Fundamental Hypothesis Research Articles

On the Knowledge of Neural Networks: The Genesis, Characterization, and Justification

This paper systematically analyzes the knowledge generation process of neural networks through the lens of Philosophy for Science and Epistemology. This paper first argues that for neural network’s knowledge to be possible, it is necessary that the truth of the world can be represented by mathematics, since neural networks are, by their first nature, a mathematical model, and this paper provides few arguments that support the mathematical nature of truth. For a central characterization of neural network’s knowledge, this paper argues that neural networks bypass the three inherent limits of traditional sciences, such as physics and chemistry, suggested by Eugene P. Wigner (1995). The three limits are: 1) Traditional sciences are inevitably approximations of the transcendental truth; 2) Scientists will never stop pursuing deeper, more profound scientific theories that encompass more information than previous theories, despite every theory being an approximation; 3) The increasing complexity and depth of the successive scientific theories poses a significant challenge to human intellect. Neural networks bypass these limits by adaptively learning any underlying function to the given data space, without creating any fundamental hypothesis, which are inevitably not transcendental, like that of traditional sciences. This is also another distinction that supports the differentiation between “machine knowledge” and “human knowledge”, as first proposed by Wheller (2016). This paper argues that the only way humans can justify machine knowledge is through Reliabilism, the epistemic justification through trust in the knowledge generation process. Although reliabilism may currently seem unacceptable, this paper predicts that scientists will take control over machine knowledge in the future, as testified by scientists exploring the chemical world, which is similarly beyond direct comprehension. In the end, this paper suggests the necessity of discussing how AI can justify its own knowledge as conscious beings.

Shedding light with harmonic radar: Unveiling the hidden impacts of streetlights on moth flight behavior

One of the most dramatic changes occurring on our planet is the ever-increasing extensive use of artificial light at night, which drastically altered the environment to which nocturnal animals are adapted. Such light pollution has been identified as a driver in the dramatic insect decline of the past years. One nocturnal species group experiencing marked declines are moths, which play a key role in food webs and ecosystem services such as plant pollination. Moths can be easily monitored within the illuminated area of a streetlight, where they typically exhibit disoriented behavior. Yet, little is known about their behavior beyond the illuminated area. Harmonic radar tracking enabled us to close this knowledge gap. We found a significant change in flight behavior beyond the illuminated area of a streetlight. A detailed analysis of the recorded trajectories revealed a barrier effect of streetlights on lappet moths whenever the moon was not available as a natural celestial cue. Furthermore, streetlights increased the tortuosity of flights for both hawk moths and lappet moths. Surprisingly, we had to reject our fundamental hypothesis that most individuals would fly toward a streetlight. Instead, this was true for only 4% of the tested individuals, indicating that the impact of light pollution might be more severe than assumed to date. Our results provide experimental evidence for the fragmentation of landscapes by streetlights and demonstrate that light pollution affects movement patterns of moths beyond what was previously assumed, potentially affecting their reproductive success and hampering a vital ecosystem service.

Effect of Surfactants on Eliminating Stable Ultrafine Chalcopyrite Froth.

Chalcopyrite is a primary source of copper in nature. However, with the increasing need to process low-grade and complex chalcopyrite ores, overly stable froth is becoming more and more common and poses operational and safety challenges. No reliable strategy has been developed to address the issue. As a new initiative, this study investigated three different structured surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and pentadecafluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which vary in hydrophobic group, aiming to modify the surfaces of ultrafine chalcopyrite particles and adjust the interfacial tension at the gas-liquid interface to eliminate stable ultrafine chalcopyrite froth. The fundamental hypothesis was that an ideal surfactant structure could adjust the particle surface wettability and interfacial tension to eliminate overly stable froth. Based on contact angle measurements and interfacial tension measurements using a Theta Flow tensiometer by the pendant drop method and the sessile drop method, it was demonstrated that the contact angle played a dominant role in defoaming, while the reduction of gas-liquid interfacial tension had an adverse effect. Additionally, defoaming tests indicated that SDBS had lower defoaming effectiveness than SDS at low surfactant concentrations due to the steric hindrance in its structure, whereas the addition of SDBS could achieve a froth reduction efficiency as high as 93.75% at higher surfactant concentrations due to its stronger hydrophobicity and adsorption capacity to chalcopyrite particles, which could reduce the contact angle from 70 to 37.62°. However, PFOA exhibited lower defoaming effectiveness than both SDS and SDBS due to its lipophobic fluorocarbon tail of PFOA and weaker adsorption capacity to chalcopyrite particles, making it unsuitable for eliminating stable ultrafine chalcopyrite froth.

