Future Husband Research Articles

The Cult of Artistry in Zelda Fitzgerald's Save Me the Waltz

The Cult of Artistry in Zelda Fitzgerald's <i>Save Me the Waltz</i>

The Cult of Artistry in Zelda Fitzgerald's Save Me the Waltz

The Cult of Artistry in Zelda Fitzgerald's <i>Save Me the Waltz</i>

Development of alternative interpretations: The story of an orphaned boy affected by HIV and AIDS and father abandonment

This article elaborated specifically on the research journey in arriving at the development of an alternative narrative, which points beyond the local community, with reference to a broader study which aimed at addressing uncertainties about the type and nature of the relationship between HIV and AIDS and adolescent male orphans affected by this disease and all its aspects, such as poverty, exposure to crime and stigmatisation and lack in parental figures, more specifically the lack of the father figure. Subsequently, this study aimed at dissecting the orphan�s life experiences in the midst of HIV and AIDS and how these experiences will influence his sexual and power relations with women and his role as future father and husband, in the absence of a father figure. The researcher wanted to explore ways in which these past and future narratives influence or affect the male orphan�s view of and relationship with God and assess whether it is it just this view of and relationship with God that influence and affect his relationship with his past narrative and writing of his future narratives. This article described and explained the research process as it utilised the epistemological viewpoints of a postfoundational notion of practical theology and the methodological tools of the seven movements of a postfoundational practical theology. With the use of the metaphor of Tree of Life and the David narrative, the researcher journeyed with the co-researchers (i.e. the children who took part in this research) in the construction of a preferred alternative narrative, which, in turn, functions as a guiding metaphor, for aspiring to the future and living their lives in a preferred and satisfying manner. This article concluded with an alternative narrative as developed by one of the co-researchers, as an example of how these theoretical viewpoints can be used in praxis in developing alternative narratives which frees the persons from the constraints of a problem-saturated narrative, with special reference and acknowledgement to Professor Julian M�ller, who introduced the researcher to the world of possibilities.

The autobiography of an African princess

The Autobiography of an African Princess by Fatima Massaquoi is the third literary effort chronicling the Massaquoi family from Sierra Leone and Liberia. The two previous works described the lives of male family members. The first narrated the story of Hans J. Massaquoi (1926–2013), a mixed-race youth who came of age in Nazi Germany. The second book was a biography of Hans Massaquoi’s grandfather, Momulu Massaquoi (1870–1938), a Vai nobleman and high-ranking Liberian government official. Fatima Massaquoi (1904–1978) was the daughter ofMomoluMassaquoi. She was also dean of the Liberal Arts College at the University of Liberia and the founder of the University of Liberia’s Institute of African Studies. The Autobiography recounts her childhood in Liberia and subsequent academic career as a teenager and young woman in Germany, Switzerland, and the United States. Massaquoi’s personal experiences and observations as a young village girl in Liberia are an invaluable account of the Vai and otherWest African people’s methods of socializing and educating young people to take their place in society. The Sande society for young girls and the Poro society for youngmen are the traditional vehicles for passing on cultural and spiritual knowledge that prepare youngsters for the responsibilities of adult life. Fatima discusses how the Sande society teaches girls child rearing, cooking, fishing, dancing, knowledge of herbs, and how to care for her future home and husband. According to Fatima, a young girl would learn from Sande “everything she needs to become a well-bred and functional woman in the community.” One unfortunate aspect of traditional society, however, is that it could be rigorous. It has the tendency to mete out corporal punishment for relatively minor offenses. For example, Fatima’s stepmother punished her for taking food BOOK REVIEW

Speculative Technologies: Debt, Love, and Divination in a Transnationalizing Market

