were established through extensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, including calculated chemical shifts with DP4 + analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 and 2 was proposed. Furthermore, their roles in activating autophagy were investigated and the cellular assays showed that 1 and 2 can inhibit tau pathology by inducing autophagy, suggesting their potential against Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation on Triterpene Production and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of Mycelial Culture Extracts of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.

Abiotic elicitation, a well-known strategy in mushroom biotechnology, promotes increased accumulation of secondary metabolites in mycelial cultures. The study aimed the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the production of triterpenes in submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum. Further, the study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the extract corresponding to the optimal elicitation variant in selected human cancer cell lines as well as the selectivity against normal cells. MeJA was added on days 1, 4, 6, and 8 in the 10-day growth cycle at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM MeJA. The HPLC-DAD was used to analyze the triterpenes. The cytotoxic activity was tested using the MTTFc assay in grouped panels of skin, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer cells. The results of the quantitative analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of MeJA on the production of ganoderic acid A and ganoderic acid C. The greatest increase in total triterpenes was found on day 6 of the culture cycle compared to the control group-with the concentration of MeJA-150 µM. Compared to the control samples, mycelial culture extract after the most productive elicitation variant showed significant cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells and moderate effects on melanoma cells. Ganoderma applanatum mycelial cultures can be proposed as a model to study the dynamics of the accumulation of compounds with therapeutic values through abiotic elicitation.

Wheat Milling by-Products: an Alternative to Produce Amylolytic Enzymes by Mushrooms Strains

HIGHLIGHTS One of the first works on the amylase production by Ganoderma applanatum; Production of α-amylase in the wheat milling by-product without supplementation; This strain showed potential to produce amylase in several wheat milling by-products; Amylase production costs 42-fold less with by-product than synthetic medium

Sterols Content of Fruiting Bodies of Medicinal Artist's Bracket Mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Agaricomycetes) Collected in Armenia.

The qualitative analysis of hexane extracts obtained from different trama layers (WT, T1-T4) of dried fruiting bodies of medicinal bracket fungus Ganoderma applanatum collected in the Tavoush region of North-East Armenia was performed by GC-MS analysis. Three sterols [(7.22-ergostadienon, ergosterol and ergosta-14.22-diene-3-ol (3β, 5α, 22E)] have been identified. The results have shown that the content and ratio of sterols differ in analyzed trama samples. The highest amount of sterols was detected in middle parts of T2 and T3 layers, while content of sterols gradually decreased to the upper cortical (T4) and lower hymenial (T1) layers. The chromatographic profiles of identified compounds indicate that different sterols dominated in each layer: 7.22-ergostadienon in T4, ergosterol in T3, T2, and T1. The average weight loss of analyzed trama samples during six days of drying was about 40 wt.% (37.0-43.49 wt.%) of the total weight of basidiome, which decreased up to 5 wt.% in the next two days. The complete extraction of sterols lasted six days. Its further prolongation leads to stationary phase without an increase in the amount of extracted sterols.

Antioxidant Potential of Several Polypores Mushrooms from the South of France.

We selected polypore mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean area of France to screen their antioxidant activity: Ganoderma applanatum, G. lucidum, Inonotus cuticularis, I. hispidus, Trametes hirsuta, and T. versicolor. Our work also evaluated antioxidant capacity from wild and cultivated G. lucidum fruiting bodies to optimize this biological property on human health. Dried fungal materials were sequentially extracted using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Folin-Ciocalteu assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity using DPPH and ORAC tests of the polypore extracts were assessed and compared. Among the 28 mushroom extracts tested, four exhibited significant antioxidant activity as ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis, T. hirsuta and wild and cultivated G. lucidum. The ethanol extracts of I. cuticularis and T. hirsuta revealed the highest values for the ORAC test, while the highest values for the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH tests were found for the ethanol extracts of cultivated G. lucidum and I. cuticularis. Further studies are needed to identify potential bioactive compounds, especially from I. cuticularis and G. lucidum grown under selected conditions and explore their benefits in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of 22 Wild Mushrooms from the Western Highlands of Cameroon