WAYS OF IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF MASSIVE EVALUATION OF REAL ESTATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

This article focuses on researching the methodological development of real estate assessment in the Republic of Moldova, addressing the significant financial losses incurred by local public administrations due to the absence of an updated, appropriate, and transparent assessment system for taxation purposes. The fundamental hypothesis posits that enhancing the methodological and institutional framework of mass appraisal will lead to a progressive evolution of the real estate market relations and the stable development of efficient and equitable tax systems in Moldova. The study aims to identify and propose solutions to current issues in the national mass appraisal system, primarily related to the unavailability of market data and the use of outdated methodologies. Employing scientific techniques such as analysis, deduction, induction, grouping, comparison, analogy, scientific abstraction, synthesis, and statistical methods, the author assess the effectiveness of proposed methodological developments by comparing quality indicators of old assessment models with those developed based on the proposed methodologies. The results obtained support the idea of creating, implementing, and sustaining a mass appraisal system as a foundational element for a fair real estate taxation system, fostering regional development, and supporting economic activities related to the real estate market in the Republic of Moldova.

El espacio mítico y efectivo de la personalidad como derecho

This article aims to inquire into the relationship between the institution of the mythological power of law and the concept of personality, which is a properly rational element for the constitution of the person that, when passing to the realm of duty, desubjectivizes an element that can be justified by the Hegelian concept of Wirklich. The setup of the individual and their contranatural element is a fundamental hypothesis define the genealogy of the rights of personality. This work departs from the hypothesis of the effective relationship between legal personality as derived from a bibliographic review.

QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF GROWTH IN THE NEW ECONOMIC REALITY

<p>The succession of crises that have shaken the world in recent years - from the global pandemic and extreme weather conditions to armed conflicts and mass migrations - testifies that there is no going back to pre-pandemic conditions and "business as usual." A new economic reality has been created that shapes consumption and business outcomes. Economic growth is once again in focus, both in terms of the quantity (pace) of growth and its quality, which gains special significance under changed circumstances. The key question today is not whether the world still needs economic growth, but how that growth is achieved and whether it is aligned with national and global priorities. The paper examines the trends of economic growth worldwide and explores its quality based on the new framework of the World Economic Forum, which is founded on four pillars (Innovativiness, Inclusiveness, Sustainability, and Resilience) and adapted to the new global context. The aim of the paper is to valorize contemporary economic growth, taking into account both its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The fundamental hypothesis is that the pace and quality of growth vary depending on the country's level of economic development, but are not strictly determined by it. The analysis reveals the performance of the world and selected European countries from the CEE, as well as Western Balkans, in terms of the pace and, especially, the quality of growth. This provides a basis for a critical reassessment and reshaping of existing growth models and policies for the new economic era.</p>

Tourism for participatory development

This article aims analyze tourism as the root of local development, through empowerment, in northeastern Brazil. The methodology used is the on-site observation and survey in the entire northeastern region, considering especially the Paraiba and campinense, as points of interest for local development. The fundamental hypothesis is that "tourism promotes local development, in terms of employment and income, that implement the creative economy and solidarity for the people of the locality. Small business resources and are pivoted, propelling the principle of identity with the site and fostering new participation in the economy and social involvement. In summary, the tourism has incorporated population excluded from the process to infiltrate social organization and contribute to the local development, to create new forms of economic and social well-being.

