Slot Machines Research Articles

Effects of alcohol consumption on gambling warning message recall and recognition.

To understand the influence of acute alcohol consumption on the recall and recognition of warning messages. Participants (n = 82) were randomly assigned to a condition where they consumed alcoholic beverages (target blood alcohol concentrations of 0.06%-0.08%) or a condition where they consumed juice. Participants in both conditions then gambled on preprogrammed slot machines in a casino-themed room with four pop-up warning messages appearing twice each. After the gambling session, participants in both conditions completed a filler task followed by free recall and recognition assessments. Most participants (81%) recalled the gist, or the general idea, of the warning messages. However, participants in the alcohol condition underestimated the total number of messages they viewed to a significantly greater extent than those in the juice condition. Participants in the alcohol condition were also significantly less accurate in recognizing messages than participants in the juice condition. Participants in the juice condition were significantly more likely to recall the self-appraisal message than participants in the alcohol condition. There were no other significant differences in the recall of specific messages between conditions. Individuals who are moderately intoxicated are just as likely as nonintoxicated individuals to understand the general idea of warning messages but may have greater difficulty recalling specific details within those messages. Those who are intoxicated may have difficulties engaging in self-appraisal, indicating that messages that are focused on the financial consequences of gambling may be more impactful. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of Air Vortex Finder Length and Outlet Diameter Variations on Oil Palm Loose Fruit Collector

Oil palm is one of the largest economy sectors in Malaysia. Among the problems faced in the estates are oil palm loose fruits deposition which is currently being collected manually in the industry. Hence, an oil palm loose fruit collector is designed using cyclone separator mechanism and was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In the current study, Reynold’s stress model (RSM) and the Discrete phase model (DPM) was employed to navigate numerical simulations where the vortex finder of the cyclone separator was varied with two factors which are the vortex finder length and outlet diameter. Wall was set to a no slip condition with standard wall functions. Hydraulic diameter of the gas outlet is Bc=0.1 . Hydraulic diameters of the particle’s outlet are Jc=0.15 and 0.2 respectively. Turbulence intensity at the gas and particles outlet are specified at 5%. An injection with density 995.7 and 0.04 was set to simulate oil palm loose fruit collection into the system. Ultimately, effects of vortex finder and outlet variations on the pressure drop and collection efficiency were then analyzed. Results indicate that an outlet diameter of 0.18 m and vortex finder length of 0.405 m is favourable for the oil palm loose fruit machine with a collection efficiency of 88.71 % and pressure drop of 477.66 Pa.

A review of Returned and Services League venues operating electronic gambling machines in Victoria, Australia and the level of funding contributed to veterans.

Globally, funding 'good causes' is a legitimation tactic for gambling operations. This research aimed to determine if an Australian system allowing tax concessions to not-for-profits (NFPs) meets its primary intention of funding community purpose. Not-for-profit (NFP) venues operating electronic gaming machines (EGMs) in the state of Victoria must submit records to the gambling regulator showing contribution to community purposes. The community benefit statements (CBS) of licensed Returned and Services League (RSL) venues were analysed, with an initial survey of the years 2010-19 and a more detailed analysis of the years 2017-19. Veteran support constituted less than 10% of the total community contributions claimed, or 1.5% of electronic gaming machine (EGM) user losses. On average, business expenses exceeded the claims for veteran support by 12:1. Contributions for addressing gambling-related harm represented less than 0.002% of recorded claims. This research demonstrates that the provision of charitable services derived from gambling revenue is very modest amongst Australia's principal veteran's organisation. Deficiencies in harm prevention and minimisation reinforce the need for changes to community benefit schemes. Regulatory reforms emphasising the vulnerability of veterans to gambling harm are required to ensure that this population is better protected.

A neurocomputational account of multi-line electronic gambling machines.

Multi-line electronic gambling machines (EGMs) are strongly associated with problem gambling. Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in substance-use disorders, which share clinical and behavioral features with disordered gambling. The structural design features of multi-line EGMs likely lead to the elicitation of various dopaminergic effects within their nested anticipation-outcome structure. The present account draws an analogy between EGM gambling and latent state inference accounts of conditioning, and links maladaptive gambling-related beliefs and expectancies to a process of erroneous latent state inference that may be exacerbated by EGM design features and associated dopaminergic processes. Over the course of repeated exposure to gambling, these processes may foster the emergence of maladaptive state priors, which clinically manifest as gambling-related cognitions, beliefs, and expectancies.

