Galangal Essential Oil Research Articles

Enhancing the efficacy of monolaurin against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) with a nanoemulsion formulation

Monolaurin was utilized to formulate temperature-driven phase inversion nanoemulsions containing lesser galangal essential oil, fixed oil, and Cremophor RH40, with aim for eradicating enveloped viruses. Results showed that the droplet size of the nanoemulsion depended on lesser galangal essential oil–fixed oil ratio, monolaurin concentration, and oil concentration. Nanoemulsions prepared from lesser galangal essential oil–perilla oil (60:40) exhibited approximately 50-nm nanosized droplets and high entrapment efficiency (98.68 % ± 2.45 %). After storage at 25 °C for 1 year, droplet size did not vary significantly from the initial size, and monolaurin content was >95 %, indicating good physical and chemical stability. The monolaurin was located at the oil–water interface as indicated by a two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscope and computer simulation. The 0.2% w/v monolaurin nanoemulsion inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) viruses with efficacy more than 3 log reduction (99.90 %) and low cytotoxicity. Hence, the monolaurin nanoemulsion can successfully eradicate enveloped viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1).

The clove essential oil and its combination with galangal oil exhibit antibacterial activity, potential as antiseptic agent

Essential oils are known and have been tested for their antimicrobial properties. Previous studies have tested the antimicrobial activity of clove and galangal essential oils alone. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of clove and galangal essential oils alone as well as their combinations. The screening of antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion assay against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Both essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli at 10% (v/v) concentration. Furthermore, five combinations of clove and galangal essential oils were made and tested at 1:1, 7:3, 9:1, 3:7, and 1:9 ratio. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of three combinations with the highest activity were performed against Escherichia coli. The MIC and MBC of clove oil is at 2.5% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) while the MIC and MBC of Galangal oil is at 5% (v/v) and 10% (v/v). All three combinations showed MIC and MBC value is at 5% (v/v) and 10% (v/v) respectively. In addition, based on SNI EN 1276:2019 assay, the clove and galangal essential oil as well as their combinations meet the requirement as antiseptic agent against E. coli.

The shelf life of smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan with an addition horticultural product (red ginger and red galangal) essential oil using the acceleration method

This study aimed to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil. The smoked catfish was kept for 30 days at three different temperatures, i.e., 30, 35, and 40°C, and the sensory evaluations of rancidity and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the smoked catfish served as the criteria monitored during the storage process. The obtained data were analyzed using linear regression to show the relations between storage time and the measured variables. Furthermore, the Arrhenius method was used to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish to compare the decline in the quality of the smoked catfish. The result showed that the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan and red ginger had a shelf life of 32.90 days at a temperature of 30°C with the regression equation y = 2529.6x + 4.3342, and the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil was 37.10 with the regression equation y = -3085.1x + 6.039. For the next research, it is necessary to research on the effect of red galangal essential oil on the shelf life of smoked catfish.

Galangal and ginger essential oils exerted microbial growth inhibitory activity and preservation potential on tofu

Galangal and ginger are commonly used as spices. Interestingly, their antimicrobial activity has been reported against a wide array of microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils of galangal and ginger on the microbial growth, physical characters, and preservation potential on tofu during 8-day storage at room temperature. The essential oils were prepared by steam-and-water distillation method, and their constituents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The microbial growth on the tofu was evaluated by the indirect enumeration method. The physical characters of tofu were organoleptically observed. The preservation potentials were calculated based on the changes in tofu physical characters relative to the negative control. The main constituents of galangal essential oil were 1,8-cineole, β-farnesene, and α-pinene, while those of ginger were geranyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, and camphene. Galangal essential oil significantly inhibited microbial growth, maintained the texture of tofu until day eight, and exerted preservation potential for four days. The same preservation effect was shown by ginger essential oil at 6.26 mg/mL, however it generated a weaker microbial growth inhibitory activity and resulted in the unfavorable texture on tofu. Hence, galangal essential oil is a suitable candidate to be developed into a natural food preservative.