Люди сороковых годов в поисках полноты жизни: Опыт описания понятийных конструкций

The topic of this article is the pair of concepts “enjoyment-suffering”, which, as linguistic intuition shows, correlates with a large quantity of lexemes: enjoyment is synonymous with pleasure, bliss; while suffering is synonymous with pain, torment, passion. Enjoyment-suffering is at times antithetical, and at other times mutually complementary, creating unexpected combinations. The fundamental hypothesis of this article is that in the first third of the nineteenth century the enjoyment-suffering pair ceases to be viewed as an antithesis, and forms a synthesis, one that is expressed in the phrase “a full life”. Russian intellectuals’ reading of German authors in the 1820s–30s – which signalled a break both from French rationalist philosophy and from empiricism in its various forms – opened up new possibilities for appropriating the world. The exploring heroes (Belinskii, Bakunin, Ogarev, Gertsen) were supposed to find themselves among the new conceptualisations of human existence, to interpret and re-interpret their own past and present, so as to ultimately develop a new language for describing their own “I”. Henceforth, the major role would be played not by self-restraint and stoic repression of passion, but by maximal expansion, where enjoyment and suffering, together with other concepts, become constitutive features of a subject, overturning commonplace ideas about life.

David Brewster’s and William Herschel’s experiments on inflection that delivered the coup de grâce to Thomas Young’s ether distribution hypothesis

ABSTRACT In his ‘Theory of Light and Colours’, presented to the Royal Society in November 1801, Thomas Young defended a mechanical explanation of the coloured fringes observed outside of the shadow of an opaque object – the so-called ‘colours by inflection’ – that was based on the hypothesis of an ethereal density gradient surrounding all material bodies. However, two years later, he publicly rejected that hypothesis, without giving much detail of his reasons. Although Geoffrey Cantor has demonstrated the crucial role of mechanical and astronomical arguments in explaining the withdrawal of this fundamental hypothesis long ago, the purpose of this article is to draw deeper attention to a set of experiments performed by David Brewster on the inflection of light, described in a letter he addressed to the Royal Society in January 1802, but was retained by William Herschel, and finally was neither read before the Society, nor published in its Philosophical Transactions. For the hypothesis that will be evaluated here is that these unpublished experiments of Brewster’s were eventually known to Young through the mediation of Herschel, and eventually played a significant role in Young’s rejection of his ether distribution hypothesis.

The main hypotheses of the colour and light colour gradient of architectural activity

The author's colour and light studies, in particular, the construction of a mathematical model of colour and light architectural activity, are based on a number of hypotheses, the first and foremost of which is the fundamental hypothesis of the existence of a natural attraction to colour and light architectural activity. The presented hypotheses - about the manifestation of the colour and light-colour gradient of architectural activity - are based on our own research [1-3], as well as on the research of other authors [9-16], and on the research of Doctor of Architecture Prof. V.V. Tovbych [4-8]. In particular, in general, the hypotheses regarding the manifestation of the colour and light colour gradient of architectural activity are conditionally divided into three generalised groups: the fundamental and philosophical gradient (Hypotheses 1-2) regarding the existence of a natural attraction to colour and light architectural activity; the theoretical and applied gradient (Hypotheses 3-31) regarding the definition of the main dynamic indicators of the development of a dynamic colour and light architectural and construction system; and the group on the fundamentally generalised definition of the functional connection between the process of manifestation of the impulse in colour and light architectural activity (against the background of the manifestation of the attraction to architectural activity) and the process of manifestation of the passional impulse in the ethnogenesis of L. M. Gumilev (Hypotheses 32-33). This "colour and light-colour" gradient of distribution is fully consistent with the generalised gradient of distribution of relevant hypotheses about the manifestation of architectural and urban planning activities, which was first introduced into architectural science by Doctor of Architecture, Professor V.V. Tovbych [5]. Given the short scope of the publication, only the first set of the most important hypotheses regarding the manifestation of the colour and light-colour gradient of architectural activity is presented below.

