Relay Function Research Articles

Development of a “Disaster Management Literacy Hub” for Collecting, Creating, and Transmitting Disaster Management Content to Increase Disaster Management Literacy

In this project, a “Disaster Management Literacy Hub” (DMLH) has been developed for collecting, creating, and transmitting various disaster management content over the Internet. The first screen of the DMLH lists disaster management content on tiles to allow users easily find relevant disaster management content using a keyword retrieval function. A user who registers an account can post disaster management content, create a first screen that is customized using the “favorite function,” and compile different disaster management content using the “binder function.” In addition to the “relay (hub) function” for disaster management content, a “creation function” was also implemented, such as the “message function” for posting short messages of approximately 200 letters and an image, and the “quiz creation function” for measuring the effects of disaster management literacy. In the course of modifying the prototype Disaster Management Literacy Hub, the system was evaluated by university student users in July 2016, approximately one year after the fully-fledged operation came into effect in August 2015. The results yielded the following findings: 1) the DMLH is meaningful because by using specific keywords, users retrieved items that had been difficult to find by means of general Internet search sites; 2) statistically significant improvement was shown for 15 disaster management literacy items in the evaluation; the DMLH leads to a proposal to create effective disaster management literacy improvement because students recognized three disaster management literacy categories: cases of disasters and disaster management, responses of familiar agents such as themselves and people to one, and responses of agents in the environment, including local communities and governments.

Instantaneous protection scheme for backup protection of high-voltage transmission lines

The protection scheme focused on in this study is a typical protection system used in high-voltage systems such as 132 kV, 275 kV, and 500 kV. The research will analyze the existing protection scheme for transmission lines that the power utility has implemented and will propose a new protection scheme to improve the performance of the existing scheme. The existing protection scheme currently implemented by the power utility for backup protection operation has a longer fault-clearing time and no restoration time, and it does not utilize support relays. This study will focus on a backup protection operation on high-voltage overhead transmission lines, which take up communication when the main protection has failed to communicate, the relay has failed due to loss of DC supply, or the relay function itself has been blocked. Moreover, all the support relays will be utilized in order to improve the protection system. The improvement will consider three elements, which are the fault-clearing time, fast restoration time, and relay utilization. Each improvement to the protection system will have its own philosophy and concrete rationale, which have advantages or disadvantages for the transmission line. The effect of the improvement scheme will also consider the outcomes in other schemes to ensure that time coordination does not overlap. Every possibility of a fault will be analyzed in order to have a clear understanding of the effects of the three elements. CAPE software will be used as a tool for simulation and to analyze its compatibility with real applications. CAPE software is able to model a real-life transmission line and is also able to simulate faults in the tested area. The results of the simulation show that the backup protection operation improved fault-clearing time and restoration time. It also increased the network's system stability, particularly during the occurrence of maximum fault currents.

Persistence of Li–Yorke chaos in systems with relay

It is rigorously proved that the chaotic dynamics of the non-smooth system with relay function is persistent even if a chaotic perturbation is applied. We consider chaos in a modified Li-Yorke sense such that infinitely many almost periodic motions take place in its basis. It is demonstrated that the system under investigation possesses countable infinity of chaotic sets of solutions. Coupled Duffing oscillators are used to show the effectiveness of our technique, and simulations that support the theoretical results are represented. Moreover, a chaos control procedure based on the Ott-Grebogi-Yorke algorithm is proposed to stabilize the unstable almost periodic motions embedded in the chaotic attractor.

Transporte público de buses versus congestión y contaminación en Lima y Callao

This study measures the influence of public bus services on traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Lima and Callao. The effect of the flow of buses on the transportation network is measured by way of a dynamic traffic assignment program, Dynasmart. The database is constructed on the basis of the 2005-2025 Master Plan. To this end, the transportation network is verified using Google Earth, and field measurements of capacity, speed, and volume- relay functions to describe traffic congestion are used. The flow of buses is calculated using the Emme3 program. Origin-destination matrices are calculated for each hour based on the 24-hour origindestination matrix from the Master Plan. In the case of congestion, both the exact and the maximum influence of the flow of buses are measured, and the case of segregating a traffic lane for a Rapid Bus System—a much-discussed topic—is also considered. In the case of pollution, the exact influence of the flow of buses is used to measure fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for the option of reducing public bus services as well as a further five options, including the implementation of a Rapid Bus System featuring gas-powered buses. It is found that halving the size of the bus fleet increases the speed of the transportation network by between 2 and 7% per day, and between 9 and 14% until 11 am, and yields 46% of the benefits of promoting clean fuels and inspection and maintenance; that is, that this measure is of limited worth in reducing congestion, and should not be considered a priority means of alleviating pollution.