Effect of galangal essential oils on rumen microbial population and biodiversity on in vitro rumen fermentation

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of administering galangal essential oil (EO) on the abundance of rumen bacteria using the 16s rRNA method. The treatments included a control (no EO addition), galangal EO (30, 60, 120 µL), and cineole (5 µL). The treatments were assessed using a 48‐hour in vitro batch culture of rumen fluid containing a 60:40 ratio of forage to concentrate. For amplification of the prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) in region V4, 16s rRNA primer 5’GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGTAA, GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT3’ was employed. The data for rumen microbial abundance were analysed descriptively, while the data for rumen microbial diversity were obtained from the report on the Next Generation Sequencing Method. The microbial composition of each sample was tested for operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a 97% identity rate on a valid label. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing yielded a total of 3,977 OTUs. Adding galangal and cineole EOs resulted in the same variation of the Shannon index. The population index (chao1 index) was highest when 60 µL of galangal EO was added, compared to 30 and 120 µL of galangal EO and cineole. In addition, providing 60 µL of galangal EO decreased the abundance of Prevotella ruminicola compared to the control and cineole doses. The addition of galangal EO also led to a decline in the number of Methanobacteriales. The population of the fibre‐degrading bacteria group (Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) was higher in a dose of galangal EO than the control and cineole. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effective dose of galangal EO, i.e. 60 µL/300 mg (DM feed) in vitro, can reduce the abundance of Prevotella bacteria and methanogens.

Utilization of Whey Dangke into High Quality Edible Film as a Solution for Environmental Pollution in Indonesia

Today, the problems related to waste and waste are still unsolved. The National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP) recorded that around 4.8 million tons of plastic waste in Indonesia is not managed properly. In addition, industrial waste such as whey has not been widely used so that it has a high potential to cause environmental pollution. For this reason, this research was carried out to overcome this problem by making edible films from whey dangke with the addition of carrageenan, 35% sorbitol plasticizer and red galangal (Alpinia purpurata) essential oil as quality enhancers. This research is expected to reduce plastic waste and industrial waste by utilizing dangke whey processed into environmentally friendly edible films. This study uses qualitative methods as material content analysis and quantitative in determining the concentration of quality enhancing ingredients. Dangke whey waste was chosen as the main ingredient of edible film because 80-90% of the milk volume is whey and contains about 55% of the total nutrition of milk. The addition of carrageenan is intended to reduce cracks because the surface is flat and to balance the flexibility, 35% sorbitol is added. To inhibit the activity of bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) 0.1% red galangal essential oil (A. purpurata) was added. From here, edible films can be produced by using whey dangke waste which is bacteria resistant, minimally cracked, but still flexible and friendly to health.

Effect of Galangal Essential Oil Emulsion on Quality Attributes of Cloudy Pineapple Juice.

Galangal essential oil is obtained from the rhizomes of galangal with proven anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties, which are valuable in the food industry. To explore the effect of galangal essential oil on the quality of pineapple juice, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% galangal essential emulsion were added, and their influence on the physical stability, physicochemical properties, microbial quantity, and aroma profiles of cloudy pineapple juice were evaluated. The essential oil emulsion of galangal is a milky white liquid with a strong aroma of galangal. The pH values of emulsion increased from 4.35 to 5.05 with the increase in essential oil concentration, and there was no significant difference in the particle size of the pineapple juice. The results showed that the galangal essential oil emulsion was stable and the stability of the cloudy pineapple juice was significantly enhanced by the essential oil emulsion determined using LUMiSizer. The cloudy pineapple juice with a 0.2% essential oil emulsion showed the most stability during storage. The lightness of the cloudy pineapple juice increased instantly with the essential oil emulsion addition. In addition, the microbial quantity of the cloudy pineapple juice was decreased by the individual essential oil emulsion or combined with thermal treatment to hold a longer shelf life. The microbial counts in pineapple juice treated by 0.4% essential oil emulsion and thermal treatment only increased from 1.06 to 1.59 log CFU/ml after 4 days of storage at 25°C. Additionally, the pH and total soluble solids showed a slightly increasing trend; however, the value of titratable acidity, free radical scavenging capacity, and ascorbic acid content of the cloudy pineapple juice showed no significant change. Finally, the results of the electronic nose showed that the aroma components of the pineapple juice were changed by the essential oil emulsion and thermal treatment, and the difference was especially evident in the content of the sulfur, sulfur organic, and aromatics compounds. Consequently, the results indicated that galangal essential oil emulsion can be used as juice additives to improve the quality attributes and extend the shelf-life of cloudy pineapple juice.

