Further Increase In Yield Research Articles

Increase in fast hemoglobin concentration after incubation with acetaldehyde detected by an electrophoretic method.

Incubation of acetaldehyde with hemoglobin has been shown by chromatographic methods to result in an increase in fast hemoglobin. We have studied this increase in fast hemoglobin concentration by a gel electrophoretic method. Increases in fast hemoglobin concentration are detected following incubation with concentrations of 100 microM acetaldehyde and no further increase in yield occurs with concentrations greater than 7 mM acetaldehyde. The reaction is complete within 5 hr and the product is stable with a half-life of greater than 12 days.

Induction of normal ascosporogenesis in two-spored Saccharomyces cerevisiae by glucose, acetate, and zinc.

In an apomictic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that normally produces two-spored asci, production of three and four-spored asci was restored by adjusting zinc and carbon source levels in presporulation and sporulation media. Sporogenic capability was compared after growth in defined and undefined presporulation environments. Cultivation in defined presporulation medium containing 6% glucose followed by sporulation in 3.5% acetate yielded 16 +/- 3% three- and four-spored asci. Inclusion of 25 mug of zinc sulfate per ml in presporulation medium or 25 mug of zinc acetate per ml in sporulation medium gave a further increase in yield of three- and four-spored asci; it reached 48 +/- 1% when zinc was added to both media. Cells grown in undefined presporulation medium were incapable of three- and four-spored ascus development in acetate sporulation medium unless zinc was included in the latter medium. Cultivation in defined presporulation medium amended with yeast extract, peptone, or casein hydrolysate greatly reduced three- and four-spored ascus yields. Inclusion of a meiotic inhibitor (glucose) in sporulation medium inhibited three- and four-spored ascus production but not two-spored ascus production. Nuclear staining demonstrated two classes of asci: binucleate (one and two spored) and tetranucleate (three and four spored). Hence, some control over apomictic versus normal ascus development has been gained by nutritional manipulation.

EFFECTS OF HIGH RATES OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND BARNYARD MANURE ON YIELD AND MOISTURE USE OF SIX SUCCESSIVE BARLEY CROPS GROWN ON THREE GRAY LUVISOLIC SOILS

High rates of chemical fertilizer and barnyard manure were applied separately and together to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on three Gray Luvisolic soils for 6 successive yr. The fertilizers were applied annually with the N–P–K rates greater than 110–50–40 kg/ha. The manure was applied initially at 134 tonnes/ha and at 150 tonnes/ha before the fifth crop. Moisture use by the barley was measured for the last five crops. Average yields of barley were 1,530, 3,270 and 3,950 kg/ha for the nil, manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively. The manure + fertilizer treatment gave little or no further increase in yield over the fertilizer treatment. Efficiency of moisture use was generally more than doubled by the fertilizer and fertilizer + manure treatments. These treatments also greatly increased the use of soil moisture reserves, the greatest increase being for Beryl fine sandy loam, followed by Hazelmere loam and the least for Nampa clay loam. Soil moisture reserves at harvest time were depleted more under the fertility treatments than under the control plots. However, by the following spring, soil moisture reserves were nearly equal under the different plots having been replenished by fall and winter precipitation. These results show that on stubble land, moisture restricted yields much less than nutrients did and, on that basis, continuous cropping of Gray Luvisolic soils is discussed.

Useful genetic sources of economic importance and their utlization in wheat-breeding programs in Pakistan.

Wheat breeders the world over have been utilizing genetic sources to tailor the varieties to meet ever-changing requirements. In the late 1940s Dr. Borlaug at CIMMYT recognized that further increase in yield would be possible only if lodging in the existing wheat varieties could be avoided, for which he began to look for a suitable source for dwarfness. The Japanese had developed semidwarf Norin strains through a series of crosses involving a local line, Daruma; American soft red winter variety, Fultz; and American hard red winter variety, Turkey Red. One of the Norin strains, Norin-10, was used in the breeding programs, first in Italy and then in the United States where Dr. Orville Vogel developed two to three semidwarf varieties. In 1953 Dr. Vogel supplied some F2 seeds of Norin-10 Brevor to the CIMMYT program in Mexico, where this source was employed extensively in the breeding rogram; a large number of varieties were developed, some of which worth mentioning are Pitic, Penjamo, Lerma, Sonora, Inia, Tobari, and Siete Cerros.

Comportamento de variedades paulistas de algodoeiro em diferentes níveis de adubação N,P e K, em Latossolo Roxo - (1.ª série)

São relatados resultados de três ensaios de variedades paulistas de algodoeiro adubadas com diferentes doses dos elementos N, P e K, conduzidos em Latossolo Roxo não infestado pelo fungo causador da murcha de Fusarium, em 1965/66. As variedades IAC 13 e IAC 12 apresentaram ciclo vegetativo mais longo que a IAC RM3. A variedade IAC 13 superou em produção a IAC 12, e a variedade IAC RM3, que apresentou sintomas mais intensos de deficiência de potássio, obteve a menor média de produção. A dose básica de adubação, correspondente a 20, 45 e 40 kg/ha de N, P2O5 e K2O, aumentou significativamente a produção. Em média, a dose dupla proporcionou pequeno aumento, quando comparada com a básica, nas variedades IAC 12 e IAC 13. Em um dado ensaio, essa dose mostrou--se inferior à básica, quando aplicada à variedade IAC RM3. A variedade IAC 12 apresentou a mais alta média de porcentagem de fibra. A IAC 13 foi a melhor quanto aos índices Micronaire e Pressley. A adubação utilizada não concorreu para melhorar nenhuma dessas características; contribuiu entretanto para aumentar o pêso dos capulhos e das sementes.

