Fusarium Wilt Of Chickpea Research Articles

In vitro and in vivo study of the antagonistic effects of a Trichoderma strain against four isolates of Fusarium that are pathogenic to chickpea.

This study investigated the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum against chickpea Fusarium wilt through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The dual culture test showed that Trichoderma had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the tested Fusarium isolates, with an inhibition rate ranging from 71.33% to 80.66%. The volatile and non-volatile metabolites produced by Trichoderma also showed antagonistic effects, with a growth inhibition rate ranging from 47.33% to 51.33% and a colonization rate ranging from 60% to 67%. In vivo experiments demonstrated that treating chickpea seeds with Trichoderma asperellum 48 h after inoculation with Fusarium significantly enhanced chickpea growth compared to seeds inoculated with Fusarium alone. Arial part length enhancement ranged between 69.3% and 92,19% while root length increased by 61,9% and 127%, this implied a significant improvement in biomass. These findings highlight Trichoderma's potential in controlling chickpea Fusarium wilt and enhancing plant growth, making it an environmentally friendly method in sustainable agriculture and crop protection.

Inheritance of Resistance to Chickpea Fusarium Wilt Disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Race 2) in a Wide-Cross Cicer arietinum × Cicer reticulatum Mapping Family.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a major food legume providing high quality nutrition, especially in developing regions. Chickpea wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris) causes significant annual losses. Integrated disease management of Fusarium wilt is supported by resistant varieties. Relatively few resistance genes are known so there is value in exploring genetic resources in chickpea wild relatives. This study investigates the inheritance of Fusarium wilt resistance (race 2) in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between a cultivated susceptible chickpea variety (Gokce) and a wild resistant Cicer reticulatum line (Kayat-077). RILs, parents, resistant and susceptible tester lines were twice grown in the greenhouse with inoculation and disease symptoms scored. DNA was extracted from dried leaves and individuals were single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyped. SNPs were placed on the reference chickpea genome and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed. Significant QTL regions were examined using PulseDB to identify candidate genes. The results showed the segregation of Fusarium wilt resistance conforming to a single gene inheritance. One significant QTL was found at the start of chromosome 8, containing 138 genes, three of which were disease-resistance candidates for chickpea breeding.

Mechanical Synthesis of Nano Carrier Based Bio-formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Their Bio-efficacy against Fusarium Wilt of Chick Pea

The terms "nano science" and "nanotechnology" have grown in popularity in comparison to micron-sized particles because they are more durable, efficient and have a high surface-to-volume ratio. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to assess the efficiency of a nano carrier-based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum against the chickpea wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Carrier materials such as talc, lignite and fly ash were reduced to nano size using a high-speed cryo ball mill and particle sizes were determined using a particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction. The results revealed all of the concentrations of nano carrier formulated (talc, lignite and fly ash) T. harzianum viz.,100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations were found to effective in inhibiting the growth of the F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris with 100 per cent mean mycelial inhibition except nano talc formulated Trichoderma which shows mycelial inhibition of 2.56 per cent at 50 ppm concentration.

Application of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for effective mitigation of Fusarium wilt disease in roots of Cicerarietinum

The study investigated the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) on Fusarium wilt in chickpea. CuONPs, synthesized using coffee powder, were subjected to washing and sonication using Milli-Q water as the solvent during the purification process. Subsequently the nanoparticles were characterized through UV–vis spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta Potential and FTIR analysis. The NPs exhibited a size range of 85–100 nm with a zeta potential of −25.3 mV. Seven days old chickpea seedlings treated with different concentrations of CuONP (10, 25, 50 ppm) via root immersion showed a significant reduction in Fusarium infection severity. Treatment with 10 and 25 ppm CuONPs led to a remarkable 74.5% and 50% decrease in wilt incidence, along with increased root and shoot length, protein, tannin, phenolics, and flavonoid content in chickpea seedlings, grown in Fusarium infected soil. Enzyme activity (PAL, PPO, NR) was enhanced, while proline, H2O2, and MDA content decreased in 10 and 25 ppm CuONPs treated seedlings. A reduced activity of APX and SOD was also recorded in 10 and 25 ppm CuONPs treated seedlings. Chlorophyll content increased by 50.08% in 10 ppm treated seedlings but decreased with 25 and 50 ppm. The findings emphasize the protective role of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) at a lower concentration of 10 ppm against Fusarium wilt disease. This protective effect is manifested through the reduction of oxidative stress, decreased wilt incidence, and an increased biomass.