In vivo matching of postsynaptic excitability with spontaneous synaptic inputs during formation of the rat calyx of Held synapse.

Neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of anaesthetized rats of postnatal day (P)2-6 showed burst firing with a preferred interval of about 100ms, which was stable, and a second preferred interval of 5-30ms, which shortened during development. In 3 out of 132 cases, evidence for the presence of two large inputs was found. In vivo whole-cell recordings revealed that the excitability of the principal neuron and the size of its largest synaptic inputs were developmentally matched. At P2-4, action potentials were triggered by barrages of small synaptic events that summated to plateau potentials, while at later stages firing depended on a single, large and often prespike-associated input, which is probably the nascent calyx of Held. Simulations with a Hodgkin-Huxley-like model, which was based on fits of the intrinsic postsynaptic properties, suggested an essential role for the low-threshold potassium conductance in this transition. In the adult, principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are typically contacted by a single, giant terminal called the calyx of Held, whereas during early development a principal neuron receives inputs from many axons. How these changes in innervation impact the postsynaptic activity has not yet been studied in vivo. We therefore recorded spontaneous inputs and intrinsic properties of principal neurons in anaesthetized rat pups during the developmental period in which the calyx forms. A characteristic bursting pattern could already be observed at postnatal day (P)2, before formation of the calyx. At this age, action potentials (APs) were triggered by barrages of summating EPSPs causing plateau depolarizations. In contrast, at P5, a single EPSP reliably triggered APs, resulting in a close match between pre- and postsynaptic firing. Postsynaptic excitability and the size of the largest synaptic events were developmentally matched. The developmental changes in intrinsic properties were estimated by fitting in vivo current injections to a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of the principal neuron. Our simulations indicated that the developmental increases in Ih , low-threshold K+ channels and leak currents contributed to the reduction in postsynaptic excitability, but that low-threshold K+ channels specifically functioned as a dampening influence in the near-threshold range, thus precluding small inputs from triggering APs. Together, these coincident changes help to propagate bursting activity along the auditory brainstem, and are essential steps towards establishing the relay function of the calyx of Held synapse.

Identification of the Inrush Current of the Internal Faults of Power Transformers Based on the Differential Relay Function

<p>The inrush current of transformer is one of the most important factors in the damaging of power transformers and reducing their useful life. Differential relays are one of the main and primary protections of power transformers. Therefore, the correct and fast operation of these devices is so important. In this paper, an inrush flow detection method is proposed in order to prevent the inaccurate performance of differential relay. In the proposed method, the analysis of the wavelet transform frequency time is used based on the extracted characteristics. Also, a criterion called correlation coefficient is used in order to create a suitable pattern and use it in the proposed algorithm. The simulation of the proposed algorithm is performed by the PSCAD software and implemented in the MATLAB environment. The results of the simulation confirm the accuracy of the proposed method. <strong><em></em></strong></p>

Real‐time digital multi‐function protection system on reconfigurable hardware

This study proposes a multi-function power system protective relay hardware design built with various functional hardware processing cores on the field programmable gate array (FPGA). This practical and systematic method lends itself to a paralleled and pipelined hardware emulation of individual signal processing and protection components. Detailed emulation designs are presented for the following protective relays: distance, directional overcurrent, voltage, and frequency protection. The necessary signal processing functions required to operate these relays are also emulated, allowing the protection system to be stand-alone and fed with instantaneous fault data. Real-time experimental results are presented to verify the functions of the target hardware relay on the Xilinx ® Virtex-7 FPGA. Case studies provide the efficacy of the multi-function relay design in terms of accuracy, latency, and resource consumption.

