Participle Research Articles

A comparison between syntactical functions of Participle II in the German language and participle in standard Albanian language

Abstract In verb system of different languages there is a distinction of finite and nonfinite form of verbs. Finite verbs have morphological categories of tense, mood, person and number. These categories cannot be found in nonfinite form of the verbs (Bech, 1955). Nonfinite form of verbs do not give evidence for mood, person and number (Hentchel & Weydt, 1994). Comparing nonfinite form of verbs has been the object of different studies. The purpose of these studies is identifying the differences and similarities of nonfinite form of verbs in different languages. In one language a nonfinite form might be missing, whereas in another language a nonfinite verb is present. These changes make a big difference in morphology and syntax. Every language has its own feature based on grammatical rules. The purpose of this study is an analysis of syntactical functions of Participle II in German language and participle in standard Albanian language by finding the difference and similarities between them. Participle II of German language or as it is different named past participle coincide with nonfinite form participle of Albanian language. The participle of Albanian language and Participle II of German language have many similar uses in terms of verbs and adjective features. Participles have similar syntactical functions but there are also a lot of differences.

The Passive Participle ‮כתוב‬‎—A Citation or Keyword Formula?

Abstract The analysis of the uses of the passive participle ‮כתוב‬‎ in the halakhic section of MMT shows that the ‮כתוב‬‎ formula introduces keywords rather than summative quotations. By quoting keywords, the authors of MMT enable their addressee to easily identify a passage from Scripture. The way in which the scriptural passage is quoted suggests that the words introduced by the formula have been selected so that they are appropriate for only one passage, and that the addressee knows perfectly well to which passage the author refers. The selection of keywords does not allow us to note any exegetical act in it; it is only about quoting a text, which in itself is an argument in the polemic.

Investigating the Contrastive Grammar Problems EFL learners Encounter in Arabic-English Translation

The continuous development of science, culture, and technology has increased the need for translation in modern life. The importance of the translation process should not be ignored because it always involves the translation texts from one language into another. English and Arabic share some similarities and differences, so we must keep this in mind. Many linguistic problems arise during the translation process. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the grammatical problems that EFL learners face when translating from Arabic into English as a target language; design and implement a test to find out such grammatical problems that fourth year students face when translating from Arabic into English; and provide solutions for these problems that Iraqi EFL learners encounter in Arabic-English translation. This study hypothesizes that the interference of the mother tongue and literal translation lead to incorrect translation; the most frequent problems in Arabic-English translation are those related to tenses, nominal vs verbal sentences, and word order; and problems that learners do not suffer from in Arabic-English translation are adjectives and negation. The test is taken by the morning and evening participants at the Dept. of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Thi-Qar, 100 students (morning and evening) take the test throughout the academic year (2022-2023). The test consists of 20 Arabic items and the students are required to translate them into English. The research concludes that the greatest problematic areas for both morning and evening participants are: the past participle, the conditional sentences, the nominal vs. Verbal sentences, the word classes, and the tenses.

ПРИЗРЕНСКО-ЈУЖНОМОРАВСКИ ГОВОРИ КОСОВСКЕ КОТЛИНЕ И КОСОВСКОГ ПОМОРАВЉА – СЛИЧНОСТИ И РАЗЛИКЕ

Although the vernaculars of the central and southern parts of the Kosovo basin and the vernacular of Kosovo Pomoravlje are geographically close to each other and belong to the Prizren-South Moravadialect, they differ significantly in terms of the inflection of declinable words – the vernaculars of Kosovo are partly analytic, while the vernaculars of Kosovo Pomoravlje are completely analytic. There are also differences in aorist and imperfect. With regard to the overall structure of their morphology, the vernaculars of Kosovo, Metohija and Sirinić regions form a unique sub-dialect within the Prizren- South Morava dialect. On the other hand, the vernaculars of Kosovo Pomoravlje are close to the ones spoken in the South Morava basin.. Some common features ofthe vernaculars spoken inthe Kosovo Basinand Kosovo Pomoravlje, which are unknown or infrequent in vernaculars of Metohija, testify that the vernaculars of Kosovo Pomoravlje were similar to the ones spoken in the Kosovo basin before large-scale migrations from the south. Here is a list of similarities: a) similar variant of paradigmaticnon-phonological stress; b) more frequent vocalizationof semivowelsthan in Metohija vernaculars; c) substitution of /e/ with /i/ in njigov (vs. njegov in Metohija vernaculars); d) more stable palatality /lj, nj/ vs.partial hardeningin Metohija; e) optional softeningof laterals inclusters /li, le/ vs.consistent softening in Metohija vernaculars; f) suffix -nu (lupnula) vs. -na in Metohija vernaculars; g) unstable vowel in the stem of -e and -i presentforms (berem : berim). vs. stable vowelin Metohija vernaculars; h) reducing the plural form of perfect participle to -li vs. the consistent -le in Metohija vernaculars; i) negative perfecte. g. neјe / niјe došla, neјe / niјe došli, vs. ne došla, ne došle in Metohija vernaculars.