Management of Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea Using Integrated Approaches Leading Induced Systemic Resistance

The objective of the research was to investigate the impact of Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Rhizobium, separately and together, on inducing systemic resistance in chickpea plants when exposed to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris. Various parameters such as wilt incidence, plant growth promotion, yield, peroxidase activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and total phenol content were assessed after treating chickpea seeds (GNG-469) with these bioagents. The findings from in vitro experiments indicated that the treatment T14, which involved the combination of 1% T. harzianum, 2% P. fluorescens, and 2% Biochar, was the most potent combination of bioagents. Compared to the untreated control, this treatment considerably reduced wilt incidence and enhanced root length, shoot length, and overall yield. Furthermore, treatment T14 increased peroxidase activity by 1.4%, polyphenol oxidase activity by 1.6%, and total phenol content by 2.3% in chickpea plants during Fusarium wilt disease. These findings have crucial implications for creating innovative formulations utilizing fungal and bacterial bioagents to effectively control wilt disease in chickpea plants. Rhizobium exhibited the lowest growth inhibition (23.13%), and T. harzianum showed the highest growth inhibition (66.38%) in vitro compared to control. New generation fungicide such as Amistar top T5 (18%), the positive control, was highly effective against this soil-borne pathogen; however, chemical pesticides with hazardous implications must be replaced by ecofriendly biocontrol agents.. KEYWORDS :Systemic resistance, Chickpea wilt, Fusarium oxysporum ciceris, Biochar, Fungicides, Bioagents

The severity level classification of Fusarium wilt of chickpea by pre-trained deep learning models

The severity level classification of Fusarium wilt of chickpea by pre-trained deep learning models

Antagonistic potential and growth promoting activities of native Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc) has been considered as a devastating one which appears every year and causes heavy losses in yield. Trichoderma is a potential biocontrol agent against many diseases. Present investigation was carried out during winter (rabi) season 2021 to assess the antagonistic potential and growth promoting activities of native Trichoderma isolates against Foc. Thirteen Trichoderma isolates from chickpea rhizosphere were isolated and evaluated under in vitro conditions for their potentiality to antagonise Foc. The highest and lowest per cent of mycelial growth inhibition observed among these isolates was 88.1% (HST-1) and 62.2% (HCdT), respectively. Seed treatment with native T. asperellum plays an important role by enhancing plant growth parameters. Experimental results indicated that seed treatment with native T. asperellum exhibited significant increase in germination (94.29%), vigour index (2883.60), vigour index mass (117.16), plant height (25.64 cm), root length (4.96 cm), fresh plant weight (10.92 g), dry plant weight (1.24 g) and number of primary and secondary branches as compared to control. Additionally, T. asperellum caused plants to accumulate more lignin and showed an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of chickpea Fusarium wilt disease. Seed treatment with T. asperellum reduced disease incidence to 36% as compared to 96% in control (chickpea+Foc).