Carboxymethyl chitosan-pullulan edible films enriched with galangal essential oil: Characterization and application in mango preservation

This study aimed to develop an active edible film based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and pullulan (Pul) incorporated with galangal essential oil (GEO) by the casting method. And their physical properties, structural and preservation effect on mangoes were characterized. The CMCS/Pul ratio was determined to be 2.5:2.5 after the optimization of physical properties, mechanical properties and barrier properties of the blend film. The results of FT-IR and XRD showed that hydroxyl groups of Pul interacted with the carboxyl groups of CMCS and the blend films had good compatibility. Good thermal stability of CMCS/Pul-GEO films was further proven by TGA curves. The CMCS/Pul-8 %GEO film showed effective preservations on mango fruits during 15 days of storage at 25 ± 1 °C, based on the characterization by fruits weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids. Consequently, CMCS/Pul-GEO blend films may be a promising eco-friendly packaging material for the industrial application of fruit preservation.

Development of galangal essential oil-based microemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen: simultaneous permeability evaluation of flurbiprofen and 1,8-cineole

Flurbiprofen (FP) is one of the most potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with very low bioavailability of approximately 12% following transdermal administration, compared to that after oral administration. This study aimed to deliver FP as a microemulsion (ME) gel by transdermal administration. Galangal essential oil (GEO) was extracted from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum and identified by GC-MS. The most abundant constituent was determined to be 1,8-cineole (52.06%). Compared to azone, GEO was proved to exert significantly higher (p < .01) penetration enhancement effect and significantly (p < .001) lower skin cell toxicity. The formulation (FP-GEO-ME gel) was prepared using GEO as an oil phase and a penetration enhancer. Compared to that of FP solution, the enhancement ratio (ER) of FP-GEO-ME gel was 4.06. In addition, more than 25% 1,8-cineole permeated through the rat skin. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the AUC0–t of FP after transdermal administration of FP-GEO-ME gel was higher by approximately 4.56-fold than that of marketed FP cataplasms. The relative bioavailability of FP and 1,8-cineole after transdermal administration compared to oral administration of FP-GEO-ME were determined to be 96.58% and 85.49%, respectively. FP-GEO-ME gel significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema and decreased PGE2 levels in rat serum. GEO-ME gel also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects at 2 h after the therapy (p < .05). The synergistic effects of FP and GEO were expected for the application of FP-GEO-ME gel. In conclusion, GEO-ME gel may be a promising formulation for transdermal administration of anti-inflammatory hydrophobic drugs, such as FP.

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Coriander &amp; Galangal Essential Oil

Abstract: Essential oils were obtained from Coriandrum sativum and Alpinia officinarum through steam distillation method in this study. Antimicrobial activities of the obtained essential oils were investigated by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by against 18 different species microorganisms. It was found that the C. sativum had strong antimicrobial activities against the 14 tested microorganism and A. officinarum oils showed strong antimicrobial activity against the 7 tested microorganisms. Furthermore, the contents of the essential oils were determined with GC-MS analyses. The most abundant compounds of essential oils of A. officinarum and C. sativum were determined as 28.4% eucalyptol and 69.4% linalool. As a result, it can be easily said that the essential oils of C. sativum and A. officinarum can be used as antimicrobial protector in related fields. Key words: C. sativum, A. officinarum, Essential oil, GC-MS, Antimicrobial activity.