FUNCTIONAL PARADIGM OF NON-FINITE CLAUSES WITH A NON-FINITE WHICH IS PART OF A PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION (ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLES)

The article homes in on establishing the functional paradigm of non-finite clauses in Modern English. The data for the research has been drawn from English online newspaper articles the Evening Standard, the Guardian, the Times. The research corpus comprises 254 non-finite clauses per 976 thousand words from the texts under analysis. The novelty of this investigation lies in the fact that it views non-finite clauses in the functional aspect with a non-finite as part of a predicative construction. Non-finite clauses are a concise means of expressing thoughts and being such they can make the idea get manifested in a shorter but more attractive way. The use of non-finites demands a more sophisticated kowledge of language and more cognitive effort for perception and interpretation. This last statement may explain the reason why newspaper register abounds in non-finites while informal English does not. As the result of the analysis there have been established the functions performed by (a) the infinitive clauses with the infinitive as a secondary predicate in the subjective predicative construction, the objective predicative construction, the for-to-infinitive construction and the absolute with the infinitive construction; (b) the ing-clauses with the present / perfect participle and the gerund as a secondary predicate of the objective / subjective / prepositional absolute with the participle construction and of the gerundial predicative construction correspondingly; (c) the ed-clauses with the past participle as a secondary predicate of the objective / subjective / prepositional absolute with the participle construction.

PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING GERMAN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS INTO UKRAINIAN

The article considers the theoretical concepts of an employment contract and specialized legal translation; analyzes and comments on the structural, grammatical, and lexical construction of employment contracts concluded in German and their translation into Ukrainian. The author also researched the main and optional articles that make up the labor contracts of the legal systems of both countries. Each implication lists the main formulations and constructions and provides an equivalent Ukrainian-language expression in terms of translation. The focus of the analysis was on legal terminology typical of employment contracts and grammatical verb constructions inherent in this type of text. The analysis of the factual material shows that labor contracts are dominated by long complex sentences, a significant proportion (27%) of which are accompanied by participial phrases. The most frequently used forms in the analyzed contracts are passive and infinitive, compound words and noun forms of verbs. At the end of the article, we present a visual representation of the frequency of use of grammatical structures and lexical elements of analyzed material. The study found that the most used methods in the translation of labor contracts are the descriptive method, the method of approximate translation, and adaptation. Grammatical constructions are mostly subject to direct or approximate translation, while when translating lexical items, we should consider the term’s compliance with the legal realities of the country into which this contract is translated. The analyzed practical material has specific features of the type of text “labor contract”, which is dominated by binding sentences, declaratives, and passive constructions. When translating labor contracts from German into Ukrainian, the following features should be taken into account: dates, names and figures should be carefully and accurately reproduced in the translation; all elements and details of the contract should be translated; it is important to adhere to the unified terminology; grammatical errors in documents of this type are unacceptable. Translation of documents is one of the most difficult types of translation, as in legal translation, the translator does not translate the lexical units of the source language into the target language, but works exclusively with legal concepts of two legal systems.

Simplification or Complexification: Auxiliary Selection and Anti-agreement Effect in Brazilian Venetan

In this paper we discuss a change in the auxiliary selectional pattern of Brazilian Venetan, a heritage Italo-Romance variety spoken in southern Brazil. Venetan varieties display a default form of the past participle in constructions with postverbal subjects and a fully agreeing form in constructions with preverbal subjects: this is true both for the homeland varieties of the language, spoken in northern Italy, as well as for the heritage variety under analysis in this paper, spoken in southern Brazil. A crucial difference emerges in unaccusative constructions: while Italian Venetan uses the same form of the auxiliary BE in presence of preverbal and postverbal subjects, Brazilian Venetan uses a specialized form of the auxiliary in the constructions with default agreement on the past participle, when postverbal subjects are present. We argue that the specialized auxiliary form emerges as a necessary resumption in the case of lack of agreement. The heritage variety becomes, therefore, morphosyntactically more complex than the non-heritage counterpart.