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Red Beet

Red beet was grown in factorial manurial experiments at two sites: at Wellesbourne annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops and at Efford in 1959 only.At Wellesbourne applications of FYM (20 tons per acre per crop), together with NPK fertilizers, consistently gave much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, but the relative effect of FYM did not increase as the experiment proceeded.In the presence of FYM, yields of red beet increased with increasing rates of application of Nitrochalk (up to 124 lb. N per acre), but applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers did not affect yields.In the absence of FYM, phosphate fertilizers did not increase yields significantly after 1959; there was an important interaction between the effects of the applications of Nitrochalk and SUlphate of potash. Each fertilizer applied alone produced small increases in yield, but when they were applied together at the highest rates used (186 lb. Nand 192 lb. K2O per acre) large increases in yield were obtained and there was some indication that an even higher rate of application would have given a further increase in yield. At Efford, nitrogenous fertilizers increased yields significantly.Applications of FYM increased the potassium and decreased the calcium and magnesium contents of red beet leaves and had only small effects on the nitrogen and phosphorus contents; in the roots, only the potassium content was altered (increased) by the FYM applications.In general, in the absenc~ of FYM only potash fertilizer applications had large, consistent and significant effects on the mineral composition of the leaves and roots. At both sites, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves and had a much smaller depressing effect on the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves but not, in general, of the roots.The effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the total nitrogen content of the roots were relatively small, but could be important in relation to the processing quality of the beet.The marked differences between the responses of red beet and early potatoes to the manurial treatments are discussed in relation to the nutrient contents of the plants.

Production in Mice of Ascitic Fluid Containing Antibodies Induced by Staphylococcus- or Salmonella- Adjuvant Mixtures

Summary Substantial quantities of ascitic fluid containing antibodies were obtained from virtually 100% of mice injected with antigenic materials derived from either Staphylococcus aureus 18, Staphylococcus aureus 2 or Salmonella enteriditis mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. High yields of ascitic fluid were elicited with 2–3 intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.4–0.5 ml of antigen-adjuvant mixtures administered at 3–7 day intervals. “Booster” doses caused a further increase in yield. Production of ascitic fluid, however, was not continuous for all the injected mice and for a 4-month period actual yield was 12–15 ml/mouse for persistent producers and 4–6 ml/mouse for the total number inoculated. Increased ascitic fluid yield was also obtained by concomitant employment of antigen-adjuvant mixtures and enzymes, hyaluronidase or trypsin. Ascites was elicited in four different strains of mice with production of substantial amounts of ascitic fluid comparable for all strains except A/HeN where yield was low. Heavier mice, weighing in excess of 20 g were found to be less susceptible to the lethal effects of inoculations with antigen-adjuvant mixtures. Studies of gross and microscopic pathology of ascitic mice revealed the presence of large numbers of plasma cells in peritoneal granulomas and in peripheral lymph nodes. Employing S. aureus 18-paraffin oil adjuvant mixtures, agglutinin titers showed an early rise (1:500–1:1000) which persisted at constant high levels for a period of 4–5 months. Comparable titers were found for the limited number of serums tested. Changes made in treatment of antigenic materials or in immunization schedules did not appreciably affect agglutinin titer. S. enteriditis protective antibodies were demonstrated in both immune mouse serum and immune mouse ascitic fluid. “Immune” ascitic fluid (0.005 ml) or immune serum (0.01 ml) afforded 50% protection to mice against S. enteriditis challenge. Injections of immunizing mixtures of S. enteriditis and paraffin oil by different routes produced comparable titers of agglutinating antibodies in the ascitic fluid. Total and differential counts of leukocytes in ascitic fluid typically revealed early in ascites 54,000 leukocytes/cu mm of which only 40% were mononuclears, whereas fluid obtained in late ascites contained 16,500 cells of which more than 90% were mononuclears. Eighty-eight per cent of the ascitic fluids measured for specific gravity fell in the range of 1.010 to 1.040. The γ-globulin average level for ascitic fluid was 0.86 g/100 ml and constituted on the average about 22% of the total protein. Protein levels for ascitic fluid were about 70% that for serum. Ascitic fluid was demonstrated to be a potential source of protective and agglutinating antibodies, viable leukocytes and γ-globulin. Induction of ascites in mice was accompanied by plasma cell proliferation in abdominal lymph nodes and granulomas.

A Hydrogen Liquefier Using Neon as an Intermediate

A hydrogen liquefier is described in which the hydrogen is condensed at 6.6 atmospheres by means of liquid neon produced in a Joule-Thomson liquefier. This cascade liquefier produced and consumed 17 liters/hour of liquid neon and produced 27.5 liters/hour of liquid hydrogen, representing an increase of 6 to 20 percent over direct Joule-Thomson liquefaction of hydrogen. Means are described whereby further increase in yield and ease of operation could be achieved. Owing to some mechanical difficulties, the elimination of which would mean major construction changes, the system was abandoned in favor of the original Joule-Thomson method.