Functional Specificity Research Articles

The Role of Lexical Repetition in the Text Organization When the Mountains Fall (The Eternal Bride) Novel by Ch. Aitmatov

The author uses various means of language to deeply reveal the images of the characters in his works, to talk about their relationships, way of life, to describe beautiful pictures of nature. Among the units used as pictorial and expressive means in the artistic space of many writers, lexical repetition occupies a great place. This article is devoted to the study of lexical repetition, clarification of its functional characteristics, specificity and meaning in the space of the literary text on the material When the Mountains Fall (The Eternal Bride) literary work by Ch. Aitmatov. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that repetition is considered as a category of the text, providing its structural coherence, semantic organization, reflecting the picture of the world of the writer and the character. In modern linguistics, repetition is rightly considered a multidimensional, multifunctional and complex phenomenon. The use of this means in different language styles is still insufficiently studied. The purpose of the article is not only to identify the types of repetition and determine the functions, but also to characterize the peculiarities of their use in Chyngyz Aitmatov.

Review of: "Functional specifications and resistance measurement of Nano wire"

Review of: "Functional specifications and resistance measurement of Nano wire"

Peculiarities of soybean-rhizobial systems subject to different levels of water supply fol-lowing treatment with succinic acid and epibrassinolide

All around the world, one of the leading – according to area of cultivated fields – oleic crops is soybean, which has a high demand for moisture. Given the significance of this crop and negative impact of drought on its yield, integrated research of the influence of insufficient water supply on the intensity of physiological-biochemical processes in those plants is necessary for identifying and understanding the drought-tolerance mechanisms of soybean, as well as symbiotic systems created with its participation, and also for search for ways to adapt it to this stressor. Therefore, our objective was determining the specifics of formation and functioning of the symbiotic systems of soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, following treatment with succinic acid (0.01 g/L) and 24-epibrassinolide (0.00001 g/L), subject to different levels of watering. Our studies revealed that pre-sowing treatment of the seeds with a solution of 24-epibrassinolide with their subsequent inoculation with B. japonicum Т21-2 resulted in the most pronounced stimulation of formation and functioning of the symbiotic systems of soybean in the optimal growing conditions. At the same time, during water shortage, the intensity of nitrogen fixation was the highest in the plants grown from seeds that had been successively treated with the acid and the inoculant. We confirmed that water deficit led to significant increase in the overall content of phytohormones of cytokinin nature in the soybean root nodules, depending on the way the seeds were treated. However, the largest pool of cytokinins was seen in the plants that had been treated with succinic acid against the background of both optimal and insufficient water supply. Treatment of the seeds with 24-epibrassinolide caused significant excess of content of zeatin riboside over the content of zeatin during the flowering stage, whereas in the stage of pods formation it led to an opposite effect – excess of zeatin over zeatin riboside. Fourteen days-long water deficit decreased the content of chlorophylls in the leaves and grain productivity of the plants of all variants of the experiment. The use of growth regulators managed to alleviate the negative impact of stress and protect the pigment complex from ruination. Treatment of the seeds with solutions of succinic acid and 24-epibrassinolide provided the growth of soybean grain productivity regardless on water-supply level. The most efficient was 24-epibrassinolide. Therefore, use of 24-epibrassinolide for pre-sowing treatment of the soybean seeds provided formation of effective symbiotic systems with high nitrogen-fixing activity and caused a number of specific changes in the pattern of accumulation of free and complex forms of cytokinins in the root nodules of those plants. At the same time, the treatment provided the highest concentration of photosynthesis pigments in the soybean leaves, and as a result produced the greatest increase in grain productivity of plants of all the variants, regardless of levels of water supply. In turn, use of succinic acid produced the highest level of nitrogen-fixing activity in the case of the lowest number of root nodules in the conditions of insufficient water supply, and also caused significant accumulation of cytokinins in the nodules, compared with other studied variants against the background of both optimal and insufficient water supply. Therefore, it did result in increase in soybean grain productivity, but this was lower than in the plants treated with 24-epibrassinolide.

