Furrow Application Research Articles

Chemical control of stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, in field beans (Vicia faba)

SUMMARY‘Giant race’ stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) was well controlled in spring beans (Vicia faba) by up to 5 kg aldicarb or carbofuran ha‐1 applied to the seed furrows at sowing. Carbofuran was rather more effective in the clay loam soil used than was aldicarb. The best treatments almost eliminated injury to the stems and nematode infestation in the harvested seed. Similarly applied, oxamyl and fenamiphos were less effective and phorate, dimethoate and disulfoton were ineffective. Applying part of the dosage of an effective nematicide to the seed furrows and part along the plant rows mid‐season was no more effective and was sometimes less effective than applying the whole dose to the seed furrows. Treating the plant rows mid‐season with aldicarb or phoxim sometimes enhanced control but thiabendazole applied thus did not. Seed furrow applications of aldicarb or carbofuran were much less effective in controlling the nematodes in winter beans and seed dressings were less effective than seed furrow treatments. In one experiment, in plots in which aldicarb or oxamyl had been applied to the seed furrows, phoxim or thiabendazole applied over the rows of plants, enhanced nematode control. In two other experiments, thiabendazole was ineffective when applied in this way or when applied as a combined soil and plant treatment.

Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, OR, 1985

Abstract The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 20 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a 5.5-in diam. posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 24 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho® Whirlybird spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On the same day, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 8-9 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Wireworm Control on Potato, Moxee, WA, 1985

Abstract The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 14 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a 5.5-in diam. posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 25 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho® Whirlybird spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On the same day, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made with Gandy® applicators mounted on the planter by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 5 Jun, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston® cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 10 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Wireworm Control on Potato, Moxee, WA, 1984

Abstract The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 8 Mar, 5 wireworms were found in 25 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole diggger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 12 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after aplication. On 20 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 14 Jun, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots in Test 1 only were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control. All plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediatley after treatment. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 3-4 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, OR, 1984

Abstract The effectiveness of different rates of chemicals or application methods in reducing wireworm damage was evaluated in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 6 Mar, 3 wireworms were found in 25 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 10 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 18 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands on the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 21 May, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached; all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/acre) for aphid control, then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 10 ft long and 11.3ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 2 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Adubaçao potássica do algodoeiro: época, modo de aplicação e tipo de fertilizante

Os efeitos de diferentes tipos de adubos potássicos, doses, épocas e modo de aplicação foram avaliados em oito experimentos de campo, conduzidos com algodoeiro no período 1962-79, em diversos municípios paulistas. Em dois ensaios, cloreto e sulfato de potássio, nas doses de 40, 80 e 120kg de K2O por hectare, foram aplicados no sulco de plantio, como é usual na lavoura, ou em sulcos efetuados cerca de trinta dias antes da semeação. Nos demais, o cloreto de potássio, na dose de 80kg de K2O por hectare foi aplicado dos seguintes modos: a) no plantio, na forma usual; b) no desbaste, em cobertura incorporada ou não; c) no florescimento, em cobertura ou incorporado em sulco lateral; d) parte no plantio e parte em cobertura no desbaste, ou incorporado no florescimento. Os dados de produção foram analisados tanto individualmente como em conjunto, tendo sido reunidos em grupos por similaridade na natureza dos tratamentos. Um dos ensaios foi mantido em caráter permanente para estudo do acúmulo de adubações anuais. Em tal caso, são discutidos, também, os teores de K, Ca e Mg nas folhas. Em geral, o algodoeiro reagiu favoravelmente à adubação potássica. Não se observaram diferenças entre as adubações com cloreto ou com sulfato. O uso de potássio em sulcos antes do plantio mostrou-se ineficaz, enquanto a aplicação em cobertura, juntamente com nitrogênio, seguida de cultivação, logo após o desbaste, parece uma boa alternativa para a adubação tradicional. Com o acúmulo anual de potássio no solo, diminuiu a reação das plantas a doses e a modo de aplicação, denotando efeito residual. Quanto à análise foliar, o pecíolo e o limbo mostraram-se sensíveis à diagnose da nutrição potássica, ao mesmo tempo que se constatou, mais uma vez, antagonismo entre concentraçoes de potássio e de magnésio, em relação à adubação potássica, e antagonismo entre potássio e cálcio em relação à parte da folha analisada.

Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, Or, 1983

Abstract Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, eight wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 14 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 25-26 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 24 May, posteinergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, posteinergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control. Plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 38 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 4-5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate, Thimet and Vapam, Hermiston, Or, 1983

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate treatments for reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, ’83, nine wireworms were found in 20 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. One treatment of Vapam was applied as a drench in fall (4 Nov 1982) and another in spring (16 Mar 1983). Vapam (73 oz) was diluted in 311 gal water and the entire volume was sprinkled on a plot, an equivalent of 50 gal Vapam/acre in 1 acre-inch of water. On 14 Apr ’83, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of Dyfonate were made; granules were broadcast with a hand-operated spreader and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after applications. On 25 Apr, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications of Dyfonate and Thimet were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing 1-inch bands of granules in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 30 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adjacent plots were separated laterally by 2 border rows. On 5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/ row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate, Thimet and Vapam, Moxee, WA, 1983

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate treatments for reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 25 Mar, ’83, seven wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. One treatment of Vapain was applied as a drench in fall (1 Nov, 1982) and another in spring (18 Mar, 1983). Vapam (73 oz) was diluted in 311 gal water and the entire volume was sprinkled on a plot, an equivalent of 50 gal Vapam/acre in 1-acre-inch of water. Preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of Dyfonate were also made in fall (2 Nov, 1982) and in spring (18 Apr, 1983) by broadcasting the granules with a hand-operated spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after application. On 27 Apr, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications of Dyfonate and Thimet were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing 1-inch bands of granules in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 30 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adjacent plots were separated laterally by 2 border rows. On 13 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as % of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Green Peach Aphid Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1983

Abstract The test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler-irrigated field at Moxee, Washington to evaluate rates, formulations, and application methods of the granular systemic insecticides, Temik, Di-Syston, Thimet, Furadan and some combinations of these systemic insecticides to control the green peach aphid (GPA). The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 28 Apr, planting-time furrow (PTF) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe furrow, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, when ca. 75% of the plants had emerged, plant-emergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator by shanking the granules 3-4 inches to each side and level with the potato seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 38 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4, 34-inch rows), and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control was evaluated by collecting 25 compound potato leaves from the lower two-thirds of the plants from each plot and counting the number of aphids found on the leaves. Plots treated with the same insecticide and both methods, PTF and PESD, were analyzed as a split-plot analysis to determine the differences between methods of application.

Potato, Wireworm Control, Moxee, Wa, 1983

Abstract Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 25 Mar, seven wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 18 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlyhird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 27-28 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Candy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control, except those in Test 3 plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 37 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times (3 times in Test 2) in a randomized complete block design. On 12-14 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as % of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.

Efficacy of Temik, 1982

Abstract Temik 15G applied at planting and post planting, was evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam at the Southeastern Field Research Station at Landisville, Lancaster, Pa. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Plots consisted of eight 20-ft rows planted 34 in apart. Certified Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 6 May, 1982, with a 9-in spacing between plants. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. Three application techniques were evaluated: Temik applied once in-furrow at planting, as a split application in furrow followed by a side dress application on 25 Jun, and as a single layby application after plants had emerged on 16 Jun. Light cultivations preceeded and followed the layby and side dress applications. Forty stems were sampled each week for all stages of the Colorado potato beetle from 21 Jun until 19 Jul. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed. Two rows per plot were harvested 16 Sep, 1982 and graded by size. Rainfall totalled 8.36 inches in Jun, 2.74 inches in Jul, 1.10 inches in Aug and 3.17 inches in Sep. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) were 78.2 and 56.7 for Jun, 86.0 and 62.3 for Jul, and 82.5 and 56.2 for Aug, and 77.1 and 51.7 for Sep.