Speculative Technologies:Debt, Love, and Divination in a Transnationalizing Market Larisa Jasarevic (bio) Four young women with love on their mind are waiting to learn about their future. It’s a summer afternoon in a neighborhood of Tuzla, a city in northeastern Bosnia. The waiting room is filled with old sofas, well loved and bent out of shape by a history of bodies getting comfortable, and the table in the middle is crowded with cups, upturned messily and leaking coffee tails. The mood is as inviting as the open seats: expectant, pleasurable, excited by the stories women share of previous visits. New arrivals are instructed on what to expect. One by one, women take their dry coffee cups to Zlata in the adjacent room. Coffee mud has painted the insides of turned cups with an intricate, biographically significant landscape, but Zlata apparently “reads” beyond the phenomenal, grasping what Jacques Derrida calls the very “possibility of an event dawning” (2005, 3). Coffee mud is an appropriately murky medium for grasping what is not (yet), whatever may come to be under the circumstances of habitual uncertainty. The women are living in a precarious, transforming economy, where the market has been exploding since the end of socialism and the 1990s war, drawing masses into the business of trade and consumption. Thus inflated, the economy has been weathering a prolonged shortage of capital since the turn of the millennium. The popular market economy—everyday household provisioning and small entrepreneurship—is sustained by debt: informal lending and borrowing between intimates, kin, and clients and formal bank and microcredit loans. The clientele of Zlata, a coffee cup reader with a fabulous reputation for accuracy and reasonable price, however, are primarily concerned with forecasts for love affairs, illicit passions, urgent or wilting desires, marriage prospects, and such. A [End Page 261] divining session just as often yields business advice, as the women at Zlata’s take it for granted that love and money, market and passion, longing and owing, in short, economic and affective relations are contiguous and intersecting. Zlata’s vision is up to date on Bosnia’s economic trends. I have been casually visiting Zlata since 2006. In 2011, I found the cups much larger and the scope of her vision extended to keep up with the migration of economic opportunities, from regional, largely informal market trade to more transnational pursuits of fortune with American defense contractors (KBR and Fluor International) in Afghanistan and Iraq. Among those who seek her out—and recently, for reasons left unexplained, Zlata has received only women—many work for or are applying to Fluor International or else dating, desiring, marrying, and otherwise caring for men employed or seeking employment in Afghanistan and Iraq. A young woman, anxious about her protracted engagement, walked out of Zlata’s room with assurances about the date for her wedding and, just as exciting, news of her future husband’s job offer in Afghanistan. A later arrival, a mature woman and seasoned trader named Besima, has been visiting eagerly for several weeks, expecting an interview with a Fluor recruiter and, with perhaps more impatience, wondering about the twists and turns of a love affair emerging online. Speculations This is an essay about love, divination, and the debt market. Divination and debt are, clearly, speculative forms, while love, broadly speaking, is a central concern to both divining and debt enterprises in ways that are less obvious and locally specific. This text too is part speculative, part ethnographic. Starting with messy, abundant evidence that local practice effectively interlaces with the affective and economic, I ask what one speculative technology—forecasting the future from coffee mud—can tell us about another: contracting and extending debts. If technologies, with a nod to Foucault (Martin, Gutman, and Hutton 1988, 17–19), could be thought of as matrices of practical reason, concerned with production, efficacy, and care of self and others, then thinking debt via an extended detour of divination and love explores speculation in a different mood. First, this is not the “scheming and projecting” of the [End Page 262] financial speculator, the classic figure, whether in economic history (see Sombart [1915] 1967) or in contemporary critiques and media...

Sacred Dread: Raïssa Maritain, the Allure of Suffering, and the French Catholic Revival (1905–1944) by Brenna Moore (review)

Sacred Dread: Raissa Maritain, the Allure of Suffering, and the French Catholic Revival (1905-1944). By Brenna Moore. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 2013. Pp. xiii, 293. $30.00 paperback. ISBN 978-0-268-03529-7.)Raissa Maritain (1883-1960) was a gifted poet, influential writer on aesthetics, and celebrated memoirist. Today, she is mainly known a small number of academics and a few Catholics outside of the academy as the wife of a renowned Thomistic philosopher and human rights advocate. The scant recent attention she has received has depicted her as archetype of suffering Catholic femininity or as a prospective candidate for sainthood along with her husband, Jacques. This new book by Brenna Moore situates her as a key figure in the early-twentieth-century French Catholic Revival. The renouveau catholique was marked by celebrated conversions and myriad contributions arts and letters. It also embodied culture clash in advancing a suffering-centered imaginaire (p. 3) that reinforced an association of Catholicism with femininity that was derogatory from the republican perspective (p. 68). This stigma-the alleged fetishizing of souffrance-still influences scholarly interpretations that, according Moore, exile women like St. Therese of Lisieux, Raissa Maritain, and Simone Weil to the ranks of the pathetic and the bizarre (p. 7), particularly in Richard Burton's study Holy Tears, Holy Blood (Ithaca, NY, 2004).Moore uses the oeuvre of Raissa Maritain answer a central question . . . why the fascination with suffering? (p. 3). She traces Maritain's life (rarely does one read a book in which Raissa is the default Maritain) from the eve of her and her husband's conversion in Belle Epoque Paris the end of their World War II exile in the United States. Born a Russian Jew, Raissa Oumancoff was raised in assimilationist immigrant family that encouraged her intellectual growth, and it was while pursuing scientific studies that she met her future husband. Repelled by the arid positivism of the Sorbonne and the laicizing French Third Republic, she and Jacques sought find meaning in defiance of a modern bourgeois culture that denied the reality of suffering and death. They turned a series of mentors, including philosopher Henri Bergson, poet Charles Peguy, and novelist Leon Bloy. The last of these luminaries served as godfather when the couple sought Catholic baptism in 1906 along with Raissa's sister, Vera. Bloy's focus on female and Jewish abjection greatly influenced Raissa, and both Maritains embraced his philosemitism, tainted as it was with supersessionism. Moore offers a nuanced interpretation of the renouveau catholique philosemitism that vied with antisemitism for the allegiance of French Catholics, drawing on recent work by Samuel Moyn and others in identifying even ostensibly pro-Jewish writings as trafficking in essentialism and stereotype (p. 13).The Maritains' remarkable openness Judaism, Russian Orthodoxy, and the artistic, literary, and musical avant-garde-all richly portrayed in Stephen Schloesser's book Jazz Age Catholicism (Buffalo, NY, 2005)-made their home in the Paris suburb of Meudon both a retreat center and a vibrant salon. Her own poetic gift was encouraged by Jean Cocteau and nurtured by friendships with, among others, Marc Chagall. …