Host resistance by sowing date interaction reduced Fusarium wilt pressure and improved grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in North Shoa, Ethiopia

AbstractChickpea Fusarium wilt is seriously damaging chickpea productivity. To determine the integrated effects of three sowing dates and four chickpea varieties on epidemics of Chickpea Fusarium wilt and grain yield, field experiments were conducted in naturally infested soils at Alem Ketema and Enewari, Ethiopia, during 2018. Treatments were factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that variety Mastewal recorded relatively low mean Fusarium wilt incidence at Alem Ketema (15.344%) and Enewari (38.19%) compared with the other test varieties. Variety Mastewal also produced high grain yield over others at Alem Ketema (1155.14 kg ha−1) and Enewari (1120.91 kg ha−1). Related trends were observed for infection rate, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and yield components at both locations. Late August sowing resulted in higher stand count at harvest (132.08 and 102.08), number of pods (50.28 and 40.62), grain yield (1030.86 and 1122.08 kg ha−1), and lower AUDPC value (321.30%‐days and 540.34%‐days) than early August sowing in that order at Alem Ketema and Enewari. Interaction of variety Mastewal by late August sowing gave relatively high grain yield (1341.36 and 1331.85 kg ha−1), and it had low AUDPC (196.58%‐days and 483.36%‐days) at Alem Ketema and Enewari, respectively. Conversely, early planting caused up to 25.32% (Alem Ketema) and 193.67% (Enewari) yield reductions in chickpea varieties over late planting. Therefore, delaying sowing date and growing variety Mastewal found to maximize chickpea yield and minimize effect and progression of Fusarium wilt, and hence, recommended for the study areas.

Diagnosis of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing Fusarium wilt of chickpea using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and conventional end-point PCR

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is ubiquitous in soil and forms a species complex of pathogenic and putatively non-pathogenic strains. Pathogenic strains cause disease in over 150 plant species. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) is a major fungal pathogen causing Fusarium wilt in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). In some countries such as Australia, Foc is a high-priority pest of biosecurity concern. Specific, sensitive, robust and rapid diagnostic assays are essential for effective disease management on the farm and serve as an effective biosecurity control measure. We developed and validated a novel and highly specific PCR and a LAMP assay for detecting the Indian Foc race 1 based on a putative effector gene uniquely present in its genome. These assays were assessed against 39 Fo formae speciales and found to be specific, only amplifying the target species, in a portable real-time fluorometer (Genie III) and qPCR machine in under 13 min with an anneal derivative temperature ranging from 87.7 to 88.3 °C. The LAMP assay is sensitive to low levels of target DNA (> 0.009 ng/µl). The expected PCR product size is 143 bp. The LAMP assay developed in this study was simple, fast, sensitive and specific and could be explored for other Foc races due to the uniqueness of this marker to the Foc genome.

The chickpea root rot complex in Saskatchewan, Canada- detection of emerging pathogens and their relative pathogenicity.

Chickpea fields in Saskatchewan, one of the three Canadian prairie provinces, have suffered from major health issues since 2019, but no definitive cause has been determined. Field surveys were conducted in Saskatchewan in 2020 and 2021 in order to develop a better understanding of root rot pathogens associated with chickpea. Root samples were analyzed for the presence of 11 potential chickpea root rot pathogens using end-point PCR. Fusarium redolens, F. solani and F. avenaceum were the most prevalent pathogen species detected in both survey years. The cause of Fusarium wilt in chickpea, F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, was not detected in either year, nor were Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium albo-atrum. Berkeleyomyces sp. was detected in one field in each year, and Verticillium dahliae was detected in several fields sampled in 2021. These two pathogens have not been reported previously on chickpea in Saskatchewan. The prevalence of Fusarium species obtained from 2021 root isolations was similar to that determined by molecular tests, with frequent isolation of F. redolens, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum and F. solani. A series of indoor pathogenicity testing compared root disease severity caused by a selection of 16 isolates of six Fusarium species and single isolates of V. dahliae, Berkeleyomyces sp. and Macrophomina phaseolina. Results showed that select isolates of F. avenaceum were the most aggressive of the Fusarium isolates on chickpea. Despite relatively low inoculum density, a highly aggressive isolate of F. avenaceum caused severe stunting and more root rot symptoms than single isolates of V. dahliae, Berkeleyomyces sp. and M. phaseolina under the test conditions.

