Functional Hierarchy Research Articles

Integration of Health Monitoring of Cutting Tools and Production Scheduling in Smart Factory

Smart factory evolves by adding new functions or upgrading existing functions to meet the needs of manufacturers in the use stage of the life cycle. To reduce complexity of smart factory, these functions must be carefully designed considering interactions with other functions. This study analyzes integration of functions situated in the different layers in the functional hierarchy of smart factory. In this study, a health monitoring system for cutting tools in a shop floor, which offers a function to manage the lifetime of cutting tools, is presented. The system is integrated with a production scheduling system, which offers a function to schedule machining processes considering efficient usage of machines as well as cutting tools, while maintaining the quality machining processes. Primary evaluation of the functional integration shows that activities in the shop floor regarding selection and replacement of cutting tools are considered in defining production schedules. It also shows that such functional integration results in increase in complexity regarding the behavioral model of humans in smart factory.

Utilization of IT Business Management for Marketing Development with the Analytical Hierarchy Process Method

Marketing development is an important factor in a business that must be considered to increase market share. Choosing the right marketing strategy greatly influences the smooth running of sales. This study aims to determine a decision on the right marketing method so that it can be applied by Rozi Bike Shop in expanding its market share. Determination of the marketing strategy at the Rozi bicycle shop is determined based on four criteria, namely organization, product, place and distribution channel. The four criteria are analyzed and processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in order to obtain an appropriate marketing decision to implement. method The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multicriteria decision method for solving complex or complex problems, in unstructured situations into parts (variables) which are then formed into functional hierarchies or network structures. The results of calculations using the AHP method show that Strategy A (Technological Innovation) gets the highest value, namely 0.46984 . The results obtained from this study are a decision-making system designed using the AHP method and the application of IT business management in developing the store's marketing.

KAJIAN INFRASTRUKTUR SEBAGAI DASAR PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN MINAPOLITAN DI KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU

The minapolitan area comprises one or several centers of rural production activities such as fishery production systems and management of specific natural resources and agribusiness. Regional functional connectivity and hierarchy in spatial units are the most important in maintaining administrative, institutional, and business systems. In the Decree of the Minister of Number KEP.32/MEN/2010 and the Decree of the Regent of Indramayu Number 523/Kep. 24-Diskanla/2011, Indramayu Regency was designated as the location for constructing the Minapolis area. Indramayu Regency is an area that has excellent potential for fisheries and marine production, with a production yield of over 150,000 tons per year. However, this situation is not matched by the availability of adequate infrastructure with a lack of supporting infrastructure in the Minapolitan area, where downstream production is growing. The purpose of this study is to assess the infrastructure of the Minapolitan area as a basis for developing the infrastructure of the Minapolitan area in the form of development directions. The method used is mixed, where the analysis is based on quantitative aspects while strengthening the justification is carried out qualitatively. The results obtained from this study show that the development of regional productivity development needs to be integrated with an adequate infrastructure development plan. Infrastructure development is based on the partial needs of fishermen groups and sector authorities that handle them. The grand design of the Minapolitan area is not carried out by the local government either with a cooperation scheme or a vertical assistance scheme. Infrastructure development is carried out with the capacity of the district government itself. Therefore, priority infrastructure deficiencies include fish seed centers, hatcheries, springs, cold storage, fish auctions, and accessibility between regions.

Atypical functional connectivity hierarchy in Rolandic epilepsy

Functional connectivity hierarchy is an important principle in the process of brain functional organization and an important feature reflecting brain development. However, atypical brain network hierarchy organization in Rolandic epilepsy have not been systematically investigated. We examined connectivity alteration with age and its relation to epileptic incidence, cognition, or underlying genetic factors in 162 cases of Rolandic epilepsy and 117 typically developing children, by measuring fMRI multi-axis functional connectivity gradients. Rolandic epilepsy is characterized by contracting and slowing expansion of the functional connectivity gradients, highlighting the atypical age-related change of the connectivity hierarchy in segregation properties. The gradient alterations are relevant to seizure incidence, cognition, and connectivity deficit, and development-associated genetic basis. Collectively, our approach provides converging evidence for atypical connectivity hierarchy as a system-level substrate of Rolandic epilepsy, suggesting this is a disorder of information processing across multiple functional domains, and established a framework for large-scale brain hierarchical research.

