Fungus Trichophyton Research Articles

Comparative functional analysis of a new CDR1-like ABC transporter gene in multidrug resistance and virulence between Magnaporthe oryzae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Fungi are notorious for causing diseases in plants and domestic animals. ABC transporters play pivotal roles in multidrug resistance in fungi, with some ABC proteins indispensable for the pathogenicity of plant fungal pathogens. However, the roles of ABC proteins in animal pathogenic fungi, and the functional connections between ABC homologues in plant and animal pathogenic fungi are largely obscure. Here, we identified a new ABCG-1 gene, MoCDR1, in rice-blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MoCDR1 disruption caused hypersensitivity to multidrugs, and impaired conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity. Subsequently, we systematically retrieved ABC proteins in animal pathogenic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes and identified TmCdr1, a homologue to MoCdr1. TmCDR1 effectively rescued the drug sensitivity and virulence of ΔMocdr1 and mediated the drug resistance and animal skin infection in T. mentagrophytes. Moreover, MoCDR1 also rescued the defects in drug sensitivity and virulence of ΔTmcdr1. MoCdr1 and TmCdr1 are conserved in structures and functions, and both involved in drug resistance and pathogenicity by analogously regulating gene expression levels related to transporter activity, MAPK signaling pathway, and metabolic processes. Altogether, our results represent the first comprehensive characterization of ABC genes in T. mentagrophytes, establishing a functional correlation between homologous ABC genes in plant and animal pathogenic fungi.

The Antidepressant Sertraline Modulates Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing Events in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: A Comprehensive Analysis

Background/Objectives: Dermatophytosis, a prevalent fungal infection of keratinized tissues, is primarily caused by the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum. Sertraline (SRT), an antidepressant with antifungal activity, has already demonstrated therapeutic potential against this fungus. Elucidating the effects of SRT may provide insights into its mechanism of action and fungal adaptation to this drug. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing (AS) facilitate fungal adaptations to various environmental conditions. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of AS events and their implications in T. rubrum cultivated under sub-inhibitory concentrations of SRT. Method: The transcriptome of T. rubrum challenged with SRT was analyzed to detect AS events. Results: RNA-seq analysis revealed that SRT affected transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in numerous T. rubrum genes, including those encoding transcription factors, kinases, and efflux pumps. Among the AS events, intron retention was predominant. After 12 h of SRT exposure, intron-3 retention levels in the serine/arginine protein kinase mRNA transcripts were significantly increased compared with those in the control. This new isoform would produce a putative protein that partially lost its phosphotransferase domain. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential mechanisms of action of SRT and suggest how T. rubrum adapts itself to this drug.

Trace-elements driven up-regulation of secreted proteases expression in the human-pathogenic fungus Trichophyton rubrum.

Trichophyton rubrum is a widespread human pathogenic fungus, colonizing keratinized tissue of outer body-parts. Thereby, the pathogen is relying on nutrients available from the host. The invasive mechanism of the pathogen is relaying on secreted proteases, which hydrolyze skin-proteins for subsequent up-take. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression of secreted proteases by RNAseq. In the results, we show the expression profile of 31 secreted protease genes under three conditions: keratin medium and keratin medium with trace-elements or with glucose. By adding trace-elements to keratin medium, the expression of secreted proteases increased from 1.8 % to 3.3 %. Across all groups of secreted proteases, higher expression was observed. The genes SUB4, MEP1, MEP3, MEP5, MEP9, LAP1, LAP2 and MCPA were significantly stronger expressed, whereby MEP5 (∼6 fold) and SUB4 (∼5.8 fold) were strongest up-regulated. We discuss the influence and significance of trace-elements on secreted proteases. Further, we speculate about the disturbed nutritional immunity in psoriatic and atopic skin as factor for increased risk of getting severe T. rubrum infections.