Integrated Application of Salicylic Acid and PGPRs to Control Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea

Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight are the most important diseases of chickpea. The current study was designed to investigate the individual and combined effect of salicylic acid (SA) with Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida to suppress Fusarium wilt and promote growth of chickpea varieties: Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008. At the time of sowing, inoculum of Fusarium oxysporum was applied to the soil and the incidence of Fusarium wilt was recorded after 60 days. The seeds were inoculated with Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida prior to sowing. Chickpea plants were treated with salicylic acid at seedling stage. The combination of P. stutzeri and SA significantly increased root length (166% and 145%), shoot height (50% and 47%) and shoot biomass (300% and 233%) in cv. Thal-2006 and cv. Punjab-2008, respectively, in infected plants. Similarly, the combined treatment of P. putida + SA, also enhanced the plant growth parameters of chickpea varieties. Maximum reduction in disease severity was observed in both P. stutzeri + SA (90% and 84%) and P. putida + SA (79% and 77%) treatments in cv. Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008, respectively. Both P. putida + SA and P. stutzeri + SA treatments resulted in increased leaf relative water and total protein content, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities in both resistant (cv. Thal-2006) and susceptible (cv. Punjab-2008) cultivars. Both treatments also significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content in cv. Thal-2006 and Punjab-2008. Cultivar Thal-2006 was more effective than cv. Punjab-2008. The results suggested that, in combination, salicylic acid and P. stutzeri may play an important role in controlling Fusarium wilt diseases by inducing systemic resistance in chickpea.

Efficacy of Trichoderma viride against Fusarium wilt of chickpea

Efficacy of Trichoderma viride against Fusarium wilt of chickpea

Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea by Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas sp. and Rhizobacterial Isolate

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of some selected rhizobacteria on Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. ciceris in a pot experiment. Rhizobacterial isolates (one isolate of Pseudomonas, eight isolates of Bacillus genera and one bacterium isolate) and two chickpea cultivars (Shendi and Burgeig) were arranged in a factorial pot experiment in CRD with four replicates. The disease incidence and severity were detected weekly. Disease reduction percentage was estimated at the end of the study. Generally, the application of rhizobacterial isolates as biological control agent reduced disease incidence compared with the control in both cultivars. The incidence in cultivar Shendi occurred at the third week after inoculation when treated with Pseudomonas stutzeri strain W28 (SA3) and Bacillus subtilis strain CM14(SA9). For the two cultivars, Shendi and Burgeig, the Geobacillus sp. CRRI-HN-1(SA2) and Bacillus sp (SA1), respectively had the highest positive effect on disease incidence and severity throughout the experiment compared with the control. These were 45.36 and 44.82% in incidence; 55.36 and 63.89% in severity, respectively.

Integrated approach for managing Fusarium wilt of chickpea using Azadirachta indica leaf extract, Trichoderma harzianum and Bavistin

Integrated approach for managing Fusarium wilt of chickpea using Azadirachta indica leaf extract, Trichoderma harzianum and Bavistin

Bacillus thuringiensis CHGP12 uses a multifaceted approach for the suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and to enhance the biomass of chickpea plants.

Bacillus species synthesize antifungal lipopeptides (LPs) making them a sustainable and eco-friendly management option to combat Fusarium wilt of chickpea. In this study, 18 endophytic Bacillus strains were assessed for their antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC) associated with Fusarium wilt of chickpea. Among them, 13 strains produced significant inhibition zones in a direct antifungal assay while five strains failed to produce the inhibition of FOC. Bacillus thuringiensis CHGP12 exhibited the highest inhibition 3.45 cm of FOC. The LPs extracted from CHGP12 showed significant inhibition of the pathogen. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis confirmed that CHGP12 possessed the ability to produce fengycin, surfactin, iturin, bacillaene, bacillibactin, plantazolicin, and bacilysin. In an in vitro qualitative assay CHGP12 exhibited the ability to produce lipase, amylase, cellulase, protease, siderophores, and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA and gibberellic acid (GA) were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with 370 and 770 ng mL-1 concentrations of IAA and GA respectively. Furthermore, the disease severity showed a 40% decrease over control in CHGP12 treated plants compared to the control in a glasshouse experiment. Moreover, CHGP12 also exhibited a significant increase in total biomass of the plants namely, root and shoot growth parameters, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that B. thuringiensis CHGP12 is a promising strain with high antagonistic and growth-promoting potential against Fusarium wilt of chickpea. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Performance evaluation of a novel dustable powder formulation of Trichoderma viride for seed treatment against Fusarium wilt in chickpea

