Functional Theory Research Articles

Elaborate Designed Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Conductive MOF/LDH/CF Nanoarchitectures for Superior Capacitive Deionization.

Rational exploration of cost-effective, durable, and high-performance electrode materialsis imperative for advancing the progress of capacitive deionization (CDI). The integration of multicomponent layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with conjugated conductive metal-organic frameworks (c-MOFs) to fabricate bifunctional heterostructureelectrode materials is considered a promising strategy. Herein,the fabrication of hierarchical conductive MOF/LDH/CF nanoarchitectures (M-CAT/LDH/CF) as CDI anodes via a controllable grafted-growth strategyis reported.In this assembly, carbon fiber (CF) provides exceptional electrical conductivity facilitating rapid ion transfer and acts as a sturdy foundation for even distribution of NiCoCu-LDH nanosheets. Moreover, the well-ordered NiCoCu-LDH further acts as interior templates to create an interface by embedding c-MOFs and aligning two crystal lattice systems, facilitating the graft growth of c-MOFs/LDH heterostructures along the LDH nanosheet arrays on CF, leading to accelerated ion diffusion kinetics.Density functional theory (DFT) confirms enhanced interfacial charge transfer between NiCoCu-LDH and M-CAT, leading to improved ion transfer and smoother Cl- shuttle.Accordingly, the asymmetrical M-CAT/LDH/CFcell exhibits superior specific capacitance, salt adsorption capacity, rapid rate, and cyclic stability.This work offers valuable insights for designing heterostructure electrode materials based on three-dimensional interconnected networks, contributing to further advancements in CDI technology.

Mouthings in highly multilingual contexts: typological implications from Hawai‘i Sign Language & Sinasina Sign Language

ABSTRACT HSL and SSSL are two endangered sign languages of Hawai‘i and Papua New Guinea, respectively. Mouthings of spoken words in signing, especially in smaller sign languages, is a growing topic in sign language linguistics. Here, I present an analysis of mouthings in HSL and SSSL. Mouthings in these languages may present patterns that are previously unattested in other sign languages, both because the scope of existing research on signing is often limited to North America and Europe and because HSL and SSSL are both used in highly multilingual communities. To categorize and compare mouthings in these languages, obligatoriness of manual and non-manual components, linguistic function, and likely source language are analyzed for each mouthing. Findings here suggest that the mouthing patterns in HSL are typologically unusual, while those in SSSL are more like standard mouthings described in previous literature. Multilingual mouthings are found in both HSL and SSSL, with correlations between source languages and mouthings’ functions. Incongruencies between the HSL mouthings and those in other languages and potential challenges for outsider researchers in identifying mouthings (and their source languages in multilingual contexts) have broader implications for typologies of mouth actions and research practices.

Python Development of Algorithm to find Solution in Pure Strategies of Antagonistic Matrix Game

The article provides an algorithm for finding the optimal solution to the matrix antagonistic game in pure strategies. The algorithm implements the search for the upper and lower prices of the matrix game by implementing the maximal and minimax strategies of the players. The algorithm is encoded using the functionality of the Python programming language. The algorithm is tested using a numerical example.

Exploring Clause Complexity: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Student’s Narrative Text on Central Kalimantan Folklore

Writing cohesive and engaging narrative texts requires effective use of clause complexity to convey meaning and maintain reader interest. This research examines clause complexity in a narrative text written by a student in the English Education Program at the University of Palangka Raya, focusing on Central Kalimantan folklore. Using a qualitative approach with content analysis and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the research applies Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2013) framework, emphasizing taxis (parataxis and hypotaxis) and logico-semantic relations, including expansion (elaboration, extension, and enhancement) and projection (locution and idea). The text was chosen for its thematic relevance, generic structure, language features, and clause diversity. Results show paratactic constructions dominate, comprising 77% of the total clauses, reflecting the student’s preference for coordination to ensure readability and clarity. Paratactic extension (27%) and enhancement (17%) highlight effective idea connection and context, while paratactic locution (33%) underscores the role of dialogue in engaging readers. Hypotactic constructions, at 13%, focus on idea projection and enhancement (10%), indicating limited use of subordination for expressing complex relationships. These findings underline the importance of mastering both coordination and subordination techniques for cohesive, meaningful narratives. The research provides insights for educators to enhance students' clause usage in academic writing.