Chase-away evolution maintains imperfect mimicry in a brood parasite–host system despite rapid evolution of mimics

We studied a brood parasite–host system (the cuckoo finch Anomalospiza imberbis and its host, the tawny-flanked prinia Prinia subflava) to test (1) the fundamental hypothesis that deceptive mimics evolve to resemble models, selecting in turn for models to evolve away from mimics (‘chase-away evolution’) and (2) whether such reciprocal evolution maintains imperfect mimicry over time. Over only 50 years, parasites evolved towards hosts and hosts evolved away from parasites, resulting in no detectible increase in mimetic fidelity. Our results reflect rapid adaptive evolution in wild populations of models and mimics and show that chase-away evolution in models can counteract even rapid evolution of mimics, resulting in the persistence of imperfect mimicry.

GROUNDED THEORY ABOUT THE USE OF LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS) TO DISTANCE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

Purpose: develop a substantive theory of factors influencing the use of Learning Management System in the management of Distance Education. Method / approach: the Grounded Theory guided the methodological procedures in the light of Strauss and Corbin (2008), and ATLAS.ti Software was used for data analysis. Mains findings: six factors were integrated around the central category, allowing the elaboration of the theory fundamental hypothesis and the establishment of causal and intervening conditions. The relational model, which consists of eight propositions, allowed the emergence of four consequences. The central category analysis revealed four sub processes, which involve its mechanisms of action/interaction. In addition, it was possible to identify external and internal contextual conditions that influence the mediation strategies in a sequence of four movements in three phases along time. Methodological / social / managerial contributions: the research responds to the general theories about the use of LMS from the perspective of managers. Also, can represent an advance in the sense of contributing with a systemic view of the LMS as an administrative-educational mediator element, recognizing components, dynamics, and movement. The study can assist in the development of technological and management solutions based on business Intelligence systems (BI), big data, and learning analytics systems aligned to the LMS to improve distance education management. Originality / relevance: the results will add up to this area research, showing implications of digital technologies use at distance education management process.

Quantitative study on thermoreflectance linear relation

Standard thermoreflectance-based measurements have been routinely taken on thin metal transducer (Au or Al) deposited samples. This is based on the fundamental hypothesis that the reflectance change (ΔR/R) of the metal surface is directly and linearly related to the temperature change (ΔT), within a wide but finite temperature range (Trange). The quantitative study on Trange has been ignored for a long time, which would possibly cause severe measurement issues and impede the possible new applications that the thermoreflectance measurements are taken on new metals or even directly on non-metals. Here, we present an approach that combines multiple probe wavelengths’ nanosecond transient thermoreflectance technique with a transient temperature rise model to study the linear relation. This method enables fast and accurate determination of the Trange and the proportional coefficient (commonly called the thermoreflectance coefficient, Cth). We studied the commonly used metal transducers (Au and Al) and found that Au illuminated at 532 nm has a considerably larger Trange (from room T to at least 225 °C), with respect to Al illuminated at 785 nm (room T to 150 °C). The linear relationships of uncommon Ni and Ti metals are valid from room temperature to ∼115 °C, illuminated at 785 and 660 nm, respectively. Non-linearity was observed for Al, Ni, and Ti metals when the temperature was elevated above the quantified Trange. This method enables a facile and reliable platform to characterize thermoreflectance properties and better understand the mechanism of thermoreflectance linear relationship.