AIZGAVIEŅS AND МАСЛЕНИЦА ( SHROVETIDE ) IN LATGALE : TRADICIONS OF LATGALIAN AND OLD-BELIEVERS

AIZGAVIEŅS AND МАСЛЕНИЦА ( SHROVETIDE ) IN LATGALE : TRADICIONS OF LATGALIAN AND OLD-BELIEVERS

Christine Elizabeth Jones

Christine Elizabeth Cain met her future husband, Stephen Jones, a dental student, over the dissection table at medical school. After hospital posts in Liverpool, Great Yarmouth, and Cumbria, she married...

Resilience, Agency and Resistance in the Storytelling Practice of Aunty Hilda Wilson (1911-2007), Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal Elder

Resilience, Agency and Resistance in the Storytelling Practice of Aunty Hilda Wilson (1911-2007), Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal Elder

The Coat of Arms in Fra Filippo Lippi’s Portrait of a Woman with a Man at a Casement

The Coat of Arms in Fra Filippo Lippi’s <i>Portrait of a Woman with a Man at a Casement</i>

"Northanger Abbey, Desmond", and History

In Northanger Abbey, Catherine confesses to her future husband that she believes her future father-in-law has murdered his wife. In the annals of bad manners, this must rank at the top of a faux pas list for guests. And yet, Henry's astonishing generosity and nobleness of conduct, in never [afterwards] alluding in the slightest way to what had passed, leaves Catherine with nothing to do but to forgive herself and be happier than ever, while still conceding that memento of past folly, however painful, might not be without (174, 175). Northanger invites one to think seriously about such an occasional memento, especially those that recall matrimonial catastrophe. The memories she offers, which are both and re-veiled (91), to adopt a conundrum offered by Jean-Luc Nancy that will prove useful in understanding Austen's tactics, prevent a direct encounter with any single disaster; such a process keeps memories of history alive, if not immediately at hand. Austen helps readers remember at a distance in two ways: first, she deploys echoes of Charlotte Smith's Desmond, a much grimmer novel, to provide an almost tragic undertow to her comic novel; second, in a fleeting though potent reference to rhubarb, she raises a question about how things heal and hurt and about who can be trusted with medicines that might also be poisons. The rich layering of these two with her own more witty treatment of domestic tyranny and the interplay of the domestic and the exotic offer a combination that summons readers--almost simultaneously--to forget and remember catastrophe; in doing so, they render forgetting pleasant while offering a delicate kind of recollection that reminds to remember not to forget: a recipe providing one condition for happiness. Charlotte Smith's Desmond was published in 1792. Northanger was written in 1798-99, revised for publication, and sold to Crosby & Co. in 1803, where it sat in a state of remembered forgetting until its posthumous publication in 1818. In 1792, Jane Austen revealed she had read Charlotte Smith's novels, praising in her unfinished story, Catharine; or, The Bower. Scholars have noted the connections between these two author's works: Rachel Brownstein observes that Austen surely learned from reading Charlotte Smith, especially The Old Manor House (138); Austen's novels, says Gary Kelly, not build on Smith's, have much in common with them, [but] also depart from them (208); for William H. Magee, the earlier novelist guided Austen in the tradition of courtship and marriage (3); and Frank Bradbrook sees Smith's fiction as having only [...] negative use to Jane Austen in providing burlesque material for Northanger Abbey (105). This essay first notes the links between Desmond and Northanger and second sees the earlier novel as embedded in the later, working simultaneously with it, entrenching in Austen's work the lurking presence of nuptial ruin. While Rachel Brownstein wonders if Austen knew, when she praised Smith in Catharine; or the Bower in 1792, that many of Charlotte Smith's readers had turned against her because of the radical politics that Desmond could be interpreted as condoning (137), it is certain that Austen would have known this history by 1798. In delivering a baseline for harm against which to measure the events in North anger Abbey, the quotations from Desmond work dually to remind the reader of suffering as well as to assure one that if things have apparently improved since 1792, it is because one has forgotten to remember. Austen performs a feat in which these memories seem both dead and alive--rather like Louisa Bernini, imprisoned in the Southern part of the Mazzini Castle in Sicilian Romance. Many who read Northanger have of course not read Desmond; and in focusing on Smith's novel, this essay does not discount the role the gothic plays in the novel as a reminder of tyranny. As Claudia L. …