The lateralized cerebellum: insights into motor, cognitive, and affective functioning across ages: a scoping review.

Research on the cerebellum and its functional organization has significantly expanded over the last decades, expanding our comprehension of its role far beyond motor control, including critical contributions to cognition and affective processing. Notably, the cerebellar lateralization mirrors contralateral brain lateralization, a complex phenomenon that remains unexplored, especially across different stages of life. The present work aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive scoping review of the lateralization of motor, cognitive, and affective functioning within the cerebellum across the lifespan. A methodical search in electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO) was conducted up to October 2024, focusing on neuroimaging studies with healthy participants of all ages performing motor, cognitive, or affective tasks. Our selection process, which involved multiple independent reviewers, identified 128 studies reporting cerebellar asymmetries in individuals from early childhood to older age, with a significant portion of studies regarding young-middle adults (19-45years old). The majority of the findings confirmed established lateralization patterns in motor and language processing, such as ipsilateral motor control and right-lateralized language functions. However, less attention has been paid to other cognitive functions and affective processing where more heterogeneous and less consistent asymmetries have been observed. To the best of our knowledge, this scoping review is the first to comprehensively investigate the motor, cognitive, and affective functional lateralization of the cerebellum across lifespan, highlighting previously overlooked dimensions of cerebellar contributions.

Antibiotic Use and Subsequent Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk in Healthy Older Adults.

Antibiotics rapidly reduce intestinal bacterial diversity, leading to dysbiosis that persists for months to years. Although emerging evidence from retrospective and claims-based studies has linked dysbiosis to cognitive function, prospective data are lacking. We aim to examine the prospective association of antibiotics with cognitive aging among initially healthy older adults. We leveraged data from prospective follow-up and observational extension of ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly, a completed randomized trial of community-based Australian older adults. Among participants whose prescription records were available and without dementia during the first 2 years of follow-up, we identified any or repeated antibiotic use based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code (J01). We assessed the associations of antibiotic use during the first 2 years with longitudinal changes in standardized composite and domain-specific cognitive scores (global cognition, episodic memory, language and executive function, and psychomotor speed) using linear mixed models, and with incident, clinically adjudicated dementia (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria) and incident cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND, without a dementia trigger but with significant, nontransient decline), using Cox proportional hazard models. Over a median of 4.7 years after the second follow-up visit, we documented 461 dementia and 2,576 CIND cases among 13,571 participants (mean age ± SD 75.0 ± 4.1 years, 54.3% female). Compared with nonuse, antibiotic use was not associated with increased risks for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03; 95% CI 0.84-1.25), CIND (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.11), or subsequent declines in cognitive scores, after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle factors, family history of dementia, baseline cognitive function, and medications known to affect cognition. There were also no associations according to the cumulative frequency of antibiotic use, long-term use, specific antibiotic classes (e.g., beta-lactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides), and subgroups defined by risk factors. Among initially healthy older adults, any or repeated antibiotic use was not associated with incident dementia, CIND, or accelerated cognitive decline. Although prescription data may not reflect the actual use, we examined the frequency of antibiotics within a defined period to capture the extent and duration of antibiotic exposure. Our results do not support an association between antibiotic-associated gut microbiome disruption and dementia risk.

Symbols and Interpersonal Meanings of Popular Love Songs

This study ventured to analyze the select popular love songs. It employed a qualitative research approach using linguistic and rhetorical criticism. Systemic Functional Linguistics of M. A. K. Halliday, Fantasy Theme Criticism, and Semiotics were the analyses applied in order to discover the interpersonal meanings and symbols that select popular love songs carry in their lyrics. The researcher analyzed ten (10) songs. The following statistical tools were employed to analyze the data gathered: frequency count and percentage distribution. The research discovered that the mood and modality present in the lyrics of the songs were the two components to consider in determining the interpersonal meanings. On the other hand, the swirling of three themes: setting, character, and actions, form a successful rhetorical vision. The fantasy themes present in love songs, taken together, reveal the worldview created in different contexts of relationships built by love. Salient themes in the songs are breakups, deeply falling in love, regrets, and self-love which codes that encompass the themes are the characters, settings, and actions. The popular love songs invite the rhetorical community to perceive love in many mirrors. Symbols are also present in the lyrics of the songs. The symbols generated from the lines of the songs have a message intended for the addressees. The symbols represent a particular idea, theme, or meaning that the persona would want to communicate to the addressees. Based from the results of the analyses, various strategies in teaching language and literature were made and it is concluded that songs are best to integrate in the teaching of language and literature. It is also recommended that researchers conduct more studies that aim to explore more effective strategies in teaching language and literature utilizing different kinds of poetry.