Multicentric Cross-Sectional Survey to Assess the Variation of Fractionation Strategies Used in the Management of Head and Neck Cancers in the Asian Region (INNOCENCE-ASIA).

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are in general treated with conventional fractionation regimen of 1.8-2 Gy per fraction. Altered fractionation (ALFT) strategies such as hypofractionation radiotherapy (HYPO-RT), accelerated fractionation radiotherapy (AFRT), and hyperfractionation radiotherapy (HFRT) have not been practiced uniformly across centers in different parts of the world. Countries in Asia share common cancer demographics, and we designed this survey for Federation of Asian Radiation Oncology (FARO) member countries to understand the usage and challenges in the delivery of ALFT in HNCs. A 21-point electronic survey (Federation of Asian Radiation Oncology Research Network [FERN]-S-005) was designed by the FERN and was circulated through the FARO research secretariat to the FARO council member countries and the responses were collected between August and November 2023. Twelve of 14 member countries (85.7%) responded to the survey. Twenty-seven responses were received and 78% of the respondents belonged to government/teaching academic institute. 4/27 (14.8%) reported never using HYPO-RT for any of the clinical subsite of HNCs, while the majority (85.2%) used it for glottic cancers and 22% also used it for postoperative setting. Majority (77.7%) used a fractionation schedule with dose per fraction ranging between 2.2 and 2.5 Gy. 6/27 (22.2%) used AFRT for definitive setting and five of these also used concurrent chemoradiotherapy. 4/27 (14.8%) centers reported using HFRT. The most common reason (62.9%) for the limited usage of AFRT/HFRT was reported to be logistical, such as unavailability of machine slots, patient load, and so on. The result of the survey suggests that among the ALFT strategies for HNCs, HYPO-RT schedules have common interest and feasibility among the FARO member countries and also highlights the challenges in the delivery of AFRT/HFRT in the Asian region.

The thrill of chance: Psychophysiological responses in loot boxes and simulated slot machines

Loot boxes (LBs) are microtransactions within video games that offer players the opportunity to acquire virtual items randomly. LBs shared structural and psychological features with gambling, especially slot machines. However, one potential shared feature that has been scarcely explored in LBs, is the level of arousal experienced by players. This study explores changes in electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) during the opening of LBs in FIFA and during simulated slot machine spin in gamblers (n = 14, M = 19.93 years), LB users (n = 13, M = 19.62 years) and a control group (n = 13, M = 21.92 years). Additionally, the study aimed to compare psychophysiological activation levels produced by both dynamics in each group. Results indicated that both gamblers and LB users showed increased EDA during LB opening and slot machine spins, while HR or RR did not exhibit significant changes. The control group showed increased EDA during the slot machine spin, with no changes during LB opening or in other psychophysiological measures. The comparison between LB opening and slot machine spin revealed similar levels of psychophysiological activation for gamblers and LB users. These findings suggest a potential link between gambling and LBs, which could inform the development of policies for safer gaming environments.

Risk Factors of At-Risk/Problem Gambling Among Young Adult Spanish Students.

The gambling industry in Spain has experienced sustained growth in recent years. This has raised concerns about its potential impact, particularly during emerging adulthood, which is a high-risk period for the development of problematic gambling behaviors. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of problem gambling in young Spanish adults and to examine individual factors associated with at-risk or problem gambling. The participants were 2762 young adults studying at university and vocational schools (64.16% women, Mage = 19.47; SD = 1.64) recruited in three Spanish autonomous communities. Individuals completed an e-assessment including sociodemographic variables, gambling-related characteristics, and the Problematic Gambling Severity Index. A total of 3.51%, 2.14%, and 0.51% were low risk, moderate risk, and problem gamblers, respectively. Predictors of at-risk/problem gambling were early gambling onset (OR 0.790; 95% CI 0.672, .929), mixed versus offline modality gambling access (OR 2.216; 95% CI 1.396, 3.516), and having gambled in the previous year in a casino (OR 1.910; 95% CI 1.194, 3.056), sports betting (OR 1.597; 95% CI 1.003, 2.542), or electronic gaming machines (OR 2.111; 95% CI 1.064, 4.189). Gambling is ubiquitous in the general population and a high proportion of young adults present low and moderate risk of problem gambling. Addressing gambling is a public health challenge and policies to regulate it should be targeted at delaying the age of onset and restricting access to online gambling.