Intercultural differences among students in Poland

This study is a first attempt to understand intercultural differences between Polish and foreign students studying in Poland. The key findings are as follows: 1) foreign students have more traditional views about family, respect parents view about future husband or wife, think that having sex before marriage is not acceptable, that gay couples should not be allowed to adopt children; 2) foreign students have large respect for the senior people, while Polish students think that there is very little that one can learn from older generations; 3) foreign students think that German cars are the best in the world, Polish students disagree; 4) foreign students are afraid about global warming, Polish students largely ignore this issue. The paper also presents that all students have similar views regarding their professional career, they want a good work-life balance, prefer working in the private sector. They value spiritual life and love more than money.

The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle: Marriage, Murder, and Madness in the Family of Jonathan Edwards by Ava Chamberlain (review)

Reviewed by: The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle: Marriage, Murder, and Madness in the Family of Jonathan Edwards by Ava Chamberlain Jordan Alexander Stein (bio) The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle: Marriage, Murder, and Madness in the Family of Jonathan Edwards. Ava Chamberlain. New York: New York University Press, 2012. 251 pp. The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle tells the story of Jonathan Edwards’s paternal grandmother, who left no written records of her own. Her name appears in a very few annals of colonial Connecticut, which record her birth in 1645, her marriage in 1667, the births of her children, and her husband’s ultimately successful attempt to divorce her in 1691. (The date of her death is unrecorded.) In spite of this relative paucity of archival detail, [End Page 796] Elizabeth Tuttle has recurred over three centuries as a figure in the lore focused on her famous grandson. Yet the absence of her own voice and story consistently reduced her to an old family scandal, a madwoman in the attic, “a straw man dressed in cap and petticoats” (2). In an ambitious attempt to counter both a long-standing mythology and a supremely minimal historical record, this book tries to flesh out the story of Elizabeth Tuttle’s life as she might have lived it. In order to reconstruct such a life in detail and significance, The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle gathers its textures by moving backward and forward across four generations and several afterlives. The first chapters recur to Elizabeth’s father’s generation, narrating the circumstances that could have led him to leave the English Midlands and relocate to colonial New Haven. It also tells the parallel (though not congruent) story of her future husband, Richard Edwards, whose father, William, moved from east London to Hartford, Connecticut, where Richard was born and married a woman somewhat above his status. The middle chapters detail scandalous episodes in the lives of Elizabeth’s siblings—when in 1676 her younger brother Benjamin murdered their sister Sarah in a fit of rage, and when in 1691 her youngest sister Mercy, in an uncanny repetition of their brother’s crime, murdered her own eldest son. Such violent acts damaged the reputation of (and relations within) the prominent Tuttle family, and the enormous strain contributed to the dissolution of Elizabeth and Richard’s marriage. The penultimate chapter demonstrates the mythmaking (at Elizabeth’s expense) that enabled Richard to overcome the scandal of divorce and establish his family in a manner that created the conditions under which his grandson would be reared, educated, and established in the mid-eighteenth century. In the final chapter, we learn that this book is by no means the first attempt to recover Elizabeth Tuttle from historical obscurity—that, in fact, she had emerged in the early twentieth century as a major figure in the antieugenics movement before eugenic science was discredited following World War II. This final chapter is simply breathtaking for what it lays bare about the distance between the historical figures we conjure and the historical lives they may have led. The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle will certainly be of interest to scholars of gender relations in early America. While the book makes relatively few theoretical pretenses, its descriptions of marriage and manhood in late seventeenth-century colonial Connecticut paint with much of the dynamism [End Page 797] for which more theoretical accounts are celebrated. At the same time, the book commits hardly any sins of theoretical projection, nor does it imagine that gender matters most to seventeenth-century life when it is a site of resistance or subversion. Instead, its project is to reconstruct ordinary lives with ordinary dignity, and to wrest meaning from “the fragments of lost humanity that lie beneath” the flotsam of archival miscellanies (5). Any reader should appreciate the book’s careful writing and proficient storytelling. The Notorious Elizabeth Tuttle is peppered throughout with a number of finely calibrated sentences, which propel the pleasure one takes in the narrative. In perhaps my favorite example, on the subject of Mercy’s attempted murder, we read: “Believing she was the only one who could protect her son from a terrible fate, she acted as any loving mother would and split...