Association of small vessel disease progression with longitudinal cognitive decline across mild cognitive impairment.

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is the leading cause of vascular dementia. However, it is unclear whether the individual SVD or global SVD progression correlates with cognitive decline across mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. To investigate the association of small vessel disease progression with longitudinal cognitive decline across MCI. We included 432 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, with 151 participants in the cognitively normal (CN) group and 281 participants in the MCI group. We evaluated magnetic resonance imaging-based SVD markers in both CN and MCI groups and explored their associations with 12-and 24-month cognitive decline using linear mixing effect (LME) models. In the CN group, cerebral microbleed (CMB) progression was associated with the decline in language function (p < 0.05), and deep white matter hyperintensity (WMH) progression was associated with a decline in memory function (p < 0.05). In the MCI group, CMB progression was associated with a decline in memory function (p < 0.05) and lacunes progression was associated with executive function (p < 0.05), whereas the progression of global SVD score was not related to longitudinal cognitive function. The progression of CMB and WMH had an impact on cognitive decline in both CN and MCI groups, and lacunes progression only had an association with cognitive decline in the MCI group. Our study suggested that individual SVD markers may have a higher predictive value in longitudinal cognition compared with global SVD burden.

The Application of Traditional Chinese Auspicious Animal Patterns in Commercial Poster Illustration

Traditional Chinese auspicious animal patterns are significant symbols of Chinese culture, carrying profound historical and cultural connotations. In the context of globalization and digitalization, how to innovatively apply traditional patterns to modern commercial poster illustrations has become an important topic in the cultural and creative industries. This study focuses on traditional Chinese auspicious animal patterns, exploring their application strategies and practical approaches in commercial poster illustrations. Through literature review, case analysis, and comparative analysis, this paper examines the cultural and artistic characteristics of traditional patterns, combined with the visual language and communication functions of commercial poster illustrations. It proposes application strategies such as aligning pattern selection with themes, integrating traditional designs with modern aesthetics, unifying color schemes with brand identity, and enhancing composition for visual impact. By analyzing typical domestic and international cases, the study summarizes successful experiences and shortcomings, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the modern application of traditional patterns. The research demonstrates that incorporating traditional Chinese auspicious animal patterns into commercial poster illustrations not only inherits and promotes traditional culture but also enhances the cultural value and market competitiveness of designs, injecting new vitality into the sustainable development of the cultural and creative industries.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Chants during Ouster of Prime Minister of Bangladesh: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Perspective

This article aims to critically investigate the role of protest chants during the 2024 ouster of Prime Minister of Bangladesh, using Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as an analytical framework within the larger context of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Chants as a powerful tool for mobilization, comprises socio-political tensions, unity and resistance against power. This study delves into the linguistic features that create an influential impact on the public by examining chants and a song of resistance ‘Awaz Utha’ using ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions of SFL. The study is based on Qualitative methodology and advances the discipline of CDA by uncovering the complex meanings of protest discourse. The results explore how the chants act as a powerful agent to disperse ideas of freedom and describe the sketch of political ideologies. It also shed light on the protest movements in socio-political contexts and the role of language in shaping political and social resistance and collective identities in Bangladesh. This perspective is crucial in highlighting the role of language in amplifying marginalized voices and the interplay of language, power and resistance in the protestants demands.

Long-term Cognitive Trajectories in Older Adults After Surgery: A Population-based Cohort Study.

Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is a common, but often unrecognized condition after surgery. We evaluate postsurgical cognitive changes in a longitudinal population-based study. The study cohort comprises an age-stratified population-based random sample of individuals aged 65+ years from a small-town region of the United States. We identified as cases those participants who, during annual assessments, self-reported having undergone surgery under general anesthesia during the preceding year. We identified as controls those who reported no surgery for at least 6 consecutive years. The outcome variable changed over time (4y) in annual cognitive test composite scores encompassing the domains of attention/processing speed, executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial functions, which were modeled using Generalized Estimating Equations. A total of 436 participants had the required cognitive data; 179 participants (cases) had undergone surgery, while 257 participants (controls) had not undergone surgery. After adjusting for age, years of education, gender, race, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, and stroke, participants who underwent surgery had a greater decline in executive function, memory, and attention over a 2-year period. Participants who underwent surgery had a significant subsequent decline in cognitive function over the long term.

Factors associated with quality of life in long-COVID syndrome.

Approximately 10% of patients experience persistent symptoms following COVID-19, known as long-COVID syndrome. This cross-sectional study explored factors of quality of life (QoL) in 53 long-COVID patients. QoL was measured using the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, fatigue with the Fatigue Visual Analogue Scale, and psychological health with the Depression-Anxiety-Stress-21 questionnaire. Six neuropsychological tests assessed information processing speed, verbal memory, visual memory, working memory, attention, language, fluency, recall, and visuospatial function with a composite score calculated by averaging z scores. Patients (76% female, mean age: 54.1 years) were assessed 8.7 months postinfection. Cognitive impairment, present in 49% of the sample, was not associated with QoL. In multiple linear regression, gender, fatigue, and psychological distress accounted for 42% of QoL variance, with fatigue and distress contributing 7% and 11%, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine if fatigue and psychological distress are causally related to QoL in long-COVID and could be treatment targets.

Cardiac Biomarkers, Subclinical Brain Vascular Changes, and Cognitive Decline: Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT Trial.

The association between subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cognitive decline in hypertensive adults and the underlying brain pathologies remain unclear. It is also undetermined whether intensifying blood pressure (BP) treatment slows down cognitive decline associated with subclinical CVD. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. Subclinical CVD at baseline was identified by elevated levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT≥14ng/L) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP≥125 pg/mL). Global cognitive function and domain-specific measures (memory, processing speed, language, and executive function) were assessed at baseline and follow-up (years 2, 4, and 6) in 2733 participants. White matter lesions, cerebral blood flow, and brain tissue volume were assessed by MRI at baseline and years 4 in a subset of 639 participants. Both elevated hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP levels at baseline were associated with accelerated cognitive decline across all domains after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The group with elevated levels of both cardiac biomarkers showed the fastest decline, with a larger annual decline rate of 0.033 (95% CI: 0.024-0.041) in the z-score of global cognitive function compared to the group with normal levels. Elevated levels of both biomarkers were also associated with a faster progression in white matter lesions, but not with changes in total brain tissue volume or cerebral blood flow. Intensive BP treatment did not attenuate these associations compared to standard treatment. Subclinical CVD may contribute to faster white matter lesion progression and accelerated cognitive decline in patients with hypertension, regardless of intensive BP treatment.

Neural dynamics of social verb processing: an MEG study.

Human vocabularies include specific words to communicate interpersonal behaviors, a core linguistic function mainly afforded by social verbs (SVs). This skill has been proposed to engage dedicated systems subserving social knowledge. Yet, neurocognitive evidence is scarce, and no study has examined spectro-temporal and spatial signatures of SV access. Here, we combined magnetoencephalography and time-resolved decoding methods to characterize the neural dynamics underpinning SVs, relative to nonsocial verbs (nSVs), via a lexical decision task. Time-frequency analysis revealed stronger beta (20 Hz) power decreases for SVs in right fronto-temporal sensors at early stages. Time-resolved decoding showed that beta oscillations significantly discriminated SVs and nSVs between 180 and 230 ms. Sources of this effect were traced to the right anterior superior temporal gyrus (a key hub underpinning social conceptual knowledge) as well as parietal, pre/motor and prefrontal cortices supporting nonverbal social cognition. Finally, representational similarity analyses showed that the observed fronto-temporal neural patterns were specifically predicted by verbs' socialness, as opposed to other psycholinguistic dimensions such as sensorimotor content, emotional valence, arousal, and concreteness. Overall, verbal conveyance of socialness seems to involve distinct neurolinguistic patterns, partly shared by more general sociocognitive and lexicosemantic processes.