How do project-oriented organizations enhance innovation? An institutional theory perspective

A project-oriented organization is a hybrid form of organization where a functional hierarchy is augmented with structures to manage projects strategically across the organization. Six project-oriented organizations from diverse industries that emphasize innovation in their strategies were selected for this study. We use the three pillars of institutional theory — regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive — and institutional entrepreneurship to analyze interview data from executive and project, program and portfolio management personnel in the project-oriented organizations to investigate how innovation is facilitated through external influences and internal responses. Our findings indicate that processes and new structures provide effective ways for innovation and, while individuals are important, processes are more effective than individuals at enabling innovation. We put forward some lessons for practice that emerge directly from the findings, including suggestions on improving allocation of resources, a need to focus on processes, reconceptualization of “failure”, and dedicated investment in market knowledge, customer knowledge, performance metrics and flexible governance structures.

Music Publishers and Synchronized Scores: Mascagni, Ricordi, and Rapsodia satanica

Music Publishers and Synchronized Scores: Mascagni, Ricordi, and <i>Rapsodia satanica</i>

A Detailed Review on 3D Bioprinting and it's Application in Pharmaceutical Science

Cellular tissues have intricate, highly complex tissue microenvironments. cytoarchitecture, structure tissue-specific compositional and mechanical heterogeneity, as well as a hierarchy of functions. Given the high demand for organ transplants and the scarcity of organ donors, bioprinting is an emerging technology that Having the capacity to address the issue of an organ shortage by creating entire, fully-functional organs. Even if the idea of printing organs is still far away off, there has been significant and laudable advancement when it comes to bioprinting that could be used to create transplantable tissues for regenerative medicine. The eleven organ systems used by humans body, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and circulatory systems, were critically reviewed. A first-ever an analysis of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicineis presented in this study. 3D bioprinting's effects In terms of in vitro drug testing models and drug delivery systems, there is also a brief discussion of drug discovery, development, and personalized medicine. While there is a substantial progress pertaining totechnology.

Variations in Cortical Functional Gradients Relate to Dimensions of Psychopathology in Preschool Children

It is unclear how the functional brain hierarchy is organized in preschool-aged children, and whether alterations in the brain organization are linked to mental health in this age group. Here, we assessed whether preschool-aged children exhibit a brain organizational structure similar to that of older children, how this structure might change over time, and whether it might reflect mental health. This study derived functional gradients using diffusion embedding from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 4.5-year-old children (N= 100, 42 male participants) and 6.0-year-old children (N= 133, 62 male participants) from the longitudinal Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. We then conducted partial least-squares correlation analyses to identify the association between the impairment ratings of different mental disorders and network gradient values. The main organizing axis of functional connectivity (ie, principal gradient) separated the visual and somatomotor regions (ie, unimodal) in preschool-aged children, whereas the second axis delineated the unimodal-transmodal gradient. This pattern of organization was stable from 4.5 to 6 years of age. The second gradient separating the high- and low-order networks exhibited a diverging pattern across mental health severity, differentiating dimensions related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and phobic disorders. This study characterized, for the first time, the functional brain hierarchy in preschool-aged children. A divergence in functional gradient pattern across different disease dimensions was found, highlighting how perturbations in functional brain organization can relate to the severity of different mental health disorders.

Connectivity gradients in spontaneous brain activity at multiple frequency bands.