Chrześcijańskie małżonki sułtanów tureckich. Małżeństwa polityczne w Imperium Osmańskim XIV i XV wieku

During the formation of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman rulers, similarly to the European rulers pursued a policy of the matrimonial contract, when entering into political marriages with the daughters of the Christian rulers. Christian wives were not forced to convert to Islam. Their status was clearly defined by a marriage settlement signed by the parents or brothers of a future husband. This contract provided females with the right to retain their religion, their means of sustenance to maintain their homes and mansions, as well as high status. Initially, these marriages and the related family relationships were treated very seriously, and one should not consider them to be only a manifestation of vassalization, they usually brought mutual political benefits. With time, with growing disproportions in the military capabilities of the Ottoman Empire and the Christian states in the Balkans, they became a part of political pressure. This did not mean, though, a departure from the principles of marriage contracts. The abolition of the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan countries caused a withdrawal from the policy of the sultans’ marriage contracts with Christian females, and later, a complete resignation from marriage settlements. After the conquest of the Balkans and Asia Minor, they lost their purpose.

Profile of Susan N. Coppersmith

Physics ranges from the practical to the abstruse. Susan Coppersmith, a theoretical physicist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, has applied her talents across this span, from modeling the assembly of mollusk shells to programming quantum computers. Coppersmith was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, and in her Inaugural Article she describes and models the surprising intersecting lines and folds that appear in compressed monolayers of gold nanoparticles (1). Susan N. Coppersmith. Coppersmith grew up in Johnstown, PA. Her father was a lawyer and her mother, a housewife and piano teacher. “Not many people in Johnstown went to college,” she says. To her, it seemed that most people’s ambition was simply to move away. Coppersmith’s schooling required a lot of perseverance; sexism and a lack of appreciation for scientific curiosity were significant obstacles. “I remember in high school a teacher said to me, ‘You might be smart for Johnstown, but that doesn’t mean anything,’” says Coppersmith. Still, high school science sparked her curiosity. “I was in science class and I asked a question and the teacher said, ‘Oh, that’s quantum mechanics, that’s too hard for you.’ I knew I had to go to college if I wanted to learn what quantum mechanics was,” she adds. After graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978 with a degree in physics, Coppersmith spent a year as a Churchill Scholar at Cambridge University in England studying applied mathematics. At Cambridge University she met her future husband, Robert Blank, who is now on the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison medical school. Coppersmith enrolled in graduate school at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) to study physics. “I had trouble at Cornell. I couldn’t find an advisor. Fortunately, because I had a scholarship from Bell Telephone Laboratories’ Graduate Research Program for …