Accessing the Usefulness of Neoclassical Economics Theory

This research shows a review of the Neoclassical Economics theory with a view of discovering or disputing the claim – where possible – that the neoclassical theory is dead and worthless. This paper plagiarizes from the outcome of previous and relevant study conducted on this same proposition and uncovers the existence of a huge controversy in the literature – both old and new – of the effectiveness of the neoclassical economics. Given the lack of consensus on the neoclassical economics debate, the author of this manuscript then shows that while the Neoclassical theory is may not be dead; its effectiveness and efficiency given its entire underlying hypothesis that may be well within doubt. Furthermore the paper found that requesting the death of a model can only occur when the primary assumptions or hypothesis of that model is conducted and still the model fails to deliver valuable results. In the case of the neoclassical economics model; the only criticism can be that the fundamental assumptions nor hypothesis cannot embrace in a real world situation. Therefore declarations of its death cannot stand firm in an authorized argument – its efficiency maybe; but certainly not death. The author does however try to provide a brief assessment of the various extensions and alternatives of the neoclassical model that have evolved in a bid to augment its supposed failings

A New Epigenetic Crosstalk: Chemical Modification Information Flow.

Central dogma is the most fundamental hypothesis in the field of molecular biology and explains the genetic information flow from DNA to protein. Beyond residue-by-residue transmission of sequential information, chemical modifications of DNA, RNA, and protein are also relayed in the course of gene expression. Here, this work presents recent evidence supporting bidirectional interplay between chromatin modifications and RNA modifications. Furthermore, several RNA modifications likely affect chemical modifications of proteins. The relay of chemical modifications occurs co-transcriptionally or co-translationally, ensuring crosstalk among chemical modifications at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. Overall, this work proposes a hypothetical framework that represents transmission of chemical modification information among chromatin, RNA, and proteins.

Decoding individual differences in self-prioritization from the resting-state functional connectome

Although the self has traditionally been viewed as a higher-order mental function by most theoretical frameworks, recent research advocates a fundamental self hypothesis, viewing the self as a baseline function of the brain embedded within its spontaneous activities, which dynamically regulates cognitive processing and subsequently guides behavior. Understanding this fundamental self hypothesis can reveal where self-biased behaviors emerge and to what extent brain signals at rest can predict such biased behaviors. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the association between spontaneous neural connectivity and robust self-bias in a perceptual matching task using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 348 young participants. By decoding whole-brain connectivity patterns, the support vector regression model produced the best predictions of the magnitude of self-bias in behavior, which was evaluated via a nested cross-validation procedure. The out-of-sample generalizability was further authenticated using an external dataset of older adults. The functional connectivity results demonstrated that self-biased behavior was associated with distinct connections between the default mode, cognitive control, and salience networks. Consensus network and computational lesion analyses further revealed contributing regions distributed across six networks, extending to additional nodes, such as the thalamus, whose role in self-related processing remained unclear. These results provide evidence that self-biased behavior derives from spontaneous neural connectivity, supporting the fundamental self hypothesis. Thus, we propose an integrated neural network model of this fundamental self that synthesizes previous theoretical models and portrays the brain mechanisms by which the self emerges at rest internally and regulates responses to the external environment.

Phraseological Units of the English Language in Newspaper Articles on the Topic of Culture: Structural and Semantic Aspects

The research examines the features of the structural-semantic approach toward peculiarities of the phraseology of media discourse when studying English. This is an actual problem related to changes in the genre and stylistic palette of modern periodicals. Therefore, it becomes of particular significance to consider the content, classification, and determination of effective means of training specialists, using English-language texts with different stylistic features in their work, regarding the transmission of emotions and content markers in newspaper articles through idioms. The purpose of the research is to determine the dependence of the success rate of students-journalists on introducing innovative methods and thematic blocks to the educational process, as well as establishing an assessment by the participants of the educational process of active study of English phraseology. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach. The descriptive methods, structural and semantic approaches to the classification of idioms were used to study the theoretical material. The experimental method, methods of questionnaires, surveys, observations, were also used in the academic paper. The fundamental hypothesis is that innovative courses containing new approaches and scientific innovations contribute to improving the success and practical skills of students - journalists. The research result is the establishment of interdependence between innovations in the scope and the course content and the improvement of student performance, and interest in learning. In prospect, attention should be paid to a practice-centered approach to the philological component in journalism education in English-speaking countries.