On the temporal values of situation-participant NP referents mapped from Bulgarian perfects with aorist and imperfect participles

This paper deals with Bulgarian съм+-л (‘be’+past active participle) perfect verb forms with aorist and imperfect participles, the distinction between these two participles being a phenomenon found only in Bulgarian among the Slavic languages and generally absent in other languages too. According to the majority of Bulgarianists today, imperfect participles are not used in perfect verb forms. However, this thesis is considered here a fully defective one for several reasons, among which: no argumentation has ever been provided to explain the thesis in essence – for example, in its possible connection to the aspectual values encoded in aorist and imperfect participles, or to the general characteristics of съм+-л forms. These forms can effectuate many TAM meanings – not only of “a standard perfect” but also modal ones such as inferentiality, renarration, dubitativity. Following the author’s definition of aspect as an all-pervading and perpetual process of mapping temporal features between verbal and nominal referents, specific uses of imperfect and aorist participles in sentences with perfect verb forms are analyzed, and the impact the relevant participle (imperfect or aorist) exerts on the temporal values of situation-participant NP-referents is analyzed and identified. The major generalization is that the never-ending process of mapping temporal features from verbs to nominals (NPs) that occurs in verbal-aspect languages (Slavic, Greek, Georgian), and vice versa, from nominals (NPs) to verbs that occur in compositional-aspect languages (Dutch, English, Finnish) is a crucial psychophysiological mechanism ingrained in peoples’ heads and conditioning the development of grammatical structures of languages. Intriguingly, this process is linguistically fully identifiable at the speaker-hearer interaction level but remains entirely beyond the awareness of the ordinary native speaker. Author: Krasimir Kabakčiev 0000-0002-5529-0872 kkabakciev@atiner.gr

The spread of participial clauses in Biblical Greek

Abstract In this study, a construction marginally found in Ancient Greek is addressed, namely the participial clause, which is a clause whose main verb is a participle. This construction displays a considerable increase in frequency in Biblical Greek (mainly between the 2nd century bce and the 2nd century ce), which is the language found in Judaeo-Christian literature and which features, in various ways and to various degrees, the influence of Semitic languages. Since the participial clause is a very common construction in these tongues, wherein it even exhibits increasing productivity and frequency at the time at issue, I suggest that the frequency increase observed in Greek should be attributed to the influence of these Semitic languages, with a crucial role played by multilingualism. The issue is addressed from the perspective of language contact, which provides the theoretical and terminological frame by which the phenomenon is individuated and defined.

Verb Forms of Sikka Krowe Language: a Contrastive Analysis

Language is a crucial factor in teaching and learning. The language could be mother tongue, foreign language or local language. This research was aimed at finding and describing about English and Sikka Krowe language verb forms, the similarities and differences of both language verb forms, the implications of the similarities and differences of English and Sikka Krowe language verbs in teaching English in EFL setting. This research was classified as a qualitative study. The techniques of data collection used in this research were interview and study document. The result of the research showed that both English and Sikka Krowe language verbs changed based on subjects as in English. There are some verbs which do not change in all forms for all times. The difference was that Sikka Krowe language verbs did not have any grammatical tense as in English. Each subject has its own verb form which is used for all times. English have six basic verb forms namely base, to infinitive, present, past, present participle and pas participle whereas Sikka Krowe language only has base forms which different for each subject. Since the difference of both language is caused by the grammatical tense of the verbs, the recommended methods which could be applied are grammar translation method and community language learning.

BİR ÖNCELEME İNCELEMESİ: SAMUEL BECKETT'IN "PING" ADLI KISA HİKÂYESİ

This study investigates the foregrounded patterns inosculated to form Nobel Prize-winning author, critic, and playwright Samuel Beckett’s short story “Ping” and aims to reveal his purpose of using these patterns. One of the remarkable contributions of Russian Formalism and Prag School Structuralism to stylistics is the concept of foregrounding by which writers bring a particular textual pattern (a phoneme, word, phrase, clause, etc.) to the fore by making it salient or deviant from what surrounds it to draw readers' attention to it and to make it both memorable and interpretable. Beckett, like many authors, takes two basic ways to foreground certain elements: foregrounding-through-deviation and foregrounding-through-parallelism/repetition. Besides its confinement to a single paragraph, from the beginning, the story stands out with the omission of punctuation marks, except for the full stop, sentences with no verb or with only non-finite verbs (the present and past participles), and the conversion of some adjectives into verbs. These deviant patterns enable Beckett to present a free-flowing form of (limited or impaired) consciousness and emphasize that the character is in his/her very last moment and s/he cannot move. By doing so, he invites readers to immerse themselves unreservedly in what the character feels or perceives. To reflect an instance of awareness or perception in an extreme situation where the character is on the brink of existence or non-existence and is struggling to find some meaning, Beckett also adopts other foregrounded patterns such as the repetition of a limited number of words and phrases with some alterations, employment of certain nouns in different positions in the sentences, and sentences that begin with particular words or phrases but end differently. Apart from those, Beckett offers another example of foregrounding at the end of the English version. Thus, he makes the readers aware of the fictionality of the story.d patterns such as the repetition of a limited number of words and phrases with some alterations, employment of certain nouns in different positions in the sentences, and sentences that begin with particular words or phrases but end differently. Apart from those, Beckett offers another example of foregrounding at the end of the English version. Thus, he makes the readers aware of the fictionality of the story.