The intrinsic organizational structure of the brain is reflected in spontaneous brain oscillations. Its functional integration and segregation hierarchy have been discovered in space by leveraging gradient approaches to low-frequency functional connectivity. This hierarchy of brain oscillations has not yet been fully understood, since previous studies have mainly concentrated on the brain oscillations from a single limited frequency range (~ 0.01-0.1Hz). In this work, we extended the frequency range and performed gradient analysis across multiple frequency bands of fast resting-state fMRI signals from the Human Connectome Project and condensed a frequency-rank cortical map of the highest gradient. We found that the coarse skeletons of the functional organization hierarchy are generalizable across the multiple frequency bands. Beyond that, the highest integration levels of connectivity vary in the frequency domain across different large-scale brain networks. These findings are replicated in another independent dataset and demonstrated that different brain networks can integrate information at varying rates, indicating the significance of examining the intrinsic architecture of spontaneous brain activity from the perspective of multiple frequency bands.

Deep Spiking Neural Networks with High Representation Similarity Model Visual Pathways of Macaque and Mouse

Deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) play a major role in modeling the visual pathways of primate and rodent. However, they highly simplify the computational properties of neurons compared to their biological counterparts. Instead, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are more biologically plausible models since spiking neurons encode information with time sequences of spikes, just like biological neurons do. However, there is a lack of studies on visual pathways with deep SNNs models. In this study, we model the visual cortex with deep SNNs for the first time, and also with a wide range of state-of-the-art deep CNNs and ViTs for comparison. Using three similarity metrics, we conduct neural representation similarity experiments on three neural datasets collected from two species under three types of stimuli. Based on extensive similarity analyses, we further investigate the functional hierarchy and mechanisms across species. Almost all similarity scores of SNNs are higher than their counterparts of CNNs with an average of 6.6%. Depths of the layers with the highest similarity scores exhibit little differences across mouse cortical regions, but vary significantly across macaque regions, suggesting that the visual processing structure of mice is more regionally homogeneous than that of macaques. Besides, the multi-branch structures observed in some top mouse brain-like neural networks provide computational evidence of parallel processing streams in mice, and the different performance in fitting macaque neural representations under different stimuli exhibits the functional specialization of information processing in macaques. Taken together, our study demonstrates that SNNs could serve as promising candidates to better model and explain the functional hierarchy and mechanisms of the visual system.

Middle of the road: the effects of political ideology on social status perceptions of and by political moderates in organisations

PurposeDrawing on research in the social psychology and political science literatures, this research aims to examine how political moderates perceive, and are perceived by, their co-workers with differing political ideologies in an organisational context, with a focus on the perceptions of social status.Design/methodology/approachTo test the hypotheses regarding the social status perceptions of and by political moderates in the workplace, the authors conducted an online experiment in which working adults read a hypothetical workplace scenario and then assessed the social status of a co-worker based on the political ideology of that co-worker.FindingsThe results largely supported the two hypothesised asymmetries of social perceptions of and by political moderates in an organisational context. Specifically, political moderates were perceived to have higher social status by their moderate and conservative co-workers than by their liberal co-workers. In addition, political moderates perceived moderate co-workers to have higher social status than conservative ones.Originality/valueThis research investigates the influence of political ideology on social status perceptions in organisations by focusing on the previously underexamined political moderates. The findings illustrate the importance of political moderates, who tend to espouse a moderate level of resistance to social change, in the process of developing a functional hierarchy and balancing change and stability in organisations.

Urban Morphology and Functional Hierarchy of the Jewish Quarter of Zaragoza (Spain) at the End of the Fifteenth Century

This article analyzes the morphology and functionality of the Jewish quarter of Zaragoza at the end of the fifteenth century, shortly before the expulsion of the Jews in 1492, from a multidisciplinary perspective. It deals with the specific nature and understanding of one of the most important Jewish neighborhoods in Sepharad on the internal levels of Hebrew law and the confessional community, where urbanism is traced out from the privacy of the home and not from the public space and where the neighborhood is linked to the synagogues. Over two thousand documents from the 1492 to 1500 period, from the Archive of the Crown of Aragon, notarial protocols, municipal sources, and inquisitorial trials, have been consulted. A method of vertical cartographic coordination based on geographic information systems is applied as a way of geo-referencing the oldest surviving plans to reconstruct the physical and experiential space of the city in the Late Middle Ages.