The cards they're dealt: types of gambling activity, online gambling, and risk of problem gambling in European adolescents

ObjectiveThis study aims to identify risk factors associated with gambling engagement and the likelihood of problem behavior, distinguishing by type of gambling activity and examining the impact of online gambling. MethodsData about 85,420 students aged 16 from 33 countries participating in the 2019 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) were analyzed through a three-stage sequential probit model, specifically focusing on four types of activity: lotteries, slot machines, cards, and betting. Furthermore, predicted probabilities were calculated for subsamples of students engaging in different types of gambling activities to explore their influence on the likelihood of problem gambling behavior, conditioned on online gambling involvement. ResultsCertain groups, such as males and those with a history of school difficulties, exhibit a higher likelihood of problematic gambling behavior. Online gaming significantly influences adolescent gambling behavior, with slot machines demonstrating the highest predicted probabilities of risky behavior when combined with online gaming. Policy implicationsThe findings highlight that gambling is quite common among adolescents, and that gamblers and problem gamblers display different profiles, suggesting the importance of targeted interventions and support for vulnerable individuals. Public policies should prioritize the regulation of high-risk gambling activities, particularly slot machines, by enhancing the enforcement of age restrictions and the education on the real odds of winning and potential harms of gambling, particularly among adolescents. It is crucial to foster policies and interventions that address the risks associated with online gambling for this age group.

Exploring the efficacy of Multi-Armed Bandit Algorithms in dynamic decision-making

Abstract. Originating from the scenario of gambling machines in casinos, the Multi-Armed Bandit problem aims to optimize decision-making processes under limited resources to achieve maximum returns. This article delves into the principles, classifications, and practical applications of this problem. Researchers have proposed various algorithms to address this issue, including -greedy, Upper Confidence Bound, and Thompson Sampling, which have demonstrated good performance across different scenarios. The article further elaborates on the fundamental principles of Multi-Armed Bandit algorithms, encompassing the trade-off between exploration and exploitation, and provides a detailed classification of algorithms based on probability (e.g., -greedy) and value (e.g., UCB). These algorithms not only provide a framework for addressing real-world problems such as advertisement placement and resource allocation, but also possess significant theoretical value in the fields of machine learning and reinforcement learning. By balancing exploration and exploitation, Multi-Armed Bandit algorithms offer effective tools for making optimal decisions in uncertain environments, thus driving the development of related fields.

Pengendalian Persediaan Sparepart dengan Menggunakan Metode Fifo di Warehouse di PT.Heinz ABC Indonesia Pasuruan

Spare parts inventory is a common problem faced by many companies that use lots of machines or robots in their production processes. Where the spare parts warehouse in the company is required to always be prepared and there is no delay in the availability of spare parts to continue to support production machine activities. If the availability of spare parts is late or empty, it will hamper the production process activities within the company. Seeing this problem, researchers are trying to maintain the availability of spare parts using the FIFO (first in first out) method so as to prevent delays or stock shortages. The FIFO method is a method of inventory management that uses product stock in the warehouse based on the time of entry. By using this method, it is hoped that there will be no delays or stock vacancies in the warehouse due to irregularities in picking up spare parts in the warehouse. The aim of this research is to ascertain how the use of the FIFO method affects the warehouse's ability to manage spare parts inventory efficiently. Field research is this type of research. This research uses a qualitative data analysis methodology and inductive reasoning, which starts with precise and real facts before drawing conclusions from them. The research results provide significant benefits in increasing operational efficiency and reducing the possibility of excess or shortage of stock, which can disrupt production and delivery processes. Efficient receiving also helps in maintaining spare parts quality, ensuring that only items that meet quality standards are received and stored. Application of the FIFO method in the spare parts warehouse at PT. Heinz ABC Indonesia also has a positive impact on inventory recording and reporting. With a more regular flow of goods in and out, the recording system becomes more accurate and easier to track. This makes it easier for the accounting and management team to carry out audits and identify potential problems.