중계 기능을 갖는 낙상 감지 단말기 및 시스템의 개발

중계 기능을 갖는 낙상 감지 단말기 및 시스템의 개발

Novel tissue clearing method for preservation of morphology, fluorescence and epitope integrity permits quantitative cellular analysis in intact organs

Abstract Spatial organization of cells within tissues is critical for most biological processes, such as cellular differentiation, signal relay, and localized function. Our understanding of such events is historically based on section imaging, which discards 3-dimensional (3D) information and is problematic for understanding structure-function relationships of complex tissues and rare events. Although recent innovations in tissue clearing methods have paved way for whole organ microscopy, they suffer from various technique-specific artifacts, such as fluorophore quenching, poor epitope preservation, or morphological distortions. Here we report a new clearing method, Clearing-enhanced 3D (Ce3D), which generates excellent tissue transparency, preserves cellular morphology and protein fluorescence, and retains epitopes for antibody-based labeling. We use Ce3D to demonstrate whole-tissue microscopy of various cell types in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Further, when coupled with highly multiplexed antibody labeling and Histo-Cytometry, Ce3D permits quantitative analysis of phenotypically complex cells in intact tissues. Collectively, this methodology provides a comprehensive strategy for whole-organ quantitative imaging and analysis, paving the way for improved understanding of cellular organization and physiology. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NIAID.

GUARANTEEING THE TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION OF CAPACITOR BANKS IN POWER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

Purpose. The problem of resonance phenomena in power systems of industrial enterprises using capacitor banks for reactive power compensation was detected. Circuit of the capacitor banks tier to downshift main substation tires is present. But there is no common algorithm to calculate and avoid such trouble. The main goal of this article is to introduce some basics for power supply systems with possible resonant circuits engineering. Methodology. At the first step the data on the change of the current in the chemical company network when changing capacitor banks value are received. For these purposes the oscilloscope function of digital protection relay was used. Current data samples were analyzed by spectrum detection software. Most significant levels of the 3rd and 5th harmonics were achieved. Comparison of harmonic distortion levels with and without capacitor bank is given. Results. Achieved data allow making conclusion about overloading reasons of capacitor banks while higher harmonics currents presence. A voltage and current harmonious composition measuring in the absence of power quality analyzers using digital protection relay terminals or emergencies registers are proposed. The necessity of power quality monitoring near capacitor banks connections to avoid resonance phenomena (current and voltage resonance) in industrial power supply systems is proven. The control algorithm of capacitor banks to provide electromagnetic compatibility, while various modes of nonlinear load operation is given. Originality. Using of digital protection relay oscilloscoping for current resonant detection can allow to significally reduce time and cost of solution. Replacement parallel circuit comprising a branch and one active-inductive load to another branch network in the presence of higher harmonics source are proposed. Practical value. A sequence for measuring the levels of harmonic components at the connections of capacitor banks in the absence of specialized instruments is proposed. The algorithm to avoid possible resonance currents in the presence of condensing units is proposed.

Distributed Beamforming and Autonomous Participation Decision making in Cooperative CR Systems in Presence of Asynchronous Interference

We propose a distributed beamforming for cooperative cognitive radio (CR) networks, that reduces the required feedback overhead in terms of sharing the channel state information (CSI) between the cooperating CR relays. Assuming the reciprocity of the channels of each cooperating CR node toward the CR receiver, as well as toward the primary receiver, the proposed beamforming technique only requires sharing the location information of the CR relays among the cooperating CR relays, rather than the global CSI. Reducing the required feedback overhead provides enhanced scalability of the cooperative CR network with lower deployment cost. In this paper, we also propose two autonomous decision making strategies that can help each CR user to independently decide whether to participate in the cooperative transmission or not. This participation decision is tackled from a game theoretic approach, by quantifying the reward and cost functions of each CR relay. The first proposed strategy, named regret testing-based strategy, is proved to asymptotically achieve an approximate Nash equilibrium state of the system. However, it has higher complexity and slower convergence time. So we also propose a suboptimal decision making strategy, named learning-based strategy, that has lower complexity and faster convergence time.