Reporting Verbs in Hard and Soft Sciences of Journal Article Abstracts: An Insight from Indonesia

Reporting verbs (RVs) express varying degrees of alignment and evaluate the credibility and merit of the reported claims in academic writing. This study aims to explore RVs’ tenses, frequencies, and functions in two major disciplines: hard science and soft science. Consequently, two specialised corpora were built from research article abstracts published in 2021–2022. The hard science corpus comprised 19,512 words; meanwhile, the soft science corpus contained 20,222 words. The Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System (CLAWS) web tagger was utilised to identify RVs, and Antconc software was employed to retrieve RVs. The study findings revealed that RVs in hard science and soft science were employed in four tenses forms, i.e. past participle, present participle, infinitive, and past tense. Further, the study indicated that based on the frequencies, soft science employed RVs more frequently than hard science. However, based on functions, hard science utilised RVs more comprehensively than soft science. Hard science and soft science have distinctive ways of implementing RVs in the Indonesian journal article abstracts. Thus, designing an RVs list specialised for non-native English (NNE) students, authors, teachers, and instructors is recommended to strengthen each discipline’s academic writing proficiency.

Detecting directional forces in the evolution of grammar: A case study of the English perfect with intransitives across EEBO, COHA, and Google Books

Languages have diverse characteristics that have emerged through evolution. In modern English grammar, the perfect is formed with have+PP (past participle), but in earlier English, the be+PP form also existed. It is widely recognised that the auxiliary verb BE was replaced by HAVE throughout evolution, except for some special cases. However, whether this evolution was caused by natural selection or random drift is still unclear. Here we examined directional forces in the evolution of the English perfect with intransitive by combining three large-scale data sources: Early English Books Online (EEBO), Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), and Google Books. We found that most intransitive verbs exhibited an apparent transition from be+PP to have+PP, most of which were classified as ‘selection’ by a deep neural network-based model. These results suggest that the English perfect could have evolved through natural selection rather than random drift, and provide insights into the cultural evolution of grammar.

Beyond state absence - clientelised statehood in a Colombian conflict region

ABSTRACT This article is an anthropological contribution to the historiography of the rural township of San José de Apartadó and the region of Urabá. The aim is to consider further concepts of statehood in Colombian conflict regions. Based on anthropological fieldwork and a critical rereading of historical literature, I reconstruct local and regional history from the perspective of the Urabá region and explore state action in the region’s many conflicts. Taking a ‘state formation’ approach, I show that state institutions in the region developed reciprocally with a clientelist network. I suggest calling the regional state a ‘clientelised state’, as this past participle adjective captures the processual dimension to the characteristics of state formation in Urabá.

Adverbs Derived from Adjectival Present Participles in Polish, Slovak and Czech: A Comparative Corpus-Based Study

Abstract The paper investigates and compares the inventory of adverbs derived from adjectival present participles in the Polish, Slovak and Czech languages. The particularity of these adverbs is that they do not occur in every language, even if it concerns closely related languages. While in Polish and Slovak this type of adverbs is represented by hundreds of lemmas, in Czech it is almost not represented. The comparative analysis is carried out on the data retrieved from the comparable web corpora Aranea. The sets of adverbs extracted from the comparable corpora of the languages examined are analysed by the following criteria: the total number of the adverb lemmas in the corpus, their relative frequency (ipm), morphemic structure features, collocability preferences. The similarities and differences between the adverb sets are established. According to the corpus data, the adverbs derived from adjectival present participles are more widely used in Polish than in Slovak, and in Czech they are a rare phenomenon represented by a limited number of lemmas with a negligible frequency.