Chemical Compositions and Nematicidal Activities of Essential Oils on Meloidogyne hapla (Nematoda: Tylenchida) Under Laboratory Conditions

본 연구는 뿌리혹선충의 친환경적 방제를 위하여 9종의 식물정유를 선발하여 당근뿌리혹선충 2령기 유충과 알에 대한 살선충 및 부화억제 효과를 검정하였다. 당근뿌리혹선충의 2령기 유충에 대해 <TEX>$125{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>로 검정한 결과, Alpinia galanga 정유가 100% 살선충활성을 나타냈고, Carum carbi (22.3%), Eugenia caryophyllata (9.4%), Cinnamonum zeylanicum (7.2%), Mentha pulegium (2.4%) 및 Foeniculum vulgare (2.1%) 순으로 활성을 나타내었다. 이들 중 A. galanga 정유를 이용하여 당근뿌리혹선충 알의 부화억제 활성을 검정한 결과, <TEX>$500{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> 농도로 처리 후 7, 14, 21 일째까지 낮은 부화 활성을 나타내었다. 우수한 활성을 보인 A. galanga 정유의 활성 성분을 분석한 결과 methyl cinnamate 함유율이 가장 높았으며, 1,8-cineole, <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-pinene, <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-pinene, p-cymene이 주요 방향성 물질로 구성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 선발한 A. galanga 정유가 당근뿌리혹선충의 친환경적 방제수단으로 활용가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. To evaluate the efficacy of natural nematicides for the control of root-knot nematode in strawberry greenhouses, commercial essential oils were examined by 24-well culture plate bioassay for their nematicidal activities against second-stage juveniles and eggs of Meloidogyne hapla. Based on the mortality of M. hapla juveniles at a concentration of <TEX>$125{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>, the most active essential oil was Alpinia galanga (100%), followed by Carum carbi (22.3%), Eugenia caryophyllata (9.4%), Cinnamonum zeylanicum (7.2%), Mentha pulegium (2.4%), and Foeniculum vulgare (2.1%). Moreover, A. galanga significantly reduced hatching at 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The volatile constituents identified in the A. galangal oil were methyl cinnamate (87.4%), 1,8-cineole (4.4%), <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-pinene (2.5%), <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-pinene (2.2%), and p-cymene (1.1%), as major constituents. Results of this study show that A. galangal essential oil and its major constituents may serve as an environmental friendly agent of a promising natural nematicide to control Meloidogyne spp.

Chemical composition, antifeedant, repellent, and toxicity activities of the rhizomes of galangal, Alpinia galanga against Asian subterranean termites, Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Dual choice bioassays were used to evaluate the antifeedant property of essential oil and methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) (locally known as lengkuas) against two species of termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). A 4-cm-diameter paper disc treated with A. galanga essential oil and another treated with either methanol or hexane as control were placed in a petri dish with 10 termites. Mean consumption of paper discs (miligram) treated with 2,000 ppm of essential oil by C. gestroi was 3.30 ± 0.24 mg and by C. curvignathus was 3.32 ± 0.24 mg. A. galanga essential oil showed significant difference in antifeedant effect, 2,000 ppm of A. galanga essential oil was considered to be the optimum concentration that gave maximum antifeedant effect. The essential oil composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major component of the essential oil was 1,8-cineol (61.9%). Antifeedant bioassay using 500 ppm of 1,8-cineol showed significant reduction in paper consumption by both termite species. Thus, the bioactive agent in A. galangal essential oil causing antifeeding activity was identified as 1,8-cineol. Repellent activity shows that 250 ppm of 1,8-cineol caused 50.00 ± 4.47% repellency for C. gestroi, whereas for C. curvignathus 750 ppm of 1,8-cineol was needed to cause similar repellent activity (56.67 ± 3.33%). C. curvignathus is more susceptible compare to C. gestroi in Contact Toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of C. curvignathus was 945 mg/kg, whereas LD50 value for C. gestroi was 1,102 mg/kg. Hence 1,8-cineol may be developed as an alternative control against termite in sustainable agriculture practices.