Sports betting cannibalization: Evidence from Pennsylvania

The repeal of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) in 2018 resulted in the rapid introduction of sports betting into many U.S. markets. This study investigates the introduction of sports betting in Pennsylvania. We explore the staggered implementation of sports betting across casinos in Pennsylvania to analyze the impact of sports betting on slot gaming and table gaming. Our results show evidence that there is no short-term effect of sports betting on the revenues generated from slot gaming and tabling gaming demand, however, our results show some evidence of complementarity on the longer-term between sports betting and other gaming options.

Exploring Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Rivets for Joining Hybrid Electrical Busbars

This paper presents a joining by plastic deformation process for fabricating hybrid electrical busbars made from copper and aluminum sheets. The process comprises the innovative use of wire-arc additive manufacturing to deposit copper rivets at specific locations on the copper sheets, the machining of slots with the required geometry in the aluminum sheets, and the compression of the copper sheets to force the rivets into the pre-machined slots of the aluminum sheets, creating form-closed mechanical interlocks. The work combines experimentation and finite element modeling to analyze the influence of the most significant process parameters, and the electrical performance of the hybrid busbar joints is evaluated and compared to that of conventional fastened joints at different service temperatures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and potential advantages of the new joining by plastic deformation process for fabricating hybrid electrical busbars.

Performance Comparison of UCB, TS, and -Greedy TS Algorithms through Simulation of Multi-Armed Bandit Machine

Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) algorithms are classic algorithms that address sequential decision-making under uncertainty by solving the exploration-exploitation trade-off dilemma. This study investigates the performance comparison of multiple MAB algorithms using a simulated multi-armed bandit machine with Bernoulli reward distribution as the experimental environment. This study compares the performance differences among Upper Confidence Bound (UCB), Thompson Sampling (TS) and -Greedy Thompson Sampling (-TS) in this environment, and attempts to set different parameters, namely the number of arms and the number of experimental rounds and calculate the corresponding cumulative regret of the algorithm under various conditions. The size of the cumulative regret reflects the performance of each algorithm in the simulated slot machine model with rewards that conform to the Bernoulli distribution. In addition, the algorithm running time under the same conditions is also recorded to analyze from the perspective of algorithm efficiency. The experimental results show that under the experimental environment of this study, the cumulative regret produced by the UCB algorithm is more than three times that of the other two algorithms. When the number of trials is small, the cumulative regret generated by the TS algorithm is small, but overall, the performance of the TS algorithm and the -TS algorithm set in this experiment in minimizing the cumulative regret is not much different. However, TS runs in a shorter time under the same conditions. The results of this experiment show that after the number of rounds of experimental operation reaches a large enough number, the operating efficiency of the TS algorithm will be significantly higher than that of the -TS algorithm. TS algorithms have higher randomness, so they show better performance under this experimental condition. The -TS under the parameter setting of this study encourages exploration more in the early stage of the experiment, so it will produce greater cumulative regret than the traditional TS algorithm. In the long run, the performance difference between the two in the multi-armed bandit problem with Bernoulli distribution of rewards is very small. However, the TS algorithm has more advantages in algorithm execution efficiency, so when solving similar problems, the TS algorithm is a better choice.

Optimizing Short and Long Term Investment Returns Using Multi-Armed Slot Machine Algorithms

This study focuses on comparing the effectiveness of UCB, Thompson sampling and Epsilon-Greedy algorithms in multi-armed slot machine algorithms for short-term and long-term investment return optimization in financial markets. This analysis examines stock performance data from Tesla, General Motors, and Ford over specific periods: five years of weekly data (2019-2024) and six months of daily data (February to August 2024). From the results, it is shown that for long-term investments, Over the five-year period, Thompson Sampling outperformed UCB and Epsilon-Greedy algorithms in terms of stability and overall return, demonstrating a consistent upward trend with fewer fluctuations. For short-term investments, although the UCB algorithm performs similarly to the Thompson sampling algorithm, the returns in the UCB algorithm grow progressively slower as the timeline is lengthened. In the six-month daily data analysis, the Epsilon-Greedy algorithm excelled in capturing short-term gains due to its aggressive exploration mechanism, though it also showed higher volatility in response to market fluctuations, and the algorithm should be chosen to be able to keep up with the fluctuations in the stock market in real time, and the investor should take into account the cost of time as well as changes in the market in order to formulate an optimal investment strategy.The findings of this study will provide a practical type of approach to investors when developing investment strategies. Future research will explore other classes of new algorithms and consider more market factors so that they can be better adapted to the complex investment environment in the future.