Antimycotic Activity of in silico Validation of Bioactive Compounds of Roccella montagnei Bel. against Clinically Isolated Onychomycosis Fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Dermatophytes are the most common slow growing contagious agents of cutaneous mycosis and persist as a significant public health issues despite of the availability of a number of antifungal medications. Trichophyton mentagrophytes is one of the fungal species which influences the dermatophytic diseases. A wide range of clinical dermatophytosis such as tinea barbae (beards), tinea captis (scalp), tinea corporis (ring worm of the body), tinea faciei (face), tinea manuum (hand), tinea inguinalis (jock itch), tineaunguium or onychomycosis (nail unit),paronychia (proximal and lateral folds of fingernails, toenails and tissue borders sides and root of nail), tinea pedis (feet) and tinea cruris (pubic region) could be produced by this pathogenic species depending on the affected parts. Generally, terbinafine, is used to treat dermatophytosis induced by Trichophyton species. In most of the cases, synthetic anti-mycotic drugs fail over time resulting in development of resistant strains. Sustainable use of herbal sources has been recognised as novel therapeutic drugs to treat dermatophytic disorders. However, few reports are available on antimycotic activity of lichen species. Therefore, in this study, lichen species such as Roccella montagnei Bel. was collected from prime locality of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Antifungal potency of ethanol and methanol extractives of R. montagnei Bel. was screened by disc diffusion method against the clinical isolates of T. mentagrophytes. The overall study resulted with a positive output and validated through in-silico database. Hence the entire study is based on biomedical evaluation and sustainable use of natural plant supplements for the benefit of human society.

Herbidomicins, two pairs of polyketide tautomers produced by an actinomycete of the genus Herbidospora.

Herbidospora is one of the underexplored actinomycete genera from which only a limited number of secondary metabolites are reported. In our continuing investigation on less explored actinomycetes, a liquid culture of Herbidospora sp. RD 11066 was found to contain unknown metabolites that had no match in our in-house UV database. Chromatographic separation and following structural analysis using NMR and MS identified these metabolites to be chromanone and chromene derivatives, which were respectively composed of an inseparable mixture of two isomeric forms. The former polyketides, designated to be herbidomicins A1 (1) and A2 (2), are positional isomers in terms of a methyl substituent on an aromatic ring that mutually interconvert by acetal exchange by two phenolic hydroxy groups. The latter pair, herbidomicins B1 (3) and B2 (4), is Z/E-isomers regarding an enol ether double bond. Herbidomicins 1-4 were weakly antifungal against a dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton rubrum and were moderately cytotoxic against murine leukemia P388 cells.

Analisa Keberadaan Jamur Trichophyton rubrum pada Kuku Kaki Petugas Kebersihan Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Surabaya

Sanitation workers play a vital role in maintaining environmental cleanliness. However, many of them neglect their personal hygiene. Sanitation workers are professions that regularly wear closed shoes for long periods,the humid, hot, and dirty work environment promotes fungal infections in toenails, known as onychomycosis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the presence of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum on the toenails of the sanitation workers of the Surabaya Environmental Service Department. This study is a descriptive laboratory observation. The research was conducted from February 23 to March 13, 2024. Sample collection took place at Surabaya Environmental Service Department, and the study carried out at Mycology Laboratory of the Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya. The samples in this study consisted of toenails from 30 sanitation workers members. The examination was conducted using the culture method on SDA media, incubated for 7-14 days, followed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. The results showed that 2 samples were positive for Trichophyton rubrum (6.7%), 23 samples were positive for Aspergillus sp., (76.7%), 4 samples were positive for Rhizopus sp., (13.3%), and 1 sample was positive for Penicillium sp., (3.3%). The conclusion is, out of 30 samples, 2 individuals (6.7%) tested positive for Trichophyton rubrum, while the remaining 28 samples (93.3%) tested negative for Trichophyton rubrum.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antifungal Activity, and Genotoxicity of Essential Oil and Solvent Extracts of Tetraclinis articulata leaves from Northern Morocco

Tetraclinis articulata is a medicinal plant commonly known in Morocco as” Araar Tree “. Various parts of T. articulata are traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antifungal, and genotoxicity of methanolic (TaLME), acetonic (TaLAE) extracts, and essential oil (TaLEO) from Tetraclinis articulata leaves growing in northern Morocco. This was carried out through chemical analysis, bioactive substance determination, and essential oil and extract testing. The bioactive substances determined by the spectrophotometric method showed a higher content of phenols and flavonoids in TaLME. The Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of phenolic compounds revealed protocatechuic acid as predominant in TaLME, followed by paraben acid and syringic acid, and in TaLAE, p-hydroxybenzoic was the principal compound, followed by protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TaLEO (yield of 0.77 %) revealed the presence of 22 compounds (95.80 %) with main components (%) α-pinene (29.62), bornyl acetate (21.45), and camphor (16.80). Biological activities were evaluated: antioxidant efficiency using four different methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protection, genotoxicity test, and antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis). According to the results, the extracts and EO had significant antioxidant and antifungal activity against the dermatophytes. The genotoxicity test exhibited that the T. articulata extracts and EO were bereft of any mutagenic activity. Overall, this study demonstrates that Tetraclinis articulata plant essential oil and extracts can represent an intriguing potential source of natural compounds that can be helpful for future investigations.