Impact of Social Disadvantage on Medical and Functional Severity in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Those with neurological disorders like cerebral palsy (CP) may experience an altered impact of social determinates of health on child functioning and well-being. We investigated the relationship between relative social advantage and medical and functional outcomes in a large cohort of children, adolescents and young adults with CP (n = 1269, aged 2-84 years). We extracted data from the Cerebral Palsy Research Registry and dichotomized a range of independent factors (income, ethnicity and race) into advantaged and disadvantaged/vulnerable and a range of medical and functional outcomes (gross motor, manual ability, behaviour, breathing, nutritional intake, hearing, seizures, language and vision) and computed odds ratios using logistic regression. We found significantly more gross and fine motor functional limitations for those with disadvantage in income (p = 0.002 and 0.006), marginalized race (p < 0.001 and 0.062) or ethnicity (p = 0.013 and 0.014). Ethnicity was further implicated in gestational age, whereas minority race played a role in more severe impairments in breathing, nutritional intake, language functioning and low birth weight status. We found evidence of more health and functional challenges for children with CP and social disadvantage in our cohort. Additional access to equitable resources may improve these imbalances and should be prioritized.

Cerebellar activity and functional connectivity in subacute subcortical aphasia: Association with language recovery

Loss of language function (aphasia) is a common complication after stroke, and post-stroke recovery remains highly unpredictable due to the absence of reliable neurobiomarkers. Growing evidence points to involvement of the cerebellum in language processing; however, it is unclear if abnormal cerebellar activity and altered functional connectivity (FC) to language-related regions of cerebral cortex are underlying neural mechanisms for subcortical aphasia. In this longitudinal observational study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine potential abnormalities in spontaneous cerebellar activity and resting-state (rs)FC with language networks among post-stroke patients with subacute subcortical aphasia (n = 19) compared to healthy controls (HCs, n = 18).In addition, correlations between rsFC variables and language performance metrics were examined at post-stroke baseline and at follow-up. Compared to HCs, patients with subacute subcortical aphasia exhibited significantly reduced fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, a measure of spontaneous activity, in the right cerebellar Crus II (rCrus II) region and reduced rsFC between rCrus II and left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), left angular gyrus (LAG), and left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG). Both rCrus II–LAG and rCrus II–LMTG rsFC values were positively correlated with Aphasia Battery of Chinese scores at baseline. Baseline rCrus II–LIFG rsFC was also positively correlated with spontaneous speech and naming scores at follow-up. A stronger baseline rCrus II–LIFG rsFC predicted superior recovery of language function post-stroke. We conclude that the right cerebellum may be an effective therapeutic target for subcortical aphasia.

Electroencephalography-guided transcranial direct current stimulation improves picture-naming performance.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential method for improving verbal function by stimulating Broca's area. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to optimize the stimulation site, but it is unclear whether similar optimization can be achieved using scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Here, we investigated whether tDCS targeting a brain area identified by EEG can improve verbalization performance during a picture-naming task. In Experiment 1, EEG and fMRI data were acquired during a naming task with 21 participants. Comparison of EEG and fMRI data showed overlap in the highest areas of activation for 80% of the participants. In Experiment 2, tDCS was administered to 15 participants using a crossover design, with stimulation targeting the EEG-guided area, Broca's area, and sham conditions. Our findings indicated that tDCS targeting the EEG-guided area significantly improved lexical retrieval speed compared with stimulation over Broca's area and sham conditions. These results support the validity of EEG-based area identification and its use in optimizing the effects of tDCS on improving language function.

Advances in diagnostic imaging and interventional treatment of aphasia after basal ganglia stroke.