Potato, Wireworm Control, Hermiston, Oregon, 1982

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler-irrigated field at the Oregon State Univ. Columbia Basin Agric. Res. Cent. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthids) with an organic matter content of less than 1%. On 13 Mar., 50 soil samples were obtained with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches; 11 wireworms were found for an estimated density of 0.88 wireworms/ft2 . The application methods were: preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), seed-piece furrow (FURR), and postemergence sidedress (PESD). However, not all chemicals were applied by all four methods. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (four rows; 34-inch rows), and each treatment was replicated 3 times, in a randomized complete block design. On 4 May, BCST applications were made; granules were applied with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied with handheld, two-row boom sprayer consisting of 4 TeeJet (No. AL80015) nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 lb/in2. The treated plots were rototilled to a depth of 4 to 6 inches within 1 h after application. On 4-5 May, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter, and APSD and FURR applications were made with applicators mounted on the planter. Sidedress applications were shanked 3 to 4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces; granules were applied in 1-inch bands with Gandy applicators, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 pt, then applied at a pressure of 40 psi with TeeJet (No. 4916-35) nozzles attached to the rear of the shanks. Furrow applications were made in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces; granules were placed in 1-inch bands, and liquid formulations were applied with TeeJet (No. 8004E) nozzles. On 8 June, PESD applications were made two rows at a time with a tractormounted Gandy and liquid applications in a manner similar to that of APSD. The Temik + phorate treatment was a formulation consisting of these two compounds, while the Temik + Mocap and Temik + Dyfonate treatments were separate formulations combined during application. Before the layby operation on 9 June, phorate granules were applied topically over the rows in one treatment. All plots were similarly treated with Temik (3 lb (AI)/acre), except those that had already received Temik and those that were treated with Dyfonate (2 lb (AI)/acre) or phorate as FURR or PESD. All plots were then hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 5-6 Oct., tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined for wireworm feeding, and the percentages, by weight, of tubers damaged were determined. Damage was defined as any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Since significant differences in percentages of damaged tubers among the untreated checks were noted, the percentages were converted to percentages of check before they were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.

Potato, Wireworm Control, Moxee, Washington, 1982

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler irrigated field. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxerolls) with an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 16 Apr., 50 soil samples were obtained with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches; three wireworms were found for an estimated density of 0.24 wireworms/ft2 . The application methods were: preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), seed-piece furrow (FURR), and postemergence sidedress (PESD). However, not all chemicals were applied by all four methods. Each plot measured 40 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows; 34-inch rows), and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. On 26 Apr., BCST applications were made; granules were applied with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied with a handheld, two-row boom sprayer consisting of four TeeJet (No. AL 80015) nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 lb/in2 . The treated plots were rototilled to a depth of 4 to 6 inches within 1 h after application. On 10-11 May, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter, and APSD and FURR applications were mde with applicators mounted on the planter. Sidedress applications were shanked 3 to 4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces; granules were applied in 1-inch bands with Gandy applicators, and liquid formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 pt, then applied at a pressure of 40 lb/in2 with TeeJet (No. 4916-35) nozzles attached to the rear of the shanks. Furrow applications were made in the planter shoe level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces; granules were placed in 1-inch bands, and liquid formulations were applied with TeeJet (No. 8004E) nozzles. On 15 June, PESD applications were made two rows at a time with tractor-mounted Gandy and liquid applications in a manner similar to that of APSD. The Temik + phorate treatment was a formulation consisting of these two compounds, while the Temik + Mocap and Temik + Dyfonate treatments were separate formulations combined during application. Before the layby operation on the same day, phorate granules were applied topically over the rows in one treatment. All plots were similarly treated with Temik (3 lb (AI)/acre), except those that had already received Temik and those that were treated with Dyfonate (2 lb (AI)/acre) or phorate as FURR or PESD. All plots were then hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 19-20 Oct., tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined for wireworm feeding, and the percentages, by weight, of tubers damaged were determined. Damage was defined as an injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Since significant differences in percentages of damaged tubers among the untreated checks were noted, the percentages were converted to percentages of check before they were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.

Soil Treatments with Systemic Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1983

Abstract ‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on 13 Apr. at our research station near Painter, Va. Each plot was three rows wide (36-inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. For furrow application, the granular insecticides were spread with a handheld shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Band treatments were made on 12 May at plant emergence by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 7-inch band over the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Evaluation criteria included counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae per 10 plants and foliage damage ratings. Foliage damage ratings were on a scale of 0 to 5 as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2, visible feeding with 5 to 10% defoliation; 3 moderate damage, 10 to 25% defoliation; 4, heavy damage, 25 to 50% defoliation; 5, severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.

Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate and Phorate, College Place, Washington, 1982

Abstract A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler irrigated field at the College Dairy, Walla Walla College. The soil type was Yakima silt loam (Cumulic Haploxerolls), organic content unknown. On 27 April 1981, 20 soil samples were taken at the test site with a posthole digger to a depth of 18 inches; 18 sugarbeet wireworms were found for an estimated density of 3.6 wireworms/ft2 . Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times, and the plots measured 25 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (four rows; 34-inch row). Dyfonate granules were broadcast with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder on 3 Nov. 1981 for the fall application and on 6 Apr. 1982 for the spring application. The treated plots were rototilled immediately after application. On 6 May 1982, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter. Seed piece furrow applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by applying the granules in a 1-inch band in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 14 June 1982, the postemergence topical application of phorate was made by dribbling the granules over the row. All plots were then similarly treated with Temik (3 lb(AI)/A) and hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 4 October 1982, tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca. 12 ft/row). All tubers were washed and evaluated for wireworm feeding damage, based on percentages by weight. Damage was defined as any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Percentages were transformed to x+0.5 before analyzing by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.

Persistence and mobility of granular insecticides in an organic soil following furrow application for onion maggot control

Abstract Ethion, fonofos, fensulfothion, carbofuran, or chlorpyrifos was applied as a commercial granular formulation at rates equivalent to 2.24, 1.12, 1.12, 1.68, and 1.68 kg AI ha‐1, respectively, to furrows in 33 x 26 x 11 cm volumes of an organic soil. Treated soils were kept in a greenhouse and subjected to 4 different watering schedules ("normal”;, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mL cm‐2). Persistence and movement of the insecticides was measured by glc analysis of soil cores taken directly from the treated furrow and from each side in duplicate samples at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk after treatment. In‐furrow cores taken 10 wk after treatment were sectioned and the top, middle and bottom sections were analyzed separately. Water not retained by the soil was collected and analyzed also. Overall persistence was: ethion ? chlorpyrifos ? fonofos >> carbofuran ? fensulfothion. Car‐bofuran and fensulfothion disappearance was slightly faster in the 2 wetter soils, ca. 50% the concentration present in the drier soils at 10 wk. Lateral or vertical movement was not significant in any insecticide‐water combination. Unretained water did not contain significant concentrations of insecticides. Ethion, fonofos, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, or chlorfenvinphos granular was applied to furrows of seeded onions at rates equivalent to 2.24, 1.12, 1.68, 1.68, and 1.18 kg AI ha‐1, respectively, in an organic soil contained in duplicate field microplots (2.2 x 0.9 m). Insecticide residues were determined by glc analysis of the harvested onions and of soil samples collected after cultivation in the fall and the following spring. Plots were treated with insecticide and seeded with onions for 3 successive yr. Residues in the soil after 3 yr were in the order ethion (7.6 ppm) >> fonofos ? chlorpyrifos ? chlorfenvinphos >> carbofuran (<0.01 ppm). Residues in the onions were not greater than 0.01 ppm.

Soil Treatment with Systemic Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1982

Abstract ‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy-loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on Apr 8 at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot was 3 rows wide (36-inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. For furrow application, the granular insecticides were spread with a hand-held shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Band treatments were made on May 10 at plant emergence by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 3-inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Foliar sprays were applied on May 26, Jun 3, 9, 16 and 23. All plots were harvested on Jul 20. Evaluation criteria included counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 hills, foliage damage ratings, and yield. Foliage damage ratings were on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.

Soil Insecticide Treatments to Control European Corn Borer and Potato Tuberworm in Fall Potatoes, 1981

Abstract ‘Red Lasoda’ Irish potatoes were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (typic Hapludult) on Jul 28. Each plot consisted of 3 rows (36 inch rows), 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Furrow applications were made at planting time by spreading the granular insecticide over the potato seed using a hand held shaker and then covering the seed. The sidedress application was made on Oct 5 by sprinkling the granules in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporting the granules in the top 2-3 inches of soil with a garden hand rake. Evaluations were made by counting the number tuberworm mines/10 stems taken from 10 separate plants/plot and counting the number of vines with obvious European corn borer injury/10 hills.

Soil Treatment with Systemic Insecticide for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1981

Abstract ‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on Mar 4 at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot was 3 rows wide (36 inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. For furrow application the granular insecticides were spread with a hand-held shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Sidedress treatments were made on May 8 by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 2 inch band on each side of the row ca 4 inches from the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Foliar sprays were applied on May 29, Jun 8, 15, 22 and 29.