Lignocellulosic Moringa oleifera bark enabled biofabrication of MgO nanocatalyst: Application in developing temperature tolerance fungal cellulase cocktail

The desirable characteristics of the hydrolytic enzymes for cellulose digestion include high catalytic activity and stress resistance ability under diverse condition during the process of bioconversion. In this view, for enhancing the thermal stability and functional specificity of enzymes, nanomaterials offer enormous potential. The waste bark of the Moringa plant, which is found to be rich in phytochemicals, has been used to synthesize MgO nanoparticles (MgO NPs) in the current study using an environmentally friendly and economical process. The newly synthesized MgO NPs has been characterized through various tools that included XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM and TEM to evaluate physicochemical properties. Thereafter, impact of this phytochemically synthesized MgO NPs has been analyzed on the thermal stability and efficiency of the raw fungal cellulases. The different enzyme components demonstrated elevated thermal stability, such as filter paper activity (FPA) at 60 °C for 6.5 h, β-glucosidase (BGL) activity at 6.0 h, and endoglucanase (EG) activity at 50 °C for 4.0 h at a 20 mg concentration of MgO NPs. Such an improved nanomaterials assisted thermal efficiency of the enzyme systems can be further explored for numerous cellulase-enabled industrial purposes.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1, a major regulator of biological processes.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a major type I arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of monomethyl and asymmetric dimethylarginine in protein substrates. It was first identified to asymmetrically methylate histone H4 at the third arginine residue forming the H4R3me2a active histone mark. However, several protein substrates are now identified as being methylated by PRMT1. As a result of its association with diverse classes of substrates, PRMT1 regulates several biological processes like chromatin dynamics, transcription, RNA processing, and signal transduction. The review provides an overview of PRMT1 structure, biochemical features, specificity, regulation, and role in cellular functions. We discuss the genomic distribution of PRMT1 and its association with tRNA genes. Further, we explore the different substrates of PRMT1 involved in splicing. In the end, we discuss the proteins that interact with PRMT1 and their downstream effects in diseased states.

The effect of hurricanes on mental health over the long term

Existing causal studies examining the impact of hurricanes on health and health-related outcomes typically focus on short-run impacts and specific outcomes associated with physical health. In this paper, I explore the long-term effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the mental health of adults using two individual-level datasets from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics. Difference-in-differences models are used to estimate the long-run causal impact of hurricanes. I compare the mental health of adults living in Katrina and Rita affected counties to those in other counties before and after the hurricanes. My findings suggest that the hurricanes increased the number of poor mental health days by 0.49 days per 30 days (14.5 %) during a seven-year post period (2006–2012) and psychological distress by 0.46 K-6 points (15.2 %) during a six-year post period. I also find that the estimated effects were notably larger among specific sub-groups, such as single mothers and black respondents. These results are robust to different sample and functional form specifications. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that long-lasting effects need to be included in any analysis of the impact of hurricanes in order to capture their full effect.

The potential of verbs of thinking in the implementation of the modal meaning of desirability, possibility in media discourse

The author, based on media texts, examines the verbs of thinking, think, decide and their derivatives. The subject of the study is the meaning of situational modality - the meaning of desirability, possibilities realized by verbs of thinking. The purpose of the work is to reveal the specifics of the modal functioning of the verbs thinking, think, decide and their derivatives. Achieving this goal is facilitated by solving the following tasks: 1) identify modal meanings realized by the verbs think and decide and their derivatives; 2) determine the conditions for the modal functioning of the above verbs. The goals and objectives of this work determined the choice of a comprehensive research methodology, including the following methods: functional-semantic, contextual, descriptive. As a result of the study, it was found that the verbs of thinking and decide and their derivatives are capable of realizing the modal meaning of desirability (variant meaning of intention), possibility, and in some cases the complex meaning of “desirability + possibility”. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the material and subject of the study. The analysis of media texts made it possible to: 1) establish the lexical and grammatical basis of the modal functioning of verbs of thinking, the semantics of which implicitly contains a modal component; 2) determine the syntactic conditions for the implementation of the meanings of situational modality, which consist in the presence of a dependent (subjective) infinitive with the verb; 3) to conclude that the most frequent modal modifier in media discourse is the verb to decide and its derivatives. Observations and conclusions obtained as a result of the study stimulate further study of the specifics and conditions of the modal functioning of verbs of thinking in different spheres of social life.