Allelic variation of KIR and HLA tunes the cytolytic payload and determines functional hierarchy of NK cell repertoires

AbstractThe functionality of natural killer (NK) cells is tuned during education and is associated with remodeling of the lysosomal compartment. We hypothesized that genetic variation in killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA, which is known to influence the functional strength of NK cells, fine-tunes the payload of effector molecules stored in secretory lysosomes. To address this possibility, we performed a high-resolution analysis of KIR and HLA class I genes in 365 blood donors and linked genotypes to granzyme B loading and functional phenotypes. We found that granzyme B levels varied across individuals but were stable over time in each individual and genetically determined by allelic variation in HLA class I genes. A broad mapping of surface receptors and lysosomal effector molecules revealed that DNAM-1 and granzyme B levels served as robust metric of the functional state in NK cells. Variation in granzyme B levels at rest was tightly linked to the lytic hit and downstream killing of major histocompatibility complex–deficient target cells. Together, these data provide insights into how variation in genetically hardwired receptor pairs tunes the releasable granzyme B pool in NK cells, resulting in predictable hierarchies in global NK cell function.

The disruption of functional connectome gradient revealing networks imbalance in pediatric bipolar disorder

ObjectivePediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a psychiatric disorder marked by alteration of brain networks. However, the understanding of these alterations in topological organization still unclear. This study aims to leverage the functional connectome gradient to examine changes in functional network hierarchy in PBD. MethodConnectome gradients were used to scrutinize the differences between functional gradient map in PBD patients (n = 68, aged 11 to 18) and healthy controls (HC, n = 37, aged 11 to 18). The association between regional altered gradient scores and clinical factors was examined. We further used Neurosynth to determine the correlation of the cognitive terms with the PBD principal gradient changes. ResultsGlobal topographic alterations were exhibited in the connectome gradient in PBD patients, involving gradient variance, explanation ratio, gradient range, and gradient dispersion in the principal gradient. Regionally, PBD patients revealed that the default mode network (DMN) held the most majority of the brain areas with higher gradient scores, whereas a higher proportion of brain regions with lower gradient scores in the sensorimotor network (SMN). These regional gradient differences exhibited significant correlation with clinical features and meta-analysis terms including cognitive behavior and sensory processing. ConclusionFunctional connectome gradient presents a thorough investigation of large-scale networks hierarchy in PBD patients. This exhibited excessive segregation between DMN and SMN supports the theory of imbalance in top-down control and bottom-up in PBD and provides a possible biomarker for diagnostic assessment.

Hierarchical association of COPD to principal genetic components of biological systems.

Many disease-causing genetic variants converge on common biological functions and pathways. Precisely how to incorporate pathway knowledge in genetic association studies is not yet clear, however. Previous approaches employ a two-step approach, in which a regular association test is first performed to identify variants associated with the disease phenotype, followed by a test for functional enrichment within the genes implicated by those variants. Here we introduce a concise one-step approach, Hierarchical Genetic Analysis (Higana), which directly computes phenotype associations against each function in the large hierarchy of biological functions documented by the Gene Ontology. Using this approach, we identify risk genes and functions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), highlighting microtubule transport, muscle adaptation, and nicotine receptor signaling pathways. Microtubule transport has not been previously linked to COPD, as it integrates genetic variants spread over numerous genes. All associations validate strongly in a second COPD cohort.

Modeling the development of cortical responses in primate dorsal ("where") pathway to optic flow using hierarchical neural field models.