A Comparative Study of the Antifungal Activity of Fresh and Dried Solanum anguivi Fruits on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum

In Côte d'Ivoire, as elsewhere in Africa, Solanum anguivi Lam is widely used in traditional medicine to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Given the importance of this plant, the extracts 70%, 80% and 100% from fresh and dried fruits was evaluated for the in vitro growth of two isolates of pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum), as well as its anti-free radical activity. 
 Antifungal tests were carried out by plating 1000 cells of each isolate on Sabouraud agar medium using the double dilution method in inclined tubes. Both extracts were active on the different strains tested, according to a dose-response relationship based on the principle of the method used.
 However, extracts from fresh fruit showed good activity on C. albicans, while the dried fresh fruit extracts were highly active on T. rubrum.

Is milbemycin a game changer against antifungal drug-resistant mycoses?

Milbemycin oximes are macrocyclic lactones that have a broad spectrum of activity against nematode infection in animals. They are known to block drug efflux, which increases the susceptibility of fungi to azoles. We investigated the effects of milbemycin on the azole susceptibility of fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. auris, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Trichophyton rubrum). To screen for changes in azole susceptibility, fungal growth was tested on a culture medium containing 1 μg/ml milbemycin. The results showed that milbemycin increased the azole susceptibility of azole-resistant strains of C. albicans, C. auris, C. neoformans, and T. rubrum. Thus, milbemycin might be useful against antifungal drug-resistant strains.

Activity of Bangle Rhizome Extract (zingiber cassumunar roxb.) Inhibits the Growth of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Bangle rhizome extract (zingiber purpureum roxb.) is a herbal plant that is widely consumed in Indonesia. Bangle rhizome extract (zingiber purpureum roxb.) has broad medical properties such as diuretic, anti-hypertension, brochodilator, immunomodulator, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and anti-fungal. The aim of this research was to determine the yield results of extracts using the solvents Aquadest, Aceton, Ethanol 70%, Ethanol 96% and Methanol. And to find out the results of phytochemical screening tests and active ingredient content using GCMS. The stages of this research include the extraction process, phytochemical screening test and GCMS. The results of research on the yield of Bangle rhizome extract with the five solvents obtained the largest yield, namely with distilled water, 7.2 percent. Based on the phytochemical screening test, Bangle rhizome extract was positive for containing secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids and saponins. The lowest MIC results for Bangle extract were in Aquadest solvent at 6.25 mg/mL with a value of 0.049 mg/mL and continued in 70% Ethanol solvent with a value of 3.125 mg/mL in the fungus Trichophyton rubrum and in the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes with an MIC value of 3.125 mg/mL. while the highest MIC value was obtained in the solvent acetone, Ethanol 96%, Methanol with a value of 0.049 ml/ML for both fungi.

Bacillus subtilis engineered for topical delivery of an antifungal agent.

Fungal skin infections are a common condition affecting 20-25 percent of the world population. While these conditions are treatable with regular application of an antifungal medication, we sought to develop a more convenient, longer-lasting topical antifungal platform that could increase patient adherence to treatment regimens by using Bacillus subtilis, a naturally antifungal bacteria found on the skin, for drug production and delivery. In this study, we engineered B. subtilis for increased production of the antifungal lipopeptide iturin A by overexpression of the pleiotropic regulator DegQ. The engineered strain had an over 200% increase in iturin A production as detected by HPLC, accompanied by slower growth but the same terminal cell density as determined by absorbance measurements of liquid culture. In an in vitro antifungal assay, we found that despite its higher iturin A production, the engineered strain was less effective at reducing the growth of a plug of the pathogenic fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes on an agar plate compared to the parent strain. The reduced efficacy of the engineered strain may be explained by its reduced growth rate, which highlights the need to address trade-offs between titers (e.g. measured drug production) and other figures of merit (e.g. growth rate) during metabolic engineering.