Some fungi species thanks to their antioxidant activities have been found able to protect the liver against toxic substances. There is a lack of data on the antioxidant and the hepatoprotective potential of tropical Africa mushrooms. This study was to assess the antioxidant and protective effects of 22 wild mushrooms from the Noun Division in Cameroon against the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rat liver slices. Mushroom extracts were used for polyphenols, flavonoids, thiols and total amino acids content determinations and in vitro antioxidant properties assessment in comparison to that of vitamin C using 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and the superoxide dismutase-like (SOD-like) activity assays. The hepatoprotective capacity of the mushrooms extracts was evaluated by measuring their ability to inhibit the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) leakage from rat liver slices and formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). As results, the species Afroboletus luteolus, Amanita rubescens, Ganoderma applanatum, Neonothopothanus hygrophanus, Termitomyces schimperi and Tylopilus sp. demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. In addition to this activity, A. luteolus, A. rubescens, T. schimperi and Tylopilus sp. exhibited the greatest protection effect against cisplatine toxicity. This study shows that the studied wild mushroom species possess prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities and, consumption could provide both nutritional and health benefits to the population promoting contribution of fungi in food security

Structural features and in vitro antitumor activity of a water-extracted polysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum

The structure of GAP-2 was comprehensively analyzed, and its in vitro antitumor activity was preliminarily evaluated.

IMMUNOSTIMULANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING STUDIES OF GANODERMA APPLANATUM

Abstract: Objective: The present animal experimentation study is planned to screen the immunostimulant efficacy, free radical scavenging potential and the acute toxicity of the bracket fungus, Ganoderma applanatum . Methods: The study analyse the invitro immunostimulant activity by phagocytic index determination using Candida albicans, acute toxicity study by brine shrimp assay and the free radical scavenging activities of G. applanatum solvent extracts. Conclusion: The percentage immunostimulation was found to be 88% for the chloroform-methanol (1:1) Ganoderma applanatum extract (GAE). The free radical scavenging activity studies were performed by utilising invitro model of hydroxyl, superoxide and lipid peroxide radical generating system. Results indicated that GAE at 100 mcg/ml showed 88.1, 89.19, and 81.87 % scavenging activity of hydroxyl, superoxide and lipid peroxide radical respectively. The LC50 was determined using brine shrimp assay method and calculated as 875 mcg /ml. The present study shows that G. applanatum can be utilised as an effective natural supplement to impart immunostimulation.

Incidence and Effect of Heart Rot in Marayur Sandalwood (Santalum albumL.) Reserve, Kerala, and Its Natural Durability Against Fungi

AbstractIndian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a semi-parasitic tree, well known for its valuable sandalwood oil extracted from heartwood and roots. Extensive loss of heartwood as a result of its decay is observed in living trees and this has inspired the current study, to investigate the health of sandalwood in Marayur sandalwood forest reserves. Located in Kerala, India, the majority of the trees in Marayur are facing high mortality with the loss of heartwood. The current study evaluated the health status and heartwood-rot disease severity of each tree, which revealed that only 16.67 % of the total trees were healthy and 1.5 % of them were dead. Statistical analysis revealed increasing girth class of trees has a significant positive association with increased disease severity at a 0.05 level of significance. Laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of the major wood-rotters Allophoma tropica, Xylaria berteroi, Diaporthe sp., Fomes sp., Ganoderma appalanatum, and Trametes sp., and that they are collectively responsible for the heart rot. A durability assessment revealed sandalwood is highly resistant (durability class I) to white-rot fungi (viz., Trametes hirsutus and T. [Coriolus] versicolor) and moderately resistant (durability class II) to brown-rot fungi (Oligoporous placenta and Fomitopsis meliae).Study Implications: This study highlights the health status and heart-rot disease severity of sandalwood trees in Marayur Forest Reserves. Of the total trees surveyed, about 1.5% mortality was observed and only 17% of the trees were devoid of any heart-rot symptoms. Allophoma tropica, Ganoderma applanatum, Xylaria berteroi isolate SR52, Diaporthe sp., Fomes sp., G. appalanatum, and Trametes sp. are typical species collectively responsible for the heart rot and this was found to be the case in our study. These findings will sensitize forest managers to the loss of valuable sandalwood and death of the trees due to the heart rot, thereby enabling them to take appropriate preventive measures. Also, the natural durability of sandalwood against brown- and white-rot fungi is reported for the first time, indicating that sandalwood falls in the resistance class I (highly resistant) against white-rot fungi (Trametes hirsutus and T. (Coriolus) versicolor) and resistance class II (resistant) against brown-rot fungi (Oligoporous placenta and Fomitopsis meliae).