Dictatorial Psychopathological Commination in Server-Side Public Mental & Psychological Menace

Background: Communist formation introduced Marxist’s non-falsifiable anthropocentric theory for ideology and discourse. The form of communication sustaining torture has been noticed in the Chinese indoctrination both in education and mass communication. The research adopted scientific methods in observation to the Marxist structuralism with psychoanalysis of dominance in power-incentivized structuralism. Aim: With the global authoritarian drawbacks and emergence of dictatorship in the structural realist powers, the psychopathology of modern & contemporary cyber-based informatics penetrations with nuclear threat semantics is impacting global mental & psychological health, and especially for the LGBTQIA+ individuals. The research aims to mitigate the harms that transgress the Geneva Conventions and against the spirit of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Methods: The research adopted a media analysis approach to the sexological elements in anthropological and sociological developments. It focuses on the derivatives of Oedipus Complex with relation to death wish that impact the LGBTQIA+ suicidal ideations in the structured cybercrimes, with a Gestalt psychoanalysis in informatics. The research conceived a somatic method in media psychology counteracting the media-based extension of gender & sexuality castes. Results: The Bell curve of memory were retrieved on the fundamental hypothesis of LGBTQIA+ stigmatization with new combinations in power structure, cosmological, and anthropological consciousness re-combinations. The multilateral dictatorial semantic spread in the cyber-information domains through the monopolization of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was conceptualized as a structural source of dictatorial psychopathology epidemiology with artificial intelligence (AI). Military cyber psychological warfare spillover in the civil economy is recognized to be the source of global mental & psychological disparities, possibly the contributing factor for LGBTQIA+ suicidal ideation, and derogation of human security

A mathematical model of mechanotransduction

This article reviews the mechanical bidomain model, a mathematical description how the extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton are coupled by integrin proteins. The fundamental hypothesis is that differences between intracellular and extracellular displacements drive mechanotransduction. A one-dimensional example illustrates the model, which is then extended to two dimensions. In several cases the equations are solved analytically, illustrating how displacements divide into two parts: monodomain displacements are identical in both spaces and therefore do not contribute to mechanotransduction, whereas bidomain displacements cause mechanotransduction. A new length constant depends on the intracellular and extracellular shear moduli and the integrin spring constant, and bidomain effects often occur within a few length constants of the tissue edge. Numerical methods for solving the model equations are being developed. Precursors to the model and potential applications are discussed. The bidomain model may be applicable to cardiac remodeling, blood vessel regulation, tissue engineering, stem cell differentiation, cancer biology, and development.

Neuron-specific transcriptomic signatures indicate neuroinflammation and altered neuronal activity in ASD temporal cortex

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, yet transcriptomic profiling of bulk brain tissue has identified substantial convergence among dysregulated genes and pathways in ASD. However, this approach lacks cell-specific resolution. We performed comprehensive transcriptomic analyses on bulk tissue and laser-capture microdissected (LCM) neurons from 59 postmortem human brains (27 ASD and 32 controls) in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) of individuals ranging from 2 to 73 years of age. In bulk tissue, synaptic signaling, heat shock protein-related pathways, and RNA splicing were significantly altered in ASD. There was age-dependent dysregulation of genes involved in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) (GAD1 and GAD2) and glutamate (SLC38A1) signaling pathways. In LCM neurons, AP-1-mediated neuroinflammation and insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways were upregulated in ASD, while mitochondrial function, ribosome, and spliceosome components were downregulated. GABA synthesizing enzymes GAD1 and GAD2 were both downregulated in ASD neurons. Mechanistic modeling suggested a direct link between inflammation and ASD in neurons, and prioritized inflammation-associated genes for future study. Alterations in small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) associated with splicing events suggested interplay between snoRNA dysregulation and splicing disruption in neurons of individuals with ASD. Our findings supported the fundamental hypothesis of altered neuronal communication in ASD, demonstrated that inflammation was elevated at least in part in ASD neurons, and may reveal windows of opportunity for biotherapeutics to target the trajectory of gene expression and clinical manifestation of ASD throughout the human lifespan.