Optimization of the Antifungal Property in a Composite of Polyurethane and Silver Nanoparticles against the Trichophyton rubrum Fungus

This research aims to analyze and optimize the antifungal property of a composite material made of polyurethane (PUR) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against the fungus Trichophyton rubrum to find the optimal parameters that allow the highest inhibition of the fungal growth to be used in healthcare aimed at the population vulnerable to fungal infections, such as people suffering from diabetes mellitus, thus creating an opportunity for the generation of antifungal products for healthcare applications. This study analyzes the effect of three variables on the antifungal properties of the composite material: nanoparticle size, concentration, and the application of an ultrasonic treatment as a method to aid the dispersion of the AgNPs into PUR matrix. The proposed methodology includes tests in accordance with a standar to evaluate the growth inhibition of the fungi on a culture medium. A categorical logistic regression model was adjusted from 23 factorial design with five replicates, which was optimized by the use of multi-objective genetic algorithms. The experimental factors showed a significant effect on the growth inhibition of the fungus, and the optimal levels were determined.

Detection of the effect of silver nanoparticles prepared by using extract leaves Prosperis juliflora on pathogenic fungus Trichophyton tonsurans isolated from human scalp

The silver nanoparticles were prepared using Prosopis juliflora leaf extract and extracted from trees in Kirkuk city and showed that the silver nitrate solution in 1 mm turned its color brown which will be preliminary evidence of the formation of nanoparticles. The UV and visible absorption spectrum of a solution of silver nanoparticles was tested as a second step in confirming the formation of the particles, and it was found that they were present at the wavelength (440) nm, where it turned out that the peaks of X-ray diffraction were at (111), (220), (311) at angles (31.77, 48.11, 54.21) respectively. Trichophyton tonsurans were isolated from the scalp of a person with ringworm from Kirkuk General Hospital. The fungus was diagnosed on the basis of the phenotypic and microscopic characteristics and hair penetration. it was found that the solution of silver nanoparticle had a clear inhibitory effect on the fungus Trichophyton tonsurans. The highest and lowest inhibitor concentration reached 90% and the highest inhibitor concentration was 100 % Also, the ratios of the silver nanoparticles effects on the growth and production of fungi spores were determined.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of almonds extracts from kernel of two mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties grown in Korhogo (North of Ivory Coast)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit marketed worldwide. It is a third fruit exported by Côte d’Ivoire with 10000-15000 tons for annual production among 150000 tons. The by-products of mango such as kernel almonds are not pratically valued. Therefore, this work aims to determine phytochemical compound and evaluate antimicrobial activity of extracts from kernel almonds of mango varieties Kent and Keitt. Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared with almonds flours of Kent (EtaqKE and EethKE) and Keitt (EtaqKI and EethKI) varieties. Phytochemical screening of the four extracts was performed by tube tests and thin layer chromatography. Antimicrobial activity of these extracts was evaluated in vitro with agar broth dilution method against three bacteria (Escheichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomans aeruginosa) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) involved in skin infections. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of polyphenols, sterols, terpenes, flavonoids, anthraquinones and saponins in all the four almonds extracts. Antimicrobial tests showed that, extracts EethKE and EethKI are the most active with MIC and MBC ranging respectively from 0.39 to 12.5 mg/mL and 12.5 to 50 mg/mL for bacteria. The extract EtaqKI is more active on bacteria and has a bactericidal action on P. aeruginosa and E. coli strains with ratio CMB/CMI of 4. The four almonds extracts have any activity on fungi strains tested. The presence of secondary metabolites and antibacterial activities of extracts of almond from kernels of mango Kent and Keitt varieties demonstrate that these extracts could have therapeutic and cosmetic applications.