Post-stroke basal ganglia aphasia is an unusual and transient form of aphasia resulting from basal ganglia damage. It is commonly believed that the generation of language function primarily resides in regular language regions of the brain; however, recent findings indicate a prevalence of basal ganglia stroke aphasia as high as 22%. Subcortical structures (e.g., basal ganglia) also play an important role in language processing. Aphasia seriously affects the quality of life and functional outcomes of patients, and early diagnosis and intervention are important for the prognosis of and rehabilitation from aphasia after basal ganglia stroke. In recent years, the main diagnostic methods for basal ganglia aphasia include diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion spectral imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, which explore the changes in patients with basal ganglia aphasia compared to those without from the perspectives of fiber tract imaging and brain function alteration, respectively, and are able to predict the recovery of patients before and after treatment. Treatment for post-stroke basal ganglia aphasia includes transcranial magnetic stimulation, a recent emerging therapeutic technique, in addition to conventional medications and speech rehabilitation. Consequently, understanding this condition is crucial. This review delves into its causes, imaging methods, and therapeutic interventions, offering a systematic and comprehensive analysis of these aspects.

A Study on Learner Perceptions about Satisfaction Factors for Major-affiliated Required General English Education

This study examined the factors affecting college students’ satisfaction (hereinafter participants) with regards to who took a major-related content-based required general English education program for 15 weeks at a university in Seoul. This course mainly consisted of speaking and writing activities among the four functions of language. Factors that affect participants’ satisfaction include the following six domains: (1) class operation and system, (2) teaching content, (3) overall program direction, (4) instructors’ expertise, and (5) instructors’ attitude (friendliness), and (6) instructors’ interaction with learners. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that have the most influence on the satisfaction degree of learners for the future, rather than to focus on teaching the four language skills (e.g., speaking, listening, reading, and writing), which were the main stream of general English education in the past. The purpose is to explore the implications and direction of how to design the content and to provide implications for the direction of general English education by examining the level of learner satisfaction. This study implies that the general English education should prepare for the future and focus on reflecting learners’ satisfaction factors, while suggesting further research regarding what factors incoprorated with major areas will help learners develop language abilities.

DISINTEGRATION OF THE SELF SYSTEM IN A PATIENT WITH SEMANTIC VARIANT PPA (SVPPA) DIAGNOSED FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19

The aim of this study is to present a patient with semantic variant PPA (svPPA) diagnosed following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 contraction, who experienced a dramatic disintegration of the Self system.The patient, a 45-year-old bilingual physician with no chronic diseases, contracted SARS-CoV-2 in November 2020, confirmed by RT-PCR. During acute COVID-19, he developed high fever (40C) and neurological symptoms such as severe headache, dizziness, confusion, and loss of smell. About 16 weeks later, he had difficulties understanding common words in Polish and English (he was bilingual). One year post-COVID-19, his language impairment has intensified affecting word comprehension and naming. His syntax and phonology in Polish remained relatively intact, but he appeared confused. Despite losing word meaning, he could still use various objects. Psychiatric examination showed no mental illness, while neurological and neuropsychological assessments revealed long COVID with predominant aphasia symptoms. He had problems with lexical classification and higher-level differentiation. A MRI one year after COVID-19 showed significant asymmetric cortical atrophy in the temporal regions, predominantly on the left side, and in subcortical areas. In the Polish Boston Naming Test (BNT), he had difficulty recalling well-known items and used general descriptions instead (the patient occasionally mixed Polish and English). In the Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (PPTT) we found impairment of semantic memory. Surface dyslexia and dysgraphia were also found. Working memory impairment increased as the disease progressed. Information flow was profoundly disturbed, and ERPs to all stimuli significantly reduced. Two years after contracting COVID-19, the patient exhibited significant loss of object knowledge and constructional apraxia. He developed blank speech, making incoherent statements. As the disease progressed the patient lost his sense of identity, unable to recognize objects or faces, including his reflection. In June 2023, just over two and a half years after contracting COVID-19, the patient developed pneumonia. He was hospitalized and died a few days later. Post-mortem examinations revealed asymmetric cortical atrophy of the temporal lobes, more severe in the left hemisphere, which is associated with language functions. TDP-43 proteinopathy was also diagnosed. We will discuss the multifaceted symptoms and significance of this case study for modern medicine.This reliably documented case serves as a significant contribution to modern neuroscience, offering valuable insights into the intersection of COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases, and paving the way for future research and improved patient care.