KARAKTERISTIK MIKROKAPSUL MINYAK ATSIRI LENGKUAS DENGAN MALTODEKSTRIN SEBAGAI ENKAPSULAN

Research on encapsulation of galangal (Alpinia galanga) essential oil using maltodextrin as a coating substance was aimed to determine the ideal proportion between the essential oil and coating material to produce microcapsules, and to determine its characteristics.The ratio of galangal essential oil and maltodextrin studied were 1:8, 1:10, and 1:12. Emulsification was performed using Turrax homogenizer at 11.500 rpm for 2 min. Microencapculation was performed by spray drying at inlet and outlet temperatures of 120 and 80°C, respectively, and feed flow rate of 15 mL/min. The optimum conditions for microcapsules were determined based on the water content, aw value, surface- and entrapped-oil, and volatile compounds profile (total volatile and volatile composition) of the microcapsules. Microcapsules prepared by essential oil and maltodextrin at a ratio of 1:10 was found to have better characteristics. The microcapsules had a moisture content of 6.27%, aw of 0.49, surface oil of 1.22 and total volatile of 42.22%. Methyl cinnamate, 1.8-cineole, a-pinene and b-pinene were found as the main volatile constituents in both of essential oil and microcapsules. Methyl cinnamate was more stable than the other volatile compounds, even after encapsulation process.

Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane–urea microcapsules containing galangal essential oil: statistical analysis of encapsulation

Galangal essential oil (GEO) is known to possess antimicrobial activity (e.g. against Staphylococcus aureus). A way to increase oil lifetime in plants is encapsulation in polyurethane–urea (PUU) microcapsules. In this study, PUU microcapsules with GEO were synthesized by interfacial polymerization at oil–water interface in oil–water emulsion. A statistical analysis of the microcapsule size was successfully applied for characterization of the encapsulation process. Using the model of reversible aggregation, it was shown that the process of encapsulation takes place in the conditions of thermodynamic control. The polymerization conditions (agitation rate in the range 2000–10 000 rpm/min) are the key factors that affect the mean microcapsule size of primary capsules formed during encapsulation. Two complementary processes were determined the mean capsule size during a transformation of these primary microcapsules: break-up and coalescence of oil droplets in the oil-in-water emulsion. The agitation rate does not influence the coalescence of the oil droplets, but the threshold value of agitation speed (in this system 4000 rpm/min) does exist and that is what strongly increases break-up of oil droplets. The higher agitation rate resulted in smaller size of microcapsules (mean diameter decreasing from 5.6 to 4.9 µm for primary capsules and from 13.8 to 9.8 µm for secondary capsules) and with a narrower size distribution. The last mode of encapsulation allows the more effective use the shell material for encapsulating of larger amount of oil.

EFEKTIFITAS MINYAK ATSIRI LENGKUAS TERHADAP PRODUKSI NITRIT OKSIDA MAKROFAG MENCIT

Based on the content of the galangal's essential oil which can be used as antimicroorganism, analgesic, and antiseptic characterize with inhibiting and estructing microorgnism life process, it is predicted that there is a possibility of essential oil can be use for anti-inflammatory agent. Nitric-oxie (NO) is an unstable gas produced by cell such as macrophage and has the function as antimicroorganism. The aim of this study was to investigate whther essential oil of galangal components has an effect to the macrophage NO production, which stimulated by LPS E. coli. The both curative and preventive analysis using ANOVA showed that the NO productions differences were significant (p<0,01). The study showed that the NO levels produced by marine macrophages induced by LPS E. coli were suppressed by essential oil in a dose dependent fashion, suggesting antiinflammatory activities. Curatively, increased doses of the essential oil resulted in increased its anti-inflammatory functions. Five micro liter of the essential oil was preventively the most concentration as anti inflammation.

Pungent principal of Alpinia galangal (L.) swartz and its applications.

The pungent principal of galangal [Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz] rhizomes was isolated and identified as 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate). Galangal acetate exhibits a unique pungent sensation, which is less intense than that of capsaicin and without a lingering effect. Applications of galangal acetate were tested in beverages, sweet goods, dressings, and personal care products. In many applications, galangal acetate is preferred to other pungent ingredients. It can be used as an alcohol enhancer or an alcohol replacer in alcohol and alcohol-free beverages. Galangal acetate is not stable in aqueous solutions and undergoes hydrolysis/isomerization reactions. Therefore, galangal acetate was absent in galangal essential oil obtained by steam distillation. However, galangal acetate was found as one of the major volatile components of the galangal rhizomes by headspace GC analysis. The stability of galangal acetate was studied under various conditions.