MYCOTECHNOLOGY FOR VALORISATION OF FRUIT TREE WASTES AS ECO-FRIENDLY AND USEFUL PRODUCTS

The main aim of this work was to set up the optimal mycotechnology for valorisation of fruit tree wastes by using them as growing sources for Basidiomycetes mushrooms, in order to get eco-friendly and useful products. In vitro experiments were carried out through controlled cultivation of two mushroom species, Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum, on substrates made of fruit tree wastes. There were set up three variants of substrates consisting of lignocellulosic wastes belonging to apple, plum and cherry trees, mixed with cereal grain wastes, such as wheat and barley bran, which were placed in ceramic trays and metal pots. After thermal sterilization and inoculation with the pure mushroom cultures, the substrates were placed inside growth chambers at the temperature of 23 °, the air flow volume exchanges 3-5 m3/h and the relative humidity content 90-95%, RU. The mushroom growth inside the substrates made of lignocellulosic wastes has followed the controlled biotechnological aiming to minimize the duration of cultivation and maximize the final production eco-friendly materials and biodegradable products.

Cytotoxic Activities and Fingerprint Analysis of Triterpenes by HPTLC Technique for Distinguishing Ganoderma Species from Vietnam and other Asian Countries.

Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae), commonly called Linhzhi, is traditionally employed in the treatment of human diseases, including hepatitis, liver disorders, hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, bronchitis, and tumorigenic diseases. In this study, the fingerprint profiles of five different strains of G. lucidum originated from Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam, five samples of G. lucidum growing on Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv. in Vietnam, and five related Linhzhi species (Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma clossum, Ganoderma subresinosu, and Ganoderma sp.) were investigated for triterpene derivatives using high-pressure, thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The HPTLC fingerprint profiles demonstrated significant differences between G. lucidum and other related Linhzhi species in the presence of triterpene derivatives. Evaluation for the cytotoxicity of these samples against four cancer cell lines, including A549, MCF7, PC3, and HepG2, displayed various levels of cytotoxic effects, with IC50 values of: 15.6-46.3 µg/mL on the A549 cancer cell line, of 18.4-43.6 µg/mL on the MCF7 cancer cell line, of 10.0-32.1 µg/mL on the PC3 cancer cell line, and of 10.6-27.6 µg/mL on the HepG2 cancer cell line. Conclusively, these data contributed to the literature on the cytotoxic activities and fingerprint analysis of triterpenes by the HPTLC technique for distinguishing Ganoderma species from Vietnam and other Asian countries.

Back Cover

The back cover picture describes a class of novel Ganoderma triterpenoids, isolated from the medicinal fungus of Ganoderma applanatum, which are characterized by a unique 6/6/5/6/5 pentacyclic system. The formation of the ether ring between C‐15 and C‐20 involves 1,4‐Michael addition reaction, and the different directions of OH‐15 attack Δ20(22) lead to two configurations of chiral center C‐20. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2 and 4 can dose‐dependently activate human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). More details are discussed in the article by Qiu et al. on page 2633—2641.image

Effective Factors in the Chemical and Biological Control of Fasciola spp. With an Emphasis on the Effects of Macrofungi