Evidence for some antimicrobial properties of English churchyard lichens.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has driven the need for novel antibiotics. Our investigations have focussed on lichens as they naturally produce a wide range of unique and very effective defence chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate some of the antimicrobial properties of ten common British churchyard lichens. The lichen material was sampled from ten species, namely Caloplaca flavescens, Diploicia canescens, Cladonia fimbriata, Psilolechia lucida, Lecanora campestris subsp. Campestris, Lecanora sulphurea, Pertusaria amara f.amara, Lepraria incana, Porpidia tuberculosa and Xanthoria calcicola. Crude acetone extracts of these lichens were tested against six bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonela typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus acidophilus ) and two fungi (Trichophyton interdigitale and Aspergillus flavus) by the disc-diffusion susceptibility test method. Extracts of Diploicia canescens, Psilolechia lucida, Lecanora sulphurea, Pertusaria amara and Lepraria incana showed clear inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria tested (S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum). Diploicia canescens, Pertusaria amara and Lepraria incana extracts also inhibited the dermatophyte fungi tested. The Lepraria incana sample tested here was the only extract that showed activity against any of the Gram-negative bacteria tested; it showed inhibition of Pseudomnas aeruginosa. Overall, our results showed that crude extracts of Diploicia canescens and Pertusaria amara had the most potent antimicrobial activity of all the extracts tested. Our results are in general agreement with published findings elsewhere. The activity of the Porpidia tuberculosa margin sample being different from that of the main colony material was an interesting and new finding reported here for the first time.

Antimicrobial activity and GCMS Analysis of leaves Extracts of Butea Monosperma Lam Taub

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub is a well-known medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. More than hundreds of plants have been reported in the Ethno-botanical literature of India for theiranti-microbial activity as well as for treatment of many diseases and Butea monosperma (Lam.)Taub is one of them. The present investigation is focused on the anti-microbial activity of Butea monosperma leaves against both gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as fungi (Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum). Both excerpts (ethanol and methanol) show positive responses against all the selected microorganisms. GC-MS analysis is done to find out important compound which is anti-microbial. A total of 38 compounds are identified in GC-MS analysis. Out of 38 compounds, 8 compounds are identified as antimicrobial in nature such as Dodecane, 2-HEXADECEN-1-OL, 3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-, [R-[, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Phytol, Palmidrol, Squalene, Tetracosane, Vitamin E and Lup-20(29)-en-3-one which justify, this plant possess significant anti-microbial property. GC-MS analysis reveals that majorly, this plant leaves also possess 10 antioxidant compounds (Neophytadiene, 2-HEXADECEN-1-OL, 3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-, [R-[, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Phytol, squalene, .alpha.-Tocospiro B, Tetracosane, .gamma.-Tocopherol, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)- and STIGMASTA-5,22-DIEN-3-OL, (3.BETA.,22E)-,), 9 anti-cancerous compounds (Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12,15-OCTADECATRIENOIC ACID, METHYL ESTER, squalene, .gamma.-Tocopherol, Vitamin E, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)-, STIGMASTA- 5,22-DIEN-3-OL, (3.BETA.,22E)-, .gamma.-Sitosterol and Lupeol),8 anti-inflammatory compounds (Neophytadiene,2-HEXADECEN-1-OL, 3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-, [R-[, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-OCTADECATRIENOIC ACID, METHYL ESTER, Phytol, Palmidrol, .alpha.-Tocospiro B and Lupeol), 3 cardioprotective compounds ( Neophytadiene, .alpha.-Tocospiro B and .gamma.-Tocopherol A) and 5 antidiabetic compounds (.alpha.-Tocospiro B, Vitamin E, STIGMASTA-5,22-DIEN-3-OL, (3.BETA.,22E)-, .gamma.-Sitosterol and Lup-20(29)-en-3-one).This investigation suggests that this plant leaf has not only anti-microbial potential but also possesses other important compounds to fight against many deadly diseases. Thus, this plant has immense potential to make an individual place in pharmacological industries, especially as antibiotics.

A Natural Virucidal and Microbicidal Spray Based on Polyphenol-Iron Sols.

Numerous disinfection methods have been developed to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases that threaten human health. However, it still remains elusively challenging to develop eco-friendly and cost-effective methods that deactivate a wide range of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and fungi, without doing any harm to humans or the environment. Herein we report a natural spraying protocol, based on a water-dispersible supramolecular sol of nature-derived tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+, which is easy-to-use and low-cost. Our formulation effectively deactivates viruses (influenza A viruses, SARS-CoV-2, and human rhinovirus) as well as suppressing the growth and spread of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichophyton rubrum). Its versatile applicability in a real-life setting is also demonstrated against microorganisms present on the surfaces of common household items (e.g., air filter membranes, disposable face masks, kitchen sinks, mobile phones, refrigerators, and toilet seats).