Nonparametric estimation for SDE with sparsely sampled paths: An FDA perspective

We consider the problem of nonparametric estimation of the drift and diffusion coefficients of a Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE), based on n independent replicates Xi(t):t∈[0,1]1≤i≤n, observed sparsely and irregularly on the unit interval, and subject to additive noise corruption. By sparse we intend to mean that the number of measurements per path can be arbitrary (as small as two), and can remain constant with respect to n. We focus on time-inhomogeneous SDE of the form dX(t)=μ(t)X(t)αdt+σ(t)X(t)βdB(t), where α∈{0,1} and β∈{0,1/2,1}, which includes prominent examples such as Brownian motion, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, geometric Brownian motion and Brownian bridge. Our estimators are constructed by relating the local (drift/diffusion) parameters of the SDE to its global parameters (mean/covariance, and their derivatives) by means of an apparently novel Partial Differential Equation (PDE). This allows us to use methods inspired by functional data analysis, and pool information across the sparsely measured paths. The methodology we develop is fully non-parametric and avoids any functional form specification on the time-dependency of either the drift function or the diffusion function. We establish almost sure uniform asymptotic convergence rates of the proposed estimators as the number of observed paths n grows to infinity. Our rates are non-asymptotic in the number of measurements per path, explicitly reflecting how different sampling frequency might affect the speed of convergence. Our framework suggests possible further fruitful interactions between FDA and SDE methods in problems with replication.

Issues of interethnic tolerance and national identity in the processes of the information space globalization

The authors analyze the content and functional specificity of the phenomenon of tolerance and explore the possibilities of media in the formation of interethnic media culture of participants in the communication space. It is shown that journalism and the media form the interethnic media culture of participants in the communication space and demonstrate models of political and social behavior to the audience, including certain stereotypes of citizens’ interethnic and intercultural tolerance. The article examines tolerance as the perception and understanding of other cultures, ways of self-expression, and manifestation of human individuality.

Features and protective efficacy of human monoclonal antibodies targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan.

A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major knowledge gap. We have shown that human polyclonal IgG to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) surface glycan arabinomannan (AM) and related lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is protective against TB. To investigate the impact of AM epitope recognition and Fc-gamma receptor (FcgR)-binding on antibody functions against Mtb, we isolated a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody (mAb; P1AM25) to AM and show its binding to oligosaccharide (OS) motifs we previously found to be associated with in vitro functions of human polyclonal anti-AM IgG. Human IgG1 P1AM25, but not two other high-affinity human IgG1 anti-AM mAbs reactive with different AM OS motifs, enhanced Mtb phagocytosis by macrophages and reduced intracellular growth in an FcgR-dependent manner. P1AM25 in murine IgG2a, but neither murine IgG1 nor a non-FcgR-binding IgG, given intraperitoneally prior to and after aerosolized Mtb infection was protective in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, we demonstrate the protective efficacy of human IgG1 P1AM25 in passive transfer with Mtb-infected FcgR-humanized mice. These data enhance our knowledge of the important interplay between both antibody epitope specificity and Fc effector functions in the defense against Mtb and could inform development strategies of vaccines against TB.

The bacterial magnesium transporter MgtA reveals highly selective interaction with specific cardiolipin species

The bacterial magnesium transporter A (MgtA) is a specialized P-type ATPase important for Mg2+ import into the cytoplasm; disrupted magnesium homeostasis is linked to intrinsic ribosome instability and antibacterial resistance in Salmonella strains. Here, we show that MgtA has functional specificity for cardiolipin 18:1. Still, it reaches maximum activity only in combination with cardiolipin 16:0, equivalent to the major components of native cardiolipin found in E. coli membranes. Native mass spectrometry indicates the presence of two binding sites for cardiolipin, agreeing with the kinetic studies revealing that a cooperative relationship likely exists between the two cardiolipin variants. This is the first experimental evidence of cooperative effects between lipids of the same class, with only minor variations in their acyl chain composition, acting on a membrane protein. In summary, our results reveal that MgtA exhibits a highly complex interaction with one cardiolipin 18:1 and one cardiolipin 16:0, affecting protein activity and stability, contributing to our understanding of the particular interactions between lipid environment and membrane proteins. Further, a better understanding of Mg2+ homeostasis in bacteria, due to its role as a virulence regulator, will provide further insights into the regulation and mechanism of bacterial infections.

Specificity in plant-mycorrhizal fungal relationships: prevalence, parameterization, and prospects.

Species interactions exhibit varying degrees of specialization, ranging from generalist to specialist interactions. For many interactions (e.g., plant-microbiome) we lack standardized metrics of specialization, hindering our ability to apply comparative frameworks of specificity across niche axes and organismal groups. Here, we discuss the concept of plant host specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, including the predominant theories for their interactions: Passenger, Driver, and Habitat Hypotheses. We focus on five major areas of interest in advancing the field of plant-mycorrhizal fungal host specificity: phylogenetic specificity, host physiology specificity, functional specificity, habitat specificity, and mycorrhizal fungal-mediated plant rarity. Considering the need to elucidate foundational concepts of specificity in this globally important symbiosis, we propose standardized metrics and comparative studies to enhance our understanding. We also emphasize the importance of analyzing global mycorrhizal data holistically to draw meaningful conclusions and suggest a shift toward single-species analyses to unravel the complexities underlying these associations.

Bivariate INAR(1) model under negative binomial innovations with non-homogeneous over-dispersed indices and application

This paper introduces a new bivariate integer-valued autoregressive of order (1) (BINAR(1)) model with negative binomial (NB) innovations under non-stationary moments. The purpose of this time series process is mainly to model series that are affected by time-dependent covariate effects and that, in particular, exhibit different levels of over-dispersion which is a phenomenon commonly noticed in many real-life series applications. In this proposed model, the cross-correlation is induced locally by allowing the current counting series observation to relate with the previous-lagged observation of the other series or vice versa while the pair of NB innovations are assumed uncorrelated. The estimation of the regression, over-dispersion and dependence parameters is conducted using a generalized quasi-likelihood (GQL) approach since the specification of the likelihood function, under non-stationarity, is rather difficult to specify in the above situation. Monte-Carlo simulation experiments are executed to assess the quality of the GQL estimators. The model is also applied and compared with other bivariate time series models to some real-life series in Mauritius.

DigitEZ: Blockchain-based Business Permit using Smart Contracts for the Municipality of Murcia

As technology evolves, government document permits must practice the necessity to adapt to a rapidly changing reality. Government requirements are now being made online, an easy way to catch up on any activity and transaction. Modern Technology continues its rapid development, affecting all aspects of life, but most importantly, it affects the security of a process. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a Blockchain-based Business Permit that helps government officials improve their safety and processing of any permits, like preventing falsification and forgery that may occur at times. This specific type of shared database stores data in cryptographically linked blocks to create an immutable and open ledger. The system may provide a tamper-proof and auditable record of permit-related transactions, lowering the possibility of document fabrication and illegal revisions. The main feature of this system is securing all the information and requirements to ensure that all are complete and correct data. The researchers used the Agile Model to develop the plan to help the beneficiaries understand the specification of features, requirements, functionalities, and network architectures. The estimated budget cost for the software development is Php135,000.00 for 8 to 12 working months.

A review of regularization strategies and solution techniques for ill-posed inverse problems, with application to inverse heat transfer problems

With the presence of a large number of inversion algorithms for inverse heat transfer problems (IHTPs) and non-IHTPs, a need for review to have a holistic view is seen. An exhaustive literature review, with the motivation of selecting the inversion technique best fit for a given problem, was made for a general inverse problem. For ill-posedness, a classification of available regularization algorithms namely Tikhonov’s regularization, Bayesian regularization, mollification method, Beck’s sequential approach and Alifanov’s iterative approach, has been provided. Inversion methods like singular value decomposition, truncated singular value decomposition, Tikhonov regularization and total variation regularization are explained. Optimization methods namely steepest descent method, conjugate gradient method, Newton method, Levenberg–Marquardt method, Lagrange method, adjoint method, function specification method, genetic algorithm, differential evolution and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are reviewed. Further, a technique based on neural networks is studied, and wavelet methods like shrinking and wavelet vaguelette decomposition are reviewed. Associated literature has also been listed, highlighting the gaps. The usability of various algorithms in IHTP, starting from the golden section search method, for retrieval of a single parameter, to the regularized versions of the inversion technique, for retrieval of multiple parameters with uncertainty, demonstrates real-life applications to fins in IHTP. An inversion algorithm capable to handle every kind of nonlinearity is sought in literature, whose absence raises the research question, “Is there a technique that works globally for every inverse problem?”, is asked prior to, “What if the available techniques were not utilized to an extent that they should?” is posed. In lieu of this gap, a general comparative framework is developed, such that an efficient technique is selected, based on the total minimum error, which can be used in any field of interest.

The multi-lineage transcription factor ISL1 controls cardiomyocyte cell fate through interaction with NKX2.5

Congenital heart disease often arises from perturbations of transcription factors (TFs) that guide cardiac development. ISLET1 (ISL1) is a TF that influences early cardiac cell fate, as well as differentiation of other cell types including motor neuron progenitors (MNPs) and pancreatic islet cells. While lineage specificity of ISL1 function is likely achieved through combinatorial interactions, its essential cardiac interacting partners are unknown. By assaying ISL1 genomic occupancy in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors (CPs) or MNPs and leveraging the deep learning approach BPNet, we identified motifs of other TFs that predicted ISL1 occupancy in each lineage, with NKX2.5 and GATA motifs being most closely associated to ISL1 in CPs. Experimentally, nearly two-thirds of ISL1-bound loci were co-occupied by NKX2.5 and/or GATA4. Removal of NKX2.5 from CPs led to widespread ISL1 redistribution, and overexpression of NKX2.5 in MNPs led to ISL1 occupancy of CP-specific loci. These results reveal how ISL1 guides lineage choices through a combinatorial code that dictates genomic occupancy and transcription.

「현가궤범(絃歌軌範)」의 교육적 가치

This study raised the necessity of discussing the educational value of “HyeongaGwebeom” based on the fact that Yoo Jung-gyo(柳重敎, 1832-1893) completed “HyeongaGwebeom” in 1887 as an educational tool to teach and learn Do(道) and actually contributed to Hyeonga education in his Seosa (書社). Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to distinguish and examine the meaning of Hyeonga's behavior and purpose of performance in various literature of the Joseon Dynasty, and to rediscover the educational value of “HyungaGwebeom” by sequentially considering the background and basis for establishing its own status.
 To summarize the results of the discussion, first, "HyeongaGwebeom" is a comprehensive and substantive result of Yoo Jung-gyo's educational method, focusing on the educational values inherent in Hyunga(絃歌), including major music principles and theories essential for Hyunga education, picture materials including the production and performance of JaYanggeum(紫陽琴). This is interpreted as a further challenge directly implemented in real education by establishing an independent status for the performance of Hyunga(絃歌) and giving concreteness to the previous ideological and abstract meaning of Hyunga(絃歌). Second, "HyeongaGwebeom" was designed as a practical educational material for Ak(樂) used in narrative according to the Neo-Confucian thought system, and aims to realize the national virtue of completing social and national music through Hyeonga as an epic ritual. Third, "Hyunga Gwebeom" was in charge of securing specificity and practical educational functions such as inserting pictures of the production and performance methods of Jayanggeum to directly perform Hyunga's "Hyun" and "Ga," and making it easier to sing the lyrics of poetry and Yuljabo(律字譜).

Protein kinase SnRK2.4 is a key regulator of aquaporins and root hydraulics in Arabidopsis.

Soil water uptake by roots is a key component of plant water homeostasis contributing to plant growth and survival under ever-changing environmental conditions. The water transport capacity of roots (root hydraulic conductivity; Lpr ) is mostly contributed by finely regulated Plasma membrane Intrinsic Protein (PIP) aquaporins. In this study, we used natural variation of Arabidopsis for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to Lpr . Using recombinant lines from a biparental cross (Cvi-0 x Col-0), we show that the gene encoding class 2 Sucrose-Non-Fermenting Protein kinase 2.4 (SnRK2.4) in Col-0 contributes to >30% of Lpr by enhancing aquaporin-dependent water transport. At variance with the inactive and possibly unstable Cvi-0 SnRK2.4 form, the Col-0 form interacts with and phosphorylates the prototypal PIP2;1 aquaporin at Ser121 and stimulates its water transport activity upon coexpression in Xenopus oocytes and yeast cells. Activation of PIP2;1 by Col-0 SnRK2.4 in yeast also requires its protein kinase activity and can be counteracted by clade A Protein Phosphatases 2C. SnRK2.4 shows all hallmarks to be part of core abscisic acid (ABA) signaling modules. Yet, long-term (>3 h) inhibition of Lpr by ABA possibly involves a SnRK2.4-independent inhibition of PIP2;1. SnRK2.4 also promotes stomatal aperture and ABA-induced inhibition of primary root growth. The study identifies a key component of Lpr and sheds new light on the functional overlap and specificity of SnRK2.4 with respect to other ABA-dependent or independent SnRK2s.

Single cell transcriptomics reveal the heterogeneities of TCR Vα7.2+CD161+ and TCR Vα7.2+CD161− T cells in human peripheral blood

PurposeT cell receptor (TCR) usually determines the specificity and unique function of T cells. Recently, the unconventional T cells with a unique TCR have attracted great attentions because of their clinical importance. TCR Vα7.2+ cells, that consist of the CD161+ mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD161− non-MAIT T cells, have been reported to play crucial roles in immune defenses. However, their characterizations in human blood are still obscure. This study aims to investigate the signatures and functions of circulating TCR Vα7.2+CD161+ MAIT and TCR Vα7.2+CD161− cells under steady state.MethodsThe TCR Vα7.2+CD161+ and TCR Vα7.2+CD161− cells were separately sorted from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and send for single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Flow cytometry analysis was used to verify the findings obtained from scRNA-seq analysis.ResultsOur findings demonstrated that there are more TCR Vα7.2+CD161+ cells than TCR Vα7.2+CD161− cells in healthy donor PBMCs and revealed the differences between them. Under steady state, 4 TCR Vα7.2+CD161+ MAIT clusters existed in peripheral blood. Pseudotime analysis further implied the development trajectory of these MAIT cells, which was ordered from CCR7+ resting cluster to LGALS3+ transitional cluster, followed by KLRG1+ cluster and ending with CX3CR1+ terminally differentiated cytotoxic cluster. In addition, our results revealed that TCR Vα7.2+CD161− cells consist of different kind of conventional T cells. These TCR Vα7.2+CD161− non-MAIT cells showed a higher level of Granzyme B expression and upregulated genes associated with cytotoxicity, which implicated their roles in immune defense.ConclusionOur findings advanced the understandings of the evolution of circulating MAIT cells. We also preliminarily defined the TCR Vα7.2+CD161− PBMCs as a combination of versatile CD4+ and CD8+ populations with cytotoxicity.

Artistic center of painters in Lviv of the Eighteenth Century: specifics of formation and functioning

Based on the analyzed scientific works of domestic and Polish researchers related to the subject of this research, employing general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of generalization and system-structural analysis, comparative-historical and problem-thematic approaches, as well as descriptive and historical-chronological methods, the issue of the development, formation, and functioning of the Lviv artistic center, specifically the milieu of Lviv painters in the 18th century, has been addressed. The foundation for the future art center was laid by the arrival of foreign masters, mainly from Italy, southern Germany, and Moravia, in Lviv in the 1930s and 1940s. Regarding the specifics of the formation and consolidation of the Lviv Artistic Center, this primarily occurred through the establishment of professional and familial friendships among artists. The strengthening of these bonds involved attending each other's religious and family celebrations, such as baptisms or weddings. Not only the artists themselves but also their wives, sisters, brothers, and adult children were invited to be witnesses. The establishment of these mutual contacts had a positive impact on safeguarding the personal interests of artists and their families. Concerning the functioning of the artistic environment, it was based on the collaboration among artists. The article addresses the question of the method of professional interaction among artists, the majority of whom, by the second half of the 18th century, were working in a "collaborative" manner, even though the activities of workshops were still ongoing at that time, exerting a significant influence on the artistic life of Lviv during that period. This situation contributed to the emergence of numerous confrontations and conflicts between guilds and independent artists. The article also sheds light on the issue of the social status and public activities of artists, which involved serving in government positions within the only governing body available to craftsmen and artists - the Collegium of Forty Men - where they carried out the duties of a warden or shopkeeper. Among such government officials, there is a significant number of painters who were engaged in the authorities of the suburbs or the city of Lviv. Additionally, based on the analysis of research conducted by domestic and Polish scholars, the article attempts to supplement and systematize the lists of Lviv artists who were active during that period, particularly painters, with previously unknown names. This provides us with a broader perspective on the issues related to the formation and functioning of the Lviv Art Center in the 18th century. The undertaken work offers a deeper understanding of the complex processes that unfolded in the cultural and artistic life of Lviv in the 18th century.