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are among the most interesting and at the same time important subjects of parasitology. The relative ability of these zoonoses in performing laboratory operations and their high prevalence in animals have made fascioliasis a suitable research subject. Today, consistent and continuous control measures are widely recognized as planned management strategies for fascioliasis. These programs may include scheduled grazing of animals and killing of snails and the use of antiparasitic drugs. In the past, various medicinal plants have been tested against fascioliasis. Usually, mushrooms are known as valuable food and contain various active chemical substances with nutritional and therapeutic properties. Ganoderma applanatum and Cantharellus cibarius are species of macrofungi that have great medicinal and therapeutic value. These mushrooms show a wide range of medicinal properties (antibacterial, anticancer, antihypertensive, immune system modulator, antioxidant, and antiandrogenic properties). In the biological control method of various Fasciola species, macrofungi and predatory fungi are mostly used, and due to the naturalness of their compounds, they have extremely less side effects and risks compared to chemical synthetic compounds, and because of this alternative biological control, they will be suitable for other fascioliasis control methods in the future.

Applanoids A—E as the First Examples of C‐15/C‐20 Michael Adducts in Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their PXR Agonistic Activity

Comprehensive SummaryGanoderma triterpenoids (GTs), a class of major active constituents of Ganoderma fungi, possess diverse structures and remarkable activities. In the present study, nine new GTs, namely applanoids A—I (1—9), were isolated from the medicinal fungus of Ganoderma applanatum. Their structures including absolute configurations were established by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and ECD calculation. Applanoids A—E (1—5) represent the first example of GTs with 6/6/5/6/5 pentacyclic system and the formation of the ether ring between C‐15 and C‐20 involves Michael addition reaction. Furthermore, compounds 1—8 were evaluated for their human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) agonistic activity using dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay, and the results showed that compounds 1, 2 and 4 can dose‐dependently activate hPXR. This investigation further illustrated the structural diversity of GTs and provided new insights for searching PXR agonists from GTs.

Use of Secondary Metabolites of Wood-Decaying Fungi to Reduce Damping off Disease

Phytopathogenic fungi can cause plant diseases that are difficult to control, including mass mortality of some tree species. The Fusarium oxysporum complex (sensu lato) is one of the most dangerous groups of phytopathogenic fungi, causing the death of conifer species, including Pinus sylvestris seedlings in forest and ornamental nurseries. Recently, non-chemical methods of plant protection have become the basis of integrated pest management (IPM) in the European Union (EC Directive). The possibility of protection of pine seedlings against the pathogen F. oxysporum using active substances from wood-destroying fungi commonly found in forests was examined. Methanolic extracts of Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum, and Trametes versicolor were found to contain substances effective in both prevention and treatment of infected seedlings. G. applanatum and T. versicolor showed particular biological activity in increasing plant resistance. Efficacy, especially of the extract of F. pinicola, increased with concentration. Further field trials are needed to confirm the results obtained in laboratory tests on plant protection.

Фотозащитные свойства экстрактов из культивируемых и дикорастущих макромицетов

The photoprotective properties of ethanol extracts from fruiting bodies of cultivated macromycetes Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Pleurotus ostreatus, and wild-growing Inonotus obliquus, Fomes fomentarius, Trichaptum biforme, and Ganoderma applanatum, were evaluated. The yield of extracts was 29.2%; 25.0%; 11.5% and 9.1% for H. erinaceus, L. edodes, G. lucidum and P. ostreatus, respectively; 16.5%; 2.6%; 2.3% and 5.1% for I. obliquus, F. fomentarius, T. biforme and G. applanatum, respectively. Ethanol extracts from the fruiting bodies of cultivated mushrooms had a low level of photoprotection in terms of SPF, with a score of λcrit = 3÷4, were excellent and most effective in terms of UV-A/UV-B. Extracts from the fruiting bodies of T. biforme and G. applanatum are not photoprotective: the first according to the criterion λcrit < 370 nm; the second is SPF < 15.0. The extract from F. fomentarius is photoprotective, the extract from I. obliquus is close to being photoprotective.