Cytogenetic disorders in young cattle vaccinated against trichophytosis

This article continues a series of works by the authors devoted to most of the karyopathological effects of vaccines used in agriculture. The authors of the test cytogenetic analysis of the impact caused by the LTF130 vaccine from an attenuated culture of the fungus Trichophyton verrucosum TF-130 L VGNKI in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy 30-day-old healthy Holstein Colonial calves. The experiment was conducted on the material and technical basis of two departments: veterinary genetics and biotechnology, epizootiology and microbiology, FSBEI HE “Novosibirsk State Agrarian University”. The authors found that the spectrum of induced cytogenetic disorders included polyploid, hyper- and hypoploid cells, chromatid and chromosome breaks, and single and paired fragments of chromosomes, regardless of the time since the introduction of the vaccine. They did not differ from the spectrum of spontaneously occurring mutations in this species. It was noted that among cells with a changed number of chromosomes, polyploid cells with tetraploid sets (79.3–91.9%) and aneuploid cells with hypoploid sets (45.7–74.3%) of chromosomes predominated. The authors found a decrease in the frequency of polyploid cells seven days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis to 1.6%, control - 3.4 ± 0.57% (P < 0.01). An increase in the frequency of hyperploid cells 14 days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis up to 3.69% was revealed due to trisomy (2.91 ± 0.74%, P < 0.05) and tetrasomy (0.78 ± 0.39%, P < 0.01). An increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations was found 2 and 7 days after vaccination of calves against trichophytosis, respectively, to 5.74 and 5.24% due to breaks (4.49 ± 1.03 and 3.31 ± 0.66%, P < 0.01–0.01) and paired fragments of chromosomes (1.38 ± 0.43%, Р < 0.05).

Utilization of Green Beans Vima 1 and Local as an Alternative Media Substitute Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) in the Growth of Trichophyton Rubrum

Green beans are cultivated plants and crops with nutrients from vegetable protein. Varieties of mung beans vary, including Vima 1 and local. The fungus Trichophyton rubrum generates dermatophytosis. This research explored green beans and local Vima 1 as an alternative medium in the growth of Trichophyton rubrum fungus. The type of research used by laboratory experiments was carried out at the STIKes Hutama Abdi Husada Tulungagung Microbiology Laboratory in March - April 2022. SDA media and alternative media green beans Vima 1 and local variations of the mass of 6 grams and 7 grams inoculated Trichophyton rubrum fungus using a single dot method with repetition as much as five times. The results showed that Trichophyton rubrum fungus grows optimally on alternative media green beans Vima 1 variation of 7 grams of mass that grows colonies on the fifth day with an average final diameter of 14 mm. While alternative media green beans Vima 1 variation mass 6 grams 11 mm, SDA media 11.65 mm, alternative media local green beans variation mass 6 grams 7.5 mm, and variation mass 7 grams 11.5 mm. The result of independent statistical tests was a p-value < 0.00, which shows significant differences in each type of media. This study result concluded that green beans Vima 1 and local could be used as an alternative medium to replace the SDA media in the growth of Trichophyton rubrum fungus.

Potential Activity of Arthrospira platensis as Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antifungal against Some Skin Diseases: Topical Cream Application.

This research evaluated the antifungal effectiveness of Arthrospira platensis ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts against the tested pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Malassezia furfur). Antioxidant and cytotoxicity effectiveness of A. platensis extracts against four distinct cell lines were also assessed. Methanol extract of A. platensis exhibited the highest inhibition zones against Candida albicans as measured by the well diffusion method. A transmission electron micrograph of the treated group of Candida cells with A. platensis methanolic extract showed mild lysis and vacuolation of the cytoplasmic organelles. In vivo, after induced infection of mice by C. albicans and treatment with A. platensis methanolic extract cream, the skin layer emerged with the removal of Candida spherical plastopores. The extract of A. platensis recorded the highest antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging method (IC50 28 mg/mL). A cytotoxicity test using a MTT assay showed that the A. platensis extract had strong cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cell line (IC50 20.56 ± 1.7 μg/mL) and moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and the Hela cell (IC50 27.99 ± 2.1 μg/mL). Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) results revealed that the effective activity of A. platensis extract could be linked to a synergistic impact between their prominent composition as alkaloids, phytol, fatty acids hydrocarbons, phenolics and phthalates. A. platensis extract contains active metabolites that constitute a promising source of antifungal, antioxidant and anti-proliferative compounds for the pharmaceutical drug industry.