A Cross-Sectional Survey to Measure Attitude, Self-Reported Practice, Levels, Typology, and Determinants of Lifetime Gambling Behaviors Among Undergraduate Students in Higher Training Institutions, Tanzania.

Lifetime gambling activities and behaviors are considered as potentially addictive behaviors that may impact a student's performance. According to a survey conducted in Tanzanian's higher training institutions, for example, 37.2% of sports gamblers were students. This study employed an institutional-based cross-sectional survey in a quantitative research approach to study 374 randomly sampled undergraduate students in higher training institutions in Dodoma region, Tanzania from June to July 2023. Students reported their attitudes, practices, and drivers of gambling activities through interviewer-administered structured questionnaires adopted from previous studies. Results indicate that 374 of 583 potential participants were eligible and surveyed for the study with 100% response rate. Participants' mean age was 24 years ± 2.79 of which, few of them (34%) had age ranging between 25 and 42years. Male participants accounted for 69.8% (n = 261). 59.1% of the study participants believed that gambling activities were okay to them of which 47.3% of them were lifetime gamblers; 19.2% moderate-risk lifetime gamblers and 2.5% low-risk lifetime gamblers respectively. Online sports betting (44.5%), coin pusher (29.4%), poll tables (8.0%), and slot machines (6.9%) were the most preferred types of gambling games among students. Age between 17 and 24years; levels three and four classes, being male; living off-campus; drug abuse; mobile smartphone ownership; exposure to social media platforms and high attitude towards gambling activities were associated significantly with undergraduate students' gambling practices (p < 0.05). Large-scale institutional-based educational programs about the financial and academic ramifications of gambling among students during their studies may be able to moderate their gambling behaviors.

Gambling Disorder among Croatian University Students

Abstract Background Gambling has become a routine form of entertainment for many young people studying in universities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of gambling disorder among Croatian university students. Methods A cross-sectional study using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic and socioeconomic questions along with the Croatian version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen questionnaire (SOGS-CRO) was conducted in a representative sample of Croatian university students from Osijek, Eastern Croatia during January, and February 2020. Results A total of 844 students participated in the study, 45.6% males and 54.4% females, with a median age of 19.00 years (interquartile range 19.00-23.00 years). Gambling activities were performed by 66.2% of the students, most commonly lotteries, sports bets, and bingo. The final scores of the SOGS-CRO suggested that 21.1% of students may have a gambling disorder, with 16.4% being “probable pathological gamblers” and 4.7% being “problem gamblers”. Playing cards for money, animal bets, stocks bets, slot machines bets, pull-tabs, and other gambling activities such as online or videogames or mobile games present a higher risk of gambling disorder (p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). Being male, repeating the year of study, being a student in interdisciplinary or technical field of study, and having a mother with gambling disorder (p &amp;lt; 0.001, p = 0.029, p &amp;lt; 0.001, p &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) were the revealed contributing factors to the development of gambling disorder in study participants. Conclusions The study points to the fact that gambling disorder is quite a prevalent public health issue in the Croatian university student population. Specific public health preventive programs need to be designed and implemented in the study population to successfully prevent the development of investigated behavioral addiction. Key messages • Public health interventions directed toward the prevention of gambling must involve younger population subgroups, such as university students. • When designing the preventive programs for the successful prevention of gambling within the university student population selected sociodemographic variables should be considered.

Do More Experienced Gamblers Choose Slot Machines with Better Odds? A Large-Scale Multi-Armed Bandit Problem at a Casino

Do More Experienced Gamblers Choose Slot Machines with Better Odds? A Large-Scale Multi-Armed Bandit Problem at a Casino

Illusions of control: A quasi-experiment comparing skill-based and traditional slotmachines.

Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are a significant source of gambling spend due to their widespread use. Skill-based gambling machines (SGMs) represent an innovative adaptation, merging EGMs' chance-based rewards with video game-like skills. This study aimed to explore the appeal and behavioural consequences of playing SGMs in comparison to traditional reel-based EGMs, particularly focusing on illusions of control, betting behaviour, and the subjective experience of gamblers. Participants (N = 1,260) were recruited online and engaged in an online task simulating either an SGM or a reel-based EGM, with outcomes represented to influence their survey compensation. The study examined the effect of SGMs relative to EGMs on bet size, persistence, enjoyment, illusionsofcontrol, game immersion, and the influence of demographic and gambling problem severity. SGMs particularly appealed to younger adults, regular EGM players, and people with more gambling problems. Despite identical payout structures, people assigned to play SGM showed greater illusions of control, believing in the influence of skill on game outcomes and that practice could improveresults. However, there was no significant difference in overall betting intensity between SGM and EGM players, although specific demographic groups showed faster betting speeds in SGMs. SGMs, despite not inherently encouraging higher betting intensity, attract vulnerable groups and create illusions of control, posing new regulatory challenges. The visual and interactive features of SGMs, while appealing, might contribute to these perceptions, indicating a need for careful regulation and further research on their long-term impacts on gambling behaviour and harm.

Why You Gamble Matters: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Gambling Motivation and Problem Gambling.

The propensity for individuals to experience problem gambling (PG) varies depending on their motivation to gamble. The present meta-analysis assessed the effect sizes associated with various gambling motives identified in representative population samples. Studies were sourced through PsycINFO, PudMed, and databases maintained by the Alberta Gambling Research Institute and the Greo Evidence Insights. Quantitative studies and technical studies were included if they reported on gambling motivation as a correlate of PG; were published in English, French, or Spanish; used valid and reliable measures PG as an outcome variable; and targeted the general adult population. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled odds ratios. A total of 26 studies were included from 17 jurisdictions, with most studies conducted in Canadian provinces (k = 17) or specific states of the United States (k = 7). Number of participants varied, depending on the gambling motivation analyzed, and ranged from 2,835 to 51,685. Fourteen unique motives were identified with odds ratios ranging from 0.53 (95% CI, 0.45, 0.63) for gambling for charity to 6.20 (95% CI, 3.83, 10.05) for the motive "to be alone", with high study heterogeneity being observed for many gambling motives, given variability in important study characteristics. The results generally indicate that coping motives were associated with large effect sizes, enhancement motives with medium effect sizes, and all other motives with small or nil effects. Coping motives are on par with other strong risk factors such as participation in online gambling or electronic gaming machines, and are therefore important elements to consider when screening for PG or designing public health messages.

Current approaches to the identification and management of gambling disorder: a narrative review to inform clinical practice in Australia and New Zealand.

Gambling disorder is a recognised psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) and is classified as an addiction alongside alcohol and substance use disorders. The DSM-5 describes a past-year timeframe, episodic or persistent specifiers, early or sustained remission specifiers, and three gambling disorder severity specifiers (mild, moderate and severe). Although anyone can develop gambling disorder, there are known risk factors. In studies involving general adult populations, the likelihood of developing the disorder varies with the type of gambling, and is particularly high for internet gambling, casino table games and poker machines. Australia and New Zealand have shifted the focus of gambling disorder to the identification of gambling harm, in recognition that efforts targeting the prevention of harm may be more effective as they potentially influence a larger segment of the population. Temporal categories of gambling harm (crisis harms versus legacy harms) affect help-seeking and need for treatment. Crisis harms often motivate people to change their behaviour or seek help, whereas treatment addresses legacy harms, which emerge or continue to occur after gambling behaviour ceases. The evidence base and clinical guidelines recommend cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing but there are many gaps in our understanding of treatment for gambling disorder, including an absence of high quality evaluations that assess treatment effectiveness over the longer term, especially for treatment delivered in community settings. There is also an urgent need to understand how, why and for whom treatment works so that interventions can be optimised to individual needs, thereby facilitating client engagement. Because of limited access to health care and poor retention in treatment, in recent years there has been an increase in treatment choices in the form of internet therapies and smartphone applications.