The Thalamus: A Review of its Functional Anatomy

The diencephalon can be divided into four areas, which are interposed between the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres. The four subdivisions include the hypothalamus to be discussed in a separate lecture, the ventral thalamus containing the subthalamic nucleus already discussed, the epithalamus which is made up mostly of the pineal body, and the dorsal thalamus (henceforth referred to as the thalamus). Anatomically, the dorsal thalamus subdivided in 50-60 nuclear groups. The focus of this review is its functional anatomy. In the spinal cord and brain stem portions of the course certain relay nuclei of the thalamus that transfer information from sub-cortical structures to the cerebral cortex. By virtue of these relay functions that encompass the major senses and motor systems, the thalamus is often referred to as the gateway to the cortex. The thalamus has numerous connections to other areas of the brain as well, and these are thought to be important in the integration of cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem activity. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply much of the thalamus. Occlusion of these small branches results in a number of symptoms characteristic of the thalamic syndrome.

The processing of images in the receptive fields of the first-stage neurons of the visual system

This paper discusses the receptive fields of the neurons of the lateral geniculate body. It is shown that the receptive fields of the subcortical structure of the visual system have a more complex spatial organization than was customarily assumed earlier—they have an elliptical shape, asymmetry of the central zone of the field, and can have discrete fragmentary excitation and inhibition sections. These properties of the receptive fields provide additional processing of visual information, along with a relay function of signal transmission from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

Transient relay function of midline thalamic nuclei during long-term memory consolidation in humans.

To test the hypothesis that thalamic midline nuclei play a transient role in memory consolidation, we reanalyzed a prospective functional MRI study, contrasting recent and progressively more remote memory retrieval. We revealed a transient thalamic connectivity increase with the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and a parahippocampal area, which decreased with time. In turn, mPFC-parahippocampal connectivity increased progressively. These findings support a model in which thalamic midline nuclei serve as a hub linking hippocampus, mPFC, and posterior representational areas during memory retrieval at an early (2 h) stage of consolidation, extending classical systems consolidation models by attributing a transient role to midline thalamic nuclei.

Toward an In Vivo Neuroimaging Template of Human Brainstem Nuclei of the Ascending Arousal, Autonomic, and Motor Systems.

Brainstem nuclei (Bn) in humans play a crucial role in vital functions, such as arousal, autonomic homeostasis, sensory and motor relay, nociception, sleep, and cranial nerve function, and they have been implicated in a vast array of brain pathologies. However, an in vivo delineation of most human Bn has been elusive because of limited sensitivity and contrast for detecting these small regions using standard neuroimaging methods. To precisely identify several human Bn in vivo, we employed a 7 Tesla scanner equipped with multi-channel receive-coil array, which provided high magnetic resonance imaging sensitivity, and a multi-contrast (diffusion fractional anisotropy and T2-weighted) echo-planar-imaging approach, which provided complementary contrasts for Bn anatomy with matched geometric distortions and resolution. Through a combined examination of 1.3 mm(3) multi-contrast anatomical images acquired in healthy human adults, we semi-automatically generated in vivo probabilistic Bn labels of the ascending arousal (median and dorsal raphe), autonomic (raphe magnus, periaqueductal gray), and motor (inferior olivary nuclei, two subregions of the substantia nigra compatible with pars compacta and pars reticulata, two subregions of the red nucleus, and, in the diencephalon, two subregions of the subthalamic nucleus) systems. These labels constitute a first step toward the development of an in vivo neuroimaging template of Bn in standard space to facilitate future clinical and research investigations of human brainstem function and pathology. Proof-of-concept clinical use of this template is demonstrated in a minimally conscious patient with traumatic brainstem hemorrhages precisely localized to the raphe Bn involved in arousal.

Wireless network power optimisation using relay stations blossoming and withering technique

AbstractPower consumption of wireless network is increasing as the demands in wireless data rates are escalating in modern life. Base stations are the major power consumption component in the wireless network. Therefore, the main challenge is to reduce the total power consumed in the network while maintaining the network coverage and its capacity. In this paper, a new relay switching perspective is introduced for relay blossoming and withering algorithm. First, relay switching is considered as a function of time representing the rate of active relays. The effect of the rate of active relays, arrival rate and average load factor of relays on the total network power consumption is modelled. It is found that the rate of active relay function that optimises the network power consumption obeys linear first‐order ordinary differential equation. The effect of different synthesised arrival rate profiles on the rate of active relay is presented. Moreover, relative relay to base station capacity parameter is defined, and its effect on the power optimisation is investigated. Based on the solutions of the ordinary differential equation, an approximate fuzzy‐based relay sleeping mode is introduced. The fuzzy logic sleeping mode utilises the arrival rate and its derivative as inputs. The solution of the differential equations shows that power saving up to 45 and 30 per cent can be achieved in sleeping and idling modes, respectively, in contrast to 42 per cent achieved from the fuzzy sleeping mode. The increasing slope of the arrival rate results in less power saving. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Noradrenergic modulation of glutamate-induced excitatory responses in single neurons of the red nucleus: An electrophysiological study