Translations of the Arabic Active Participles in the Glorious Qur’an into English by three most Famous Translators (of the Qur’an); Pickthal, Arberry, and Hilaly (& Khan)/ : An Analytical Study

This study deals with different translations ـــ by three most famous translators ــ of a limited number of active Participles in the Glorious Qur’an into English through discussing and analyzing them by identifying the accurate, inaccurate or incorrect translations, based on a scientific hypothesis made by the researcher from a previous study concerning the active participle and its translation in detail.
 The study starts with an introduction then hypothesis, aims of the study, scope of the Study, and it also contains a brief explanation of the active participle in Arabic and its forms or types, with the practical method of translating it from Arabic into English, in addition to the data with a related discussion for each translation, then the results, conclusions and findings, and ending with a list of the references that were consulted for this research.

Diphilus’ Paralyomenos (P. Louvre 7733v, col. ii, 32-35): Reading the Evidence

Abstract P. Louvre 7733v is the only source to attest a comedy by Diphilus entitled Paralyomenos and fr. 59 K.-A. from this play. This article ventures a cautious interrogation of the available—albeit limited and thus unexplored—evidence, with the purpose of extracting as much material as possible that could shed light on this play’s dramatic circumstances. It is argued that the present participle in the title is suggestive of a possibly critical situation (discharge from military service or physical disability) occurring within the course or shortly before the opening of the plot. Given parallel dramatic situations, it could reasonably be inferred that the title-character’s peculiar position may have got him involved in circumstances producing comic effect. Moreover, the restoration of fr. 59 proposed in this article may provide clues to a dramatic crisis. Overall, a close reading of the evidence in conjunction with comic practice could give scope for mapping the material concerning Diphilus’ Paralyomenos onto the dramatic contexts of fourth-century comedy.

Future-time markers in expressing English future time by Sesotho L1 speakers

The expression of future time in the English language seems to lack uniformity. The lack of consistency is influenced by speakers’ intentions, so these various ways of marking future time in English pose a challenge to second-language (L2) learners. Therefore, this article investigates first-language (L1) Sesotho speakers’ ways of expressing English future time within the basic linguistic theory framework. It further seeks to identify factors influencing the students’ formation of future-time expressions. In this qualitative study, data was collected through 30 written compositions by third-year Linguistics students at the National University of Lesotho. The study reveals that L1 Sesotho speakers mark English future time through will and shall. They also use the phrasal markers such as want to, have to, hope to, be going to, be supposed to, be about to, will + be + PROGRESSIVE, will + have + PERFECT PARTICIPLE and will + have + been, which they use appropriately. Would + be, would + progressive, would + have + PERFECT PARTICIPLE are also used but incorrectly. The article further demonstrates that they use would erroneously to express English future time. In addition, Sesotho, by virtue of having equivalents of some of these markers, influenced the students’ formation of future-time expressions. Therefore, L1 interference plays a great part in L2 learning. The study concludes that the use of will is more dominant than shall because even British English, which was known for the common use of shall has started to shift and to lose this distinction like American English has done.

Карачаево-балкарские микротопонимы с колоративом «къызыл» («красный»)

The aim of the study is to determine the structural-semantic, grammatical and motivational features of the Karachay-Balkar microtoponyms with the colourative къызыл ‘red’. The work is novel in that it is the first to carry out a structural-semantic and grammatical analysis of the onyms under consideration using the material of the Karachay-Balkar language, to determine the degree of productivity of formal models, to consider the main motives for the naming of units. As a result of the study, it was found that the toponyms in question are one-word, two-word, three-word and four-word descriptions. One-word toponyms are represented by one non-derivative and two derived lexemes. The research findings showed that the two-component nominations of geographical objects formed according to the “adjective + substantive” model prevail, although some of them are structured according to the “adjective + postpositional name”, “adjective + primary adverbial participle ending in -ып” schemes. Three-word toponymical descriptions include the adjective къызыл ‘red’, as well as substantives of various semantics. As for the composition of four-word microtoponyms, along with adjectives and substantives, there is also a past participle.

Passive vP is not phasal in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian

Legate (2003) argues, contra Chomsky 2001, that passive vP is a phase in English. In this paper, I present novel Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) data from (i) theme vowel quality, (ii) apparent non-local allomorphy and allosemy, and (iii) agreement to support the claim that passive vP is not phasal in this language. Comparing these findings with Legate’s, I show that those of her diagnostics that can be applied to BCS put BCS passive participles on a par with active verbs, patterning with the English data. This result, I argue, supports the view that Legate’s diagnostics may not be phasehood detectors at all and has consequences for our general understanding of phasehood.