Performance evaluation of a novel dustable powder formulation of Trichoderma viride for seed treatment against Fusarium wilt in chickpea

A comparison between the effects of degraded and non-degraded organic matters on the suppression of chickpea fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceris

A field study was conducted in Girdarasha research station, belongs to the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences (CAES), Salahaddin University, Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The objective was to investigate the effects of adding plant materials on the suppression of chickpea fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Two plant residues, fresh (non-degraded) and composted (degraded) from three plant sources of leaves were added to the soil. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Dodonea (Dodonaea viscosa), and Neem (Azadirachta indica) were used as plant sources. Results showed the domination of composted matters over non-composted plant materials in their effects on the measured parameters (disease incidence, disease severity, plant height, and seed yield). Composted Eucalyptus leaves surpassed other composted residues in decreasing the disease severity. Nevertheless, the composted Dodonea leaves had the greatest effect in increasing both yield and plant height. The growth rate was an exception because it was not affected by the addition of these plant matters.

Biocontrol activity of Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Pseudomonas against Fusarium wilt of chickpea in Morocco

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris is one of the major diseases impacting chickpea productivity. Significant losses are reported by farmers due to the absence of effective wilt management options. Biological control using beneficial microorganisms in agriculture, is one of the promising alternatives and eco-friendly strategies utilised to overcome this disease. The present study investigated the biocontrol effect of 40 bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy chickpea plants collected from major chickpea growing regions in Morocco. Twelve out of 40 strains showed more than 25% in vitro inhibition of the pathogen growth. These strains, using the 16S rDNA gene sequencing, were classified into three genera, namely Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas, represented by different species. Our finding showed that the mode of antagonism was mainly due to the production of diffusible and volatile compounds as well as lytic enzymes. Moreover, a greenhouse experiment of the three selected antagonistic strains showed a significant reduction in the mean of wilt incidence in different chickpea genotypes,StrainB18 reduced the wilt incidence in the susceptible variety from 90% to 18% Consequently, our antagonistic bacterial strains could be a potential component of integrated management of Fusarium wilt, therefore, increase the yield of chickpea.

ZnO Nanoparticle-Mediated Seed Priming Induces Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Chickpea to Alleviate Fusarium Wilt.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops of Pakistan. The yield of chickpea is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, different nanoparticles are being synthesized and applied to economically important crops. In the present study, Trichoderma harzianum has been used as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Before their application to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide). Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro. In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control. Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen. These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea.

​Ecology, Biology and Management of Fusarium Wilt in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A Review

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legume crop in the world and mostly cultivated during the cool winter season (Nov-Feb) in India. In recent, chickpea production and yield drastically reduced in India due to abnormal monsoonal rainfall distribution and soil conditions has been changed due to several improper management of fields and especially soil borne disease like wilt. On regularly, Fusarium wilt incidence occurring early sown cultivars. The wilt incidence occurred during 18-35 days on ramification stage, so the plant loses their reproduction stage and yield also retarded. Several strategies were applied in management of wilt but the pathogen (F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris) recovered their virulence ability and broke the host resistance. Continuously screened the selection of resistant lines, combined application of biocontrol treatments, plant defense activators and fungicides recorded the highest yield with least incidence of wilt.