Profile of Roberta L. Rudnick

Plenty of mysteries lurk beneath the Earth’s surface. Roberta Rudnick, a Distinguished University Professor and chair of the department of geology at the University of Maryland (College Park, MD) and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has plumbed these depths. In her Inaugural Article, Rudnick presents a mass balance model for lithium isotopes, used to track chemical weathering on our planet’s surface (1). Roberta L. Rudnick. Her work has been honored with the Dana Medal from the Mineralogical Society of America and the N.L. Bowen Award from the American Geophysical Union. Rudnick is also a fellow of five scientific organizations as well as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Growing up in the Portland, OR, suburb of Tigard, Rudnick’s passion for science was cultivated by her high school science teacher who taught physics, astronomy, and geology. “I took all of those and I loved all of them,” she says. Rudnick’s love of the outdoors trumped her love of physics, however, and upon graduation she opted to major in geology at nearby Portland State University. It was the perfect time to be a geology student in Portland: Rudnick had a front-row seat to the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens, just 50 miles away. “Groups of us had gone up there when it started erupting a little bit of ash,” she recalls. “One time we were up on the south side, and if it had gone off when we were up there, we would really have had an interesting time getting out. All of the roads we used were along the valleys where the mudflows went.” At Portland State, she met her future husband and lifelong scientific collaborator, William McDonough, now a professor …

Playing Life and Death in Provincetown:

Playing Life and Death in Provincetown:

Die Behandlung von Kim Phúc an der BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen

The Vietnam War was a military conflict in Vietnam during the Cold War that followed the First Indochina War. This war was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the USA and other anti-communist countries. Kim Phúc is the child depicted in the Pulitzer Prize winning photograph taken on June 8, 1972 by AP photographer Nick Út. The iconic photo shows her at about nine years of age running naked on a road amid the chaos after being severely burned by a napalm attack. After 14 months of hospital stay and 17 surgical procedures Kim Phúc was able to return home. Since then, she was used as a propaganda symbol by the communist government of Vietnam. To continue her studies, Kim was granted permission to move to Cuba where she met her future husband. However, the sequelae of her burn wounds affected her everyday life enormously. In 1984, with the support of the international aid organization "terre des hommes" and the German magazine "STERN", Kim Phúc got the opportunity to meet and get treated by Professor Zellner. Professor Peter Rudolph Zellner was the first chief of the Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, and one of the founder members of the German Society of Plastic Surgeons. The reconstructive surgeries provide Kim Phúc an almost normal life. Later on, she was involved in international aid organizations; she was named a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and she was awarded several honorary Doctorates of Law. Kim Phúc became a Canadian citizen. Today, she lives with her husband and two children in Ontario, Canada.

First ladies in laying the foundation of neuroendocrinology

Although women were welcomed into medical practice in increasing numbers by the close of the nineteenth century, it was not until the second quarter of the twentieth century that they were recognised as valuable collaborators and contributors in the nascent field of neuroendocrinology, wherein they soon made advances that have stood the test of time. Mary Pickford at Edinburgh measured the action of acetyl choline in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and helped to establish that vasopressin and oxytocin are formed in separate and distinct neurons. Berta Scharrer, like her future husband Ernest Scharrer, was born in Munich. Their great contribution was the proof that the posterior pituitary is not a gland, but the location of the release into the circulation of vasopressin and oxytocin from fibres in the hypothalamico-hypophysial tract. Their work succeeded in establishing against high-powered, vehement opposition the value of histological evidence in elucidating synthesis, storage and release of secretion from neuro-endocrine cells. A Rockefeller travelling fellowship allowed Marthe Vogt to move from Berlin in 1932 to London and then to Cambridge. The relations between the cortex and medulla of the suprarenal gland and the control of adrenocorticotropin were her main concerns. Dora Jacobsohn emigrated to Sweden after graduating in Berlin in 1934. She investigated control of the anterior pituitary gland by the hypothalamus, and co-operated with Geoffrey Harris in establishing the role of the hypothalamico-hypophysial portal venous system that conveys the releasing factors that preside over anterior pituitary cells. Laboratory discoveries do not constitute the whole of science, for the interpretation of evidence and recognition of general principles deserve attention. Dorothy Price, from Aurora, Illinois, received her BS in 1922 at the University of Chicago, and was glad to find employment as a histology technician in the zoology laboratory, where she was quietly appropriated by Carl Moore (1892-1955), an investigator seeking the key to hormonal control of gonadal function. The burning question was the part played by what was (then) called hormone antagonism in the biology of the testis. Price recognised that the common factor in explaining the deleterious effects of oestrin and testosterone on the testes could be traced to the anterior pituitary: the pituitary controlled testicular secretion, and the male hormone in turn controlled gonadotropin release in the pituitary. This seesaw balance explained the problem, and was the first of many regulatory systems to be recognised as ensuring stability--and later became known as negative feedback. The contributions of these five women helped place neuro-endocrinology on a firm foundation for its later expansion.

Elizabeth Elliott: champion of child health in Australia

Elizabeth Elliott: champion of child health in Australia