The effect induced by noradrenaline (NA) on the spiking activity evoked by glutamate (Glu) on single neurons of the mesencephalic red nucleus (RN) of the rat was studied extracellularly. Long-lasting microiontophoretic applications of the amine induced a significant and reversible depression of the responsiveness of RN neurons to Glu. This effect was mediated by noradrenergic alpha2 receptors since it was mimicked by application of clonidine, an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist, and blocked or at least reduced by application of yohimbine, an antagonist of NA for the same receptors. The effect appears homogeneously throughout the nucleus and is independent of the effect of NA on baseline firing rate. Application of isoproterenol, a beta adrenoceptor agonist, either enhanced or depressed neuronal responses to Glu in a high percentage (86%) of the tested neurons. Moreover, application of timolol, a beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was able to strengthen the depressive effects induced by NA application on neuronal responsiveness to Glu.Although these data suggest some involvement of beta adrenergic receptors in the modulation of neuronal responsiveness to Glu, the overall results indicate a short-term depressive action of NA, mediated by alpha2 receptors, on the responsiveness of RN neurons and suggest that stress initially leads to an attenuation of the relay function of the RN.

Two Aromatic Rings Coupled a Sulfur-Containing Group to Favor Protein Electron Transfer by Instantaneous Formations of π∴S:π↔π:S∴π or π∴π:S↔π:π∴S Five-Electron Bindings.

The cooperative interactions among two aromatic rings with a S-containing group are described, which may participate in electron hole transport in proteins. Ab initio calculations reveal the possibility for the formations of the π∴S:π↔π:S∴π and π∴π:S↔π:π∴S five-electron bindings in the corresponding microsurrounding structures in proteins, both facilitating electron hole transport as efficient relay stations. The relay functionality of these two special structures comes from their low local ionization energies and proper binding energies, which varies with the different aromatic amino acids, S-containing residues, and the arrangements of the same aromatic rings according to the local microsurroundings in proteins.

Global tracking for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown sign-switching control direction by output feedback

This paper addresses the design of a sliding mode controller for a class of high-order uncertain nonlinear plants with unmatched state-dependent nonlinearities and unknown sign of the high frequency gain, i.e., the control direction is assumed unknown. Differently from most previous studies, the control direction is allowed to switch its sign. We show that it is possible to obtain global exact tracking using only output-feedback by coupling a relay periodic switching function with a norm state observer. One significant advantage of the new scheme is its robustness and improved transient response under arbitrary changes of the control direction which have been theoretically demonstrated for jump variations and successfully tested by simulations. The proposed controller is also evaluated with a DC motor control experiment.

Gα13 mediates human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28-induced cell death in melanoma.

US28, a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by the human cytomegalovirus, leads to mechanistically unknown programmed cell death. Here we show that expression of wild-type US28 in human melanoma cells leads to apoptotic cell death via caspase 3 activation along with reduced cell proliferation. Reduced tumor growth upon US28 expression was observed in a xenograft mouse model. The signaling mute US28R129A showed a reduced antiproliferative effect. On evaluating different G-proteins coupled to US28 for signal transduction, Gα13 was identified as the main G-protein executing the apoptotic effect. Silencing of Gα13 but not Gαq resulted in a substantial increase in cell survival. Overexpression of Gα13 but not Gαq and their GTPase deficient forms Gα13Q226L and GαqQ209L, respectively, confirmed the requirement of Gα13 for US28 mediated cell death. Increasing expression of Gα13 alone induced cell death underscoring its relay function for US28 mediated decreased cell viability. Further reduced expression of Gα13 in melanoma cell lines isolated from advanced lesions and melanoma tissue was observed. These findings identified Gα13 as crucial for US28-induced cell death, substantiating that the effect of US28 on cell fate depends on preferred G-protein binding.