Although there is a plethora of modeling literature dedicated to the object recognition processes of the ventral ("what") pathway of primate visual systems, modeling studies on the motion-sensitive regions like the Medial superior temporal area (MST) of the dorsal ("where") pathway are relatively scarce. Neurons in the MST area of the macaque monkey respond selectively to different types of optic flow sequences such as radial and rotational flows. We present three models that are designed to simulate the computation of optic flow performed by the MST neurons. Model-1 and model-2 each composed of three stages: Direction Selective Mosaic Network (DSMN), Cell Plane Network (CPNW) or the Hebbian Network (HBNW), and the Optic flow network (OF). The three stages roughly correspond to V1-MT-MST areas, respectively, in the primate motion pathway. Both these models are trained stage by stage using a biologically plausible variation of Hebbian rule. The simulation results show that, neurons in model-1 and model-2 (that are trained on translational, radial, and rotational sequences) develop responses that could account for MSTd cell properties found neurobiologically. On the other hand, model-3 consists of the Velocity Selective Mosaic Network (VSMN) followed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) which is trained on radial and rotational sequences using a supervised backpropagation algorithm. The quantitative comparison of response similarity matrices (RSMs), made out of convolution layer and last hidden layer responses, show that model-3 neuron responses are consistent with the idea of functional hierarchy in the macaque motion pathway. These results also suggest that the deep learning models could offer a computationally elegant and biologically plausible solution to simulate the development of cortical responses of the primate motion pathway.

Choice structures in games

Following the decision-theoretic approach to game theory, we extend the analysis of Epstein and Wang (1996) and Di Tillio (2008) from hierarchies of preference relations to hierarchies of choice functions. We then construct the universal choice structure containing all these choice hierarchies, and show how the universal preference structure from Di Tillio (2008) is embedded in it.

The Neo-Platonic Christianity of C. S. Lewis

I shall attempt to show how Lewis’s fusion of Platonism with Christianity gives rise to his belief, metaphysically speaking, that the physical universe is not all there is but, rather, “transposes” (as he terms it) a greater non-physical or spiritual reality and is, as such, part of a divinely-ordained, orderly, and purposeful scheme of things. I shall also argue that for Lewis, epistemologically speaking, knowledge of this grand design and the place of humans therein is conveyed not through the human senses, at least as these are conventionally conceived, but, rather, through our higher reason, which is capable of objective insight into the true nature of reality. I shall conclude by contending that Lewis believes, from an ethical, social, and political point of view, that well-doing and well-being at both the individual and collective levels are attained through a combination of wisdom as to the true nature of things, the courage to act in accordance with this knowledge, the moderation of self-interest in the form of the surrender of one’s individual will to God’s, and, last but not least, justice in the form of a hierarchy of functions both within the soul and without.

Algebraic infection of charge correlations at the ionic critical point

AbstractWe consider a classical two‐component plasma analog of the restricted primitive model of electrolyte, where the hard‐core interaction is replaced by a soft differentiable potential. Within the Born–Green–Yvon hierarchy for the equilibrium distribution functions, we shed light on an infection mechanism where the charge correlations are polluted by the density correlations at the critical point of the liquid–gas transition. This should imply an algebraic decay of critical charge correlations, consistently with the violation of the Stillinger–Lovett sum rule observed in Monte Carlo simulations. In connection with this effect of density correlations on the charge correlations, we also provide a discussion on an extended version of the Debye–Hückel theory that calculates charge correlations in the restricted primitive model for an externally imposed spatial fluctuation of charges.PACS Numbers: 05.30.‐d, 05.70.Ce, 52.25.Kn.

Graph propagation network captures individual specificity of the relationship between functional and structural connectivity.

Functional connectivity (FC) network characterizes the functional interactions between brain regions and is considered to root in the underlying structural connectivity (SC) network. If this is the case, individual variations in SC should cause corresponding individual variations in FC. However, divergences exist in the correspondence between direct SC and FC and researchers still cannot capture individual differences in FC via direct SC. As brain regions may interact through multi-hop indirect SC pathways, we conceived that one can capture the individual specific SC-FC relationship via incorporating indirect SC pathways appropriately. In this study, we designed graph propagation network (GPN) that models the information propagation between brain regions based on the SC network. Effects of interactions through multi-hop SC pathways naturally emerge from the multilayer information propagation in GPN. We predicted the individual