Fundamental Innovation Research Articles

The African Novel of Ideas: Philosophy and Individualism in the Age of Global Writing by Jeanne-Marie Jackson

Reviewed by: The African Novel of Ideas: Philosophy and Individualism in the Age of Global Writing by Jeanne-Marie Jackson Avram Alpert The African Novel of Ideas: Philosophy and Individualism in the Age of Global Writing, by Jeanne-Marie Jackson; 232 pp. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021. The world of postcolonial literary studies harbors a well-earned suspicion of claims to promoting liberal ideals like civility, rationality, and individuality. The liberal worldview, after all, arose in the same era as European colonial expansion. To many critics, this was not a coincidence: liberal ideals were often crafted in opposition to the peoples that Europeans were encountering around the world. Whereas these other peoples were supposedly bound to collective myths, unaware of the primacy of the individual, and condemned to violent passions, liberals claimed that Europeans used rationality to perceive the value of individual life, and, in so doing, had unlocked the key to promoting civilizational harmony. All that everyone else had to do to experience this new way of life was, in one of history's most wretched paradoxes, to succumb to colonial violence and join the empire of liberty. It is thus quite logical that anticolonial criticism would call into question the basic features of the liberal worldview. But in recent years, an interdisciplinary cohort of scholars—including Sankar Muthu in political science, Sanjay Subrahmanyam in history, Mukti Lakhi Mangharam in literary studies, and Ato Sekyi-Otu in philosophy—have come to question this consensus.1 Their challenge rests on an ironic problem of the critique of ideologies associated with colonialism: by criticizing topics like civility, rationality, and individuality as such, do we not play into the very Eurocentric idea that these ideas were invented by Europeans in the first place? As these scholars have shown across various disciplines, geographies, and time periods, this critique risks giving modern Europe too much credit. Ideals often associated with liberalism have antecedents around the world. Sometimes they are used to advance general equality and well-being; sometimes they subvert these ideals. As Jeanne-Marie Jackson argues in her trenchant new book intervening in these debates, The African Novel of Ideas, we thus need a criticism that is as much attuned to the critique of "false universalisms" as it is open to "the promise of one that is true" (p. 189). Throughout her book, Jackson argues that a reconstructed liberalism is not only fundamental to literature from Africa but that the critical neglect of this fact has distorted the general understanding of literature today. Critics—especially but not exclusively in the West—have become so accustomed to sniffing out hints of liberal, individualist ideology that they routinely cast aside the ways in which African philosophers and novelists have themselves sought to explore and transform these ideals. Jackson's argument is not that liberalism, as it stands, is a noble philosophy that has been unfairly jettisoned. Rather, she posits that African writers are developing a fundamental innovation by considering how they—who were so long exploited by European ideals—can nonetheless find [End Page 495] meaning in both alternative and emergent versions of these very same ideals. What their work emphasizes is the "process of getting from an African locality to its universal resonance" (p. 185). In other words, whereas Europeans had simply presumed that their view of the world should apply everywhere, the contemporary novelists and philosophers discussed in this book engage in thorough intellectual and conceptual labor to tease out how ideas generated in one place might speak (without force) to peoples around the world. Jackson advances this argument through an innovative mix of philosophy and literature. Rather than evoking the standard series of French philosophers summoned to explicate literature, Jackson frames her readings through the work of philosophers such as Kwasi Wiredu, Kwame Anthony Appiah, and Emmanuel Eze. This allows her to shift the focus of her readings of literature from questions of language and close reading to underanalyzed topics in philosophy and literature, especially about how African literature enacts philosophical questions. She discusses topics ranging from the nature of the self and the meaning of rationality to a meta-interrogation on the purpose of philosophizing itself (pp. 16–17). That purpose...

The National and Confessional Policy of P. N. Wrangel’s Regime

This paper examines the main directions of P. N. Wrangel’s national and confessional policy in Crimea in 1920. The study aims to determine the specifics of national and confessional policy implementation during P. N. Wrangel’s political regime regarding various population groups. The research methodology relies on the principles of critical analysis of periodicals and private sources, many of which have never been studied previously. More particularly, the authors talk about data from Crimean newspapers published in 1920 (such as Yuzhnye Vedomosti, Tavricheskiy Golos, Krymskiy Vestnik, etc.), which are practically unknown to researchers, as well as the memoirs of the participants of the events, i. e. officers and residents. Due to the peculiarities of the era, these materials are the foundation for the qualitative development and understanding of the state policy implementation in the ethno-confessional sphere. The fundamental innovation of this work is a comprehensive approach to the issue. The authors try to analyse the actions of the national and ethnic communities of Crimea at the final stage of the Civil War. They emphasise the importance of the national question in the activities of the government in the South of Russia, as well as identify the historical features of the region, which traditionally influenced the ethnic and religious lifestyle, which the new administration could not disregard. The main results of the study are related to the demonstration of the following provisions: in contrast to A. I. Denikin’s regime, P. N. Wrangel’s regime made fundamental concessions regarding national and confessional groups, paying attention to the Crimean Tatars. At the same time, at the official level, the regime positioned itself primarily as Orthodox, which was emphasised in its leaders’ rhetoric and propaganda. Attention is paid to such a little-known story as the emigration of certain ethnic groups from Crimea during P. N. Wrangel’s regime.

Changing Fate: Reprogramming Cells via Engineered Nanoscale Delivery Materials.

The incorporation of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine is at the nexus of fundamental innovations and early-stage breakthroughs, enabling exciting biomedical advances. One of the most exciting recent developments is the use of nanoscale constructs to influence the fate of cells, which are the basic building blocks of healthy function. Appropriate cell types can be effectively manipulated by direct cell reprogramming; a robust technique to manipulate cellular function and fate, underpinning burgeoning advances in drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine, and disease remodeling. Individual transcription factors, or combinations thereof, can be introduced into cells using both viral and nonviral delivery systems. Existing approaches have inherent limitations. Viral-based tools include issues of viral integration into the genome of the cells, the propensity for uncontrollable silencing, reduced copy potential and cell specificity, and neutralization via the immune response. Current nonviral cell reprogramming tools generally suffer from inferior expression efficiency. Nanomaterials are increasingly being explored to address these challenges and improve the efficacy of both viral and nonviral delivery because of their unique properties such as small size and high surface area. This review presents the state-of-the-art research in cell reprogramming, focused on recent breakthroughs in the deployment of nanomaterials as cell reprogramming delivery tools.

Actor-network theory: innovative aspects of sociological methodology

In recent years, a discussion about the dissatisfaction of scientists with the current state of sociology has intensified in the world sociological community. In this situation, various ways of raising the scientific level of sociology as a whole are proposed. One of them was proposed by B. Latour in the framework of the actor-network theory (ANT), the theoretical concepts of which were further developed in the works of his like-minded colleages. Representatives of the Russian sociology are actively involved in a versatile study of the contribution made by the ANT to the development of sociology. The article studies the basic provisions of the actor-network theory concerning the subject specifics of sociological knowledge, the fundamental difference between the definition of understanding the subject of ANT sociology and the definitions given by traditional sociological trends and paradigms, as well as the consequences of this innovative understanding for the formation of methodological principles for studying social reality. The authors also dwell on the consideration of the most fundamental and controversial methodological innovation of ANT - the “turn to things” and the introduction of the concept of heterogeneity of agents into the understanding of social processes.
 Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the meaning of the term “actant”, innovative for sociology, borrowed by the ANT from the semiotic theory of narrative and incorporated into sociology and ontology of the network of associations of heterogeneous actants. Concerning the disagreements between the actor-network theory and the sociological mainstream of our time, the authors dwell on the criticism by ANT theorists of the sociological "metaphysics of social forces", understood as a way of theoretical legitimation of social inequality. The purpose of the article is to clarify the unity and interconnection of the key innovative positions of ANT in sociological methodology, and through this, to substantiate the significance and heuristic potential of the innovations proposed by the actor-network theory for raising the scientific level of sociology in the study of social reality. As a result, the authors demonstrate the methodological turn of ANT, that makes possible overcoming the gap between sociological theory and social and political practice, thus opening the way for building a new attitude of sociology to reality, returning it to solving not only scientific, but also social and practical problems.

Inflation and globalisation: The Tawney Lecture 2022

AbstractThe paper examines the causal relationships and interdependence between inflation and globalisation over centuries: in the sixteenth century, in the age of Spanish silver; then in the first age of modern globalisation from in the middle of the nineteenth century; and finally in the new globalisation that took off in the 1970s. In the latter cases, inflation was a response to a negative supply shock, and eventually generated policy decisions on economic opening. Both recent globalisations may be explained as technologically driven, and some of the most important productivity gains involved the cost of transport, but the fundamental innovations substantially pre‐dated the moment at which they were economically transformative. Scarcity dramatically changes relative prices, but not the overall price level. Initially inflation became a policy solution, an attractive way of meeting the challenges of scarcity, but then its increasing costs became apparent, and more, rather than less, global integration looked like a way of reducing costs and minimising social pressure. Policy choices were involved in generating the globalised world: not only the removal of impediments to commerce, but also a consensus around a stable and internationally applicable monetary framework, whether the gold standard in the late nineteenth century or a modern inflation targeting regime in the late twentieth century.

Organizing the transition to integrated reporting

Subject. This article discusses the organizational aspects of the transition to integrated reporting that organizations need to take into account when implementing this prospective corporate reporting model. Objectives. The article aims to reveal the content of the main stages of development of the plan for the transition to integrated reporting, set out in the Guide of the Value Reporting Foundation, a new global nonprofit organization promoting the concept of integrated reporting and industry-specific sustainability accounting standards, formed as a result of the merger of the International Integrated Reporting Council and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. Methods. The research is based on analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and abstraction. Results. The article reveals the content of the main stages of the transition to integrated reporting formation, considers a typical roadmap for the transition to integrated reporting, which can become the basis for organizations to develop an individual plan for the transition to this promising model of corporate reporting, taking into account their unique circumstances. Conclusions. The guide proposed by the Value Reporting Foundation for the transition to integrated reporting is aimed at providing methodological assistance to compilers of a new type of corporate reporting. It summarizes the practical experience of organizations that have implemented the integrated reporting model. It was found that the Value Reporting Foundation's algorithm for the transition to integrated reporting does not contain fundamental innovations in comparison with the proposals previously formulated by Russian scientists. The value of the reviewed guide is that it is presented by the standard-setter of the integrated reporting concept, and it causes greater trust of users, especially those ones who prefer to follow the guidance documents.

Understanding the evolution of viviparity using intraspecific variation in reproductive mode and transitional forms of pregnancy.

ABSTRACTHow innovations such as vision, flight and pregnancy evolve is a central question in evolutionary biology. Examination of transitional (intermediate) forms of these traits can help address this question, but these intermediate phenotypes are very rare in extant species. Here we explore the biology and evolution of transitional forms of pregnancy that are midway between the ancestral state of oviparity (egg‐laying) and the derived state, viviparity (live birth). Transitional forms of pregnancy occur in only three vertebrates, all of which are lizard species that also display intraspecific variation in reproductive phenotype. In these lizards (Lerista bougainvillii, Saiphos equalis, and Zootoca vivipara), geographic variation of three reproductive forms occurs within a single species: oviparity, viviparity, and a transitional form of pregnancy. This phenomenon offers the valuable prospect of watching ‘evolution in action’. In these species, it is possible to conduct comparative research using different reproductive forms that are not confounded by speciation, and are of relatively recent origin. We identify major proximate and ultimate questions that can be addressed in these species, and the genetic and genomic tools that can help us understand how transitional forms of pregnancy are produced, despite predicted fitness costs. We argue that these taxa represent an excellent prospect for understanding the major evolutionary shift between egg‐laying and live birth, which is a fundamental innovation in the history of animals.

Journal launch: Welcome Opto-Electronic Science

Optics is an ancient and vibrant subject with a rich history of thousands of years. Since Maxwell discovered that light is an electromagnetic wave, optics has always been accompanied by electricity. Optics and opto-electronics play a vital role in many key fields related to the development and progress of mankind, such as energy, information, internet, astronomy, and medicine, etc. Many large-scale scientific projects, ranging from laser nuclear fusion to gravitational wave detection, from large-aperture telescopes to lithography equipment, are mainly based on opto-electronic science. <br/> In the history of scientific development, the opto-electronic discipline is also extremely important. A large number of Nobel Prize winning works on Theory of relativity, Quantum theory, Lasers, Laser cooling, Light-emitting diodes, and Topological phase transitions, are deeply rooted in opto-electronic science. Nowadays, there are still many unaddressed issues in the field of opto-electronic science, in particular the optical diffraction limit, the coupling of photons and electrons, new opto-electronic materials, and the analogy between topological electron and topological photon related effects, which require our in-depth investigations. New breakthroughs, new paradigms and new horizons in fundamental research are therefore needed. <br/> To promote discussions among scientific community and interdisciplinary collaboration, here we announce the launch of a new journal, <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em>, to display the emerging groundbreaking research focused on opto-electronics, and to encourage researchers to discover more the nature of science. <br/> <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em> (OES) is founded and sponsored by the Institute of Optics and Electronics (IOE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which is a crucial research institute in the field of opto-electronics in China, with a glorious history of over 50 years. OES is an open-access journal to promptly publish peer-reviewed Articles, Letters, Reviews, and Editorials, etc. This new journal will focus more on theoretical and fundamental innovations covering the broad area of optics, photonics and opto-electronics. Selected as a China’s high-profile new journal, it is supported by China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). <br/> We are very honored in assembling an outstanding editorial board of world-leading scientists who are actively engaged in the research community. They are dedicated to select effective professional reviewers and manage the high-standard peer-reviewing processes of the manuscripts with their expertise and insight. OES has firm supports from the excellent editorial team of its sister journal <em>Opto-Electronic Advances</em> (OEA). <br/> We are looking forward, with the most excellent contributions from the community, to making Opto-Electronic Science an outstanding platform for exhibiting the finest fundamental innovations in opto-electronics and related disciplines. We also hope that it will bring new inspirations for researchers and usher them into the exciting and bright future of opto-electronics science.

Индустрия 4.0 в череде технологических укладов и промышленных революций: трансформация строительной индустрии

The article proposes axioms which reveal the features of technological paradigms` development through industrial revolutions. The role of technological paradigms in the development of society is considered and the mechanism of change from the currently dominant paradigm to the incipient one is investigated. The argument for the development of technological paradigms as large socio-economic systems is given, which gives a deep understanding of the regression of technological paradigms, and research points to the exhaustibility of evolutionary improvements of the existing fundamental innovation and the inevitability of a change in technological paradigms. It is determined that the main features of Industry 4.0 allow it to be identified and conclude that the influence of people`s knowledge and their living environment on the volume of gross domestic product of the country is evidently increasing. The results of the expert survey methodology determine different levels of Industry 4.0 interaction and the main factors that influence the world construction industry. Conclusion is made that within the framework of Industry 4.0, the main problem of economy is resource scarcity, and the low material intensity and energy intensity of production in Industry 4.0 will allow rejecting the principle of territorial location of production near raw materials, energy sources, labor resources.

От математической к критической метафизике природы. Ламберт и Кант

In the mid-1760s, Johann Heinrich Lambert wrote a letter to Kant who offered cooperation with a view to reforming metaphysics. Based on the short correspondence between the two philosophers, it can be shown that this cooperation could never really come about. Nevertheless the thesis was sometimes put forward in research that Lambert had a defining influence on Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, also, and above all, with regard to the Newton-critical moments of this natur­al theory. However, this thesis can only be confirmed in relation to individual theorems, such as the relationship between attraction and repulsion force, even though the reasons for Lambert and Kant’s deviation from Newton’s theory of gravity also differ. For in its main features the transcendental metaphysics of Kant’s nature is substantially different from the mathematical methodology of Lambert’s theory of nature. In addition, Lambert stuck throughout his life to a theonomous natural teleology in the succession of Wolff, which was fundamentally made impossible by the Critique of Pure Reason: because the wise “intention of the creator”, which Lambert’s empirical-rationalistic cosmology could not and did not want to do without, could no longer be referred to in a rational context according to the Critique of Pure Reason. Even if Lambert certainly had moments of the Kantian theory of matter or — as Kant himself admitted — elements of the spatial theory of the first Critique, there is no way from his mathematisation of metaphysics and his natural teleology to the fundamental innovation of the Metaphysical Foundations.

B2B Communication Strategy: Introducing a New Multifunctional Application for the Waste Management Industry

This empirical study aims to present a real case study in the form of drafting an effective communication strategy to implement the new digital waste management application, SOWA, for B2B customers. In the Czech Republic (and elsewhere) businesses still do not accept that if they do not start working systematically with their waste, they will not have anything to produce in the future. They will not have space for their production and priority business areas. Moreover, in the rules of the new green policy, this area would become more expensive soon. However, the management of companies does not often realize the importance of innovations in this area of social, economic, and environmental reality. To effectively appeal to businesses often fighting to survive only by their social responsibility may not be a sufficiently strong argument in the current climate. At the same time, companies engaging in waste management solve the problem of how to improve their competitiveness, strengthening their position in this very competitive market. These companies thus face a major decision to introduce new digital technologies and their applications and to persuade the customers in the B2B market that these innovations represent maximum time savings and automated service for their businesses. Therefore, these companies ask themselves which marketing communication tools to use and which target groups will effectively convince them that the digitization project would benefit them. In terms of communication, the B2B market has several specifics alongside it compared to a larger, more widespread B2C market in marketing communication theory. These differences are essential in terms of the effectiveness of addressing recipients. The new communication strategy’s draft rests on the authors’ research, which mostly concerns the different target groups of B2B customers. The literature review characterizes the state of current knowledge of the issue of modern waste management and the necessary theoretical base in the specific field of B2B communication. This paper provides the necessary data and information which form the starting point of the communication strategy for one of the fundamental innovations in the field of waste management regarding the introduction and rollout of the new multifunctional application in the Czech Republic. Further rollout of this innovation to other central European countries is considered and subject to serious reflection.

Impacts of COVID-19 crisis on innovative work behaviour in Vietnam

Adapted from current literature, this study develops the model of the relationship between knowledge sharing and innovative work behaviour with the promotion of trust, Organizational Rewards system, Management Support in Vietnam. The author builds hypotheses based on the literature review and presents an integrated research framework. This study focuses on how innovative work behaviour can help firms survive during the COVID-19 crisis. We take insights into previous crises through evaluating popular articles and identifying fundamental innovation management mechanisms that could be efficient in the open-ended COVID-19 crisis to achieve this objective. In addition, our review of a large body of literature highlights several knowledge sharing mechanisms that may support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to cope with the COVID-19 crisis. The consulted empirical studies demonstrated that trust, reward, and management support positively impact explicit knowledge sharing and tacit knowledge sharing. At the same time, innovative work behaviour is driven by knowledge sharing and tacit knowledge sharing. Our research results have produced some practical significance and contribute to stimulating the power of knowledge sharing and innovative work for sustainable development in Vietnam. The widespread crisis activated unprecedented changes in how firms are administered and managed. Therefore, firms can adjust them to form the business sustainable and resilient using the suggestions made by considering our findings. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the impact of the pandemic and analyse firms’ responses to the crisis in management innovation in a Vietnamese context.

The BondMachine, a moldable computer architecture

Future systems will be characterized by the presence of many computing core in a single device, on large scale data centers or even at the level of IoT devices. The ability to fully exploit computational architectures’ heterogeneity and concurrency will be a key point. In this manuscript we present the BondMachine (BM), an innovative prototype software ecosystem aimed at creating facilities where hardware and software are co-designed, guaranteeing a full exploitation of fabric capabilities (both in terms of concurrency and heterogeneity) with several hardware optimization possibilities. The fundamental innovation of the BM is to provide a new kind of computer architecture, where the hardware dynamically adapts to the specific computational problem rather than being static and generic, as in standard CPUs synthesized in silicon. Hardware can be designed to fit precisely any computational task needs, implementing only the processing units needed and discarding generic solutions. By using BMs within FPGA technologies end-to-end solutions could be realized, in which the creation of domain-specific hardware is part of the development process as much as the software stack. FPGA technology allows to create independent processing units on a single low-power board, and to design their interconnections “in silicon” to maximally fit the design needs. The processors of the BMs are suitable for computational structures like neural networks and tensor processing models. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) popularity keeps increasing in scientific and industrial areas.

TaDA Live: Compositional Reasoning for Termination of Fine-grained Concurrent Programs

We present TaDA Live, a concurrent separation logic for reasoning compositionally about the termination of blocking fine-grained concurrent programs. The crucial challenge is how to deal with abstract atomic blocking : that is, abstract atomic operations that have blocking behaviour arising from busy-waiting patterns as found in, for example, fine-grained spin locks. Our fundamental innovation is with the design of abstract specifications that capture this blocking behaviour as liveness assumptions on the environment. We design a logic that can reason about the termination of clients that use such operations without breaking their abstraction boundaries, and the correctness of the implementations of the operations with respect to their abstract specifications. We introduce a novel semantic model using layered subjective obligations to express liveness invariants and a proof system that is sound with respect to the model. The subtlety of our specifications and reasoning is illustrated using several case studies.

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REACTIONS Reactions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2021, 99 (36), p 3October 4, 2021Cite this:C&EN 99, 36, 3Letters to the editorDelta-8-THCThe recent C&EN cover article highlighted controversies surrounding a cannabidiol-derived ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) (Aug. 30, 2021, page 24). Unfortunately, it spoke mostly about concerns and anxieties rather than solutions to the problem and technology opportunities. Besides, the subject hasn’t been linked to the accurate history of the core chemistry. Consequently, a cannabidiol-derived delta-8-THC was introduced as merely a popular cannabinoid that results from some obscure chemical transformations that lurk in the underground labs.However, a facile isomerization of cannabidiol (CBD) to THC, catalyzed by acids and metal salts, had been discovered far earlier than in the 1960s and described in one of the seminal papers, published by the US pioneer of the cannabinoid research Roger Adams (Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1940). An interest in CBD-to-THC conversion remained dormant and purely academic for a long time. But it was destined to be reinvigorated, with CBD becoming in the last decade a major commercial cannabinoid. The decades of prohibition and barriers to conduct scientific research led to the current gaps in the existing legislation and also grew urban myths, some of which penetrated into the published piece. One of those concerns the exothermic nature of the catalytic CBD-to-THC conversion.The implication of olivetol as a common and major degradation product is an example of another unfounded claim. Certificates of analysis are now mandatory and include quantification of delta-8-THC and delta-9-THC, along with other cannabinoids and contaminants.We could not agree more that a full analysis of delta-8-THC-associated degradation products and the establishment of their safety are crucial. But this clarity is not far off. The general fundamentals of catalytic isomerization and cyclization processes are covered in chemistry textbooks. The scientific and business communities need only devote reasonable resources to address the information gap amplified in the article. It is no secret that cannabis business interests, not academic researchers, have continued to drive research into delta-8-THC’s safety .As THC explorations expand, cutting-edge cannabis companies will adopt emerging conversion methodologies, without toxic solvents and purification processes in place, to produce safe, fully characterized delta-8-THC and delta-9-THC from hemp-derived CBD. The economic and safety advantages inherent in these emerging technologies ensure their substitution for the current solution chemistry-based approaches, the shortcomings of which are presented as intractable and disqualifying. We hope coverage of this fundamental innovation, affecting what will eventually be a $200 billion global market, is worthy of a C&EN cover sooner rather than later.Alex Nivorozhkin (Boston), Jacob Weintraub (North Easton, Massachusetts), Charlie Sinn (San Diego) CorrectionSept. 27, 2021, page 10: The news story about novel phosphorus and nitrogen chemistry incorrectly says a prismatic P3N3compound survived about 10 µs. It survived at least that long.

TƯ TƯỞNG HỒ CHÍ MINH VỀ “LẤY TỰ HỌC LÀM CỐT” VÀ YÊU CẦU TỰ HỌC ĐỂ NÂNG CAO TRÌNH ĐỘ CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN SƯ PHẠM HIỆN NAY

Ho Chi Minh is a hero of national liberation and an outstanding cultural celebrity of mankind. His life is a great lesson, a shining example of the spirit of self-study. Valuable instructions, profound lessons learned from his own enduring self-study example, still remain valid until now. In the educational reform process, more than anyone else, pedagogical teachers need to be imbued with his “self-study as the core” view. On the basis of inheriting the theory of research works on Ho Chi Minh's educational perspective, analyzing the requirements of the current educational innovation practice in our country, the article focuses on generalizing Ho Chi Minh's thought demonstrate “self-study as the core” and self-study requirements of pedagogical lecturers to improve their qualifications to meet the current requirements of fundamental and comprehensive innovation in education and training.

Ende der Neuen Musik

The term "Neue Musik" was coined for a special concept of fundamental musical innovation within Austro-German music theory of the early 20th century, and it found no terminological equivalent beyond the German language. Established by Paul Bekker with his lecture “Neue Musik” in 1919, composers such as Stockhausen or Ligeti embraced the term with its emphatic claim to innovation and new departures. However, one hundred years on the term "Neue Musik" is often used mainly as a synonym for any type of contemporary music. This article questions whether the term "Neue Musik" is still an appropriate framework for a current theory of musical composition. Not only have the specific musical circumstances changed within the course of the 20th century, but also the political and social conditions have altered drastically after two world wars which had given special impulses to those composers who strove for a new foundation of music after 1918 and 1945 respectively. This article argues that the age of "Neue Musik" has come to an end in the late 20th century, and thus it is now necessary to introduce alternative terminological concepts and methodical directions for music historiography.

Innovation of the director's vocabulario of Oskaras Korshunovas

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the theatrical direction of O. Korsunovas and analyze the innovation of his director's vocabulary. Methodology. Comparative and structural methods were applied, which contributed to the identification of the originality and diversity of innovative directorial vocabulary; the method of art history analysis, the typological-structural method, and the method of artistic-compositional analysis of stage works, thanks to which the director's "toolbox" has been studied and structured, etc. Scientific novelty. The directorial activity of Oskaras Koršunovas is investigated in the context of the leading strategies of modern European theater; based on the art historical analysis of the performances "There to be here", "Old" by D. Kharms, "Hello Sonya, New Year" by A. Vvedensky, "P.S. case OK "S. Parulskis," Roberto Zucco "B.-M. Colts, “Hamlet” by W. Shakespeare and others, the innovative ways of representation applied by the director were revealed and analyzed; the characteristic features of the director's vocabulary were determined and it was proved that it is an open and dynamic system that develops under the influence of urgent problems of modern society; previously unknown factual material was introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The art of directing by O. Korsunovas is one of the most striking examples of contemporary theater, which deals with the problems of a modern person, and the specificity of its content and form emphasizes the crisis of representation of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, manifests itself through deep changes in relation to action, feelings, scene perception, fragmentation, the crisis of bodily mediation and invariant supports of representation, both at the level of setting and at the level of reception. Directing by O. Korsunovas is distinguished by a fundamental innovation of views, a desire to destroy the ideological, artistic, and methodological limitations of theatrical direction, a unique interpretation of classical plays as modern ones, with an emphasis on contemporary moments, an experimental development on the basis of a theatrical laboratory of unique metaphor and imagery. The research revealed that the characteristic features of O. Korsunovas' directorial vocabulary are: application of the principle of deformation, contrast, and transformation, which take the form of a tragic grotesque; coding in elements of presentation of principles related to the specifics of drama; using the subject as an abstract construction; the use of the chorus - an element of classical Greek theater - in the performances of works of modern drama, etc.

Una breve nota sobre la ley española de la laboralidad de los riders

After reconstructing the vicissitudes that preceded the adoption of the regulation amending the Workers' Statute, in the comment, the author analyses the innovations to the statute produced by the 2021 law; specifically, the author points out that there are two fundamental innovations: the extension of the information rights of unitary representatives and the presumption of employment of persons working in this sector. These changes are not free from possible conflicts, for example with regard to the rules on working time, remuneration and the system of occupational risk prevention, or the implementation of collective representation rights, but they nevertheless make the rule pioneering insofar as it has a general scope, valid for any company that uses these artificial intelligence tools to determine the organisation of work and set working or employment conditions.

The Enigmatic Reissner's Fiber and the Origin of Chordates.

Reissner’s fiber (RF) is a secreted filament that floats in the neural canal of chordates. Since its discovery in 1860, there has been no agreement on its primary function, and its strong conservation across chordate species has remained a mystery for comparative neuroanatomists. Several findings, including the chemical composition and the phylogenetic history of RF, clinical observations associating RF with the development of the neural canal, and more recent studies suggesting that RF is needed to develop a straight vertebral column, may shed light on the functions of this structure across chordates. In this article, we will briefly review the evidence mentioned above to suggest a role of RF in the origin of fundamental innovations of the chordate body plan, especially the elongation of the neural tube and maintenance of the body axis. We will also mention the relevance of RF for medical conditions like hydrocephalus, scoliosis of the vertebral spine and possibly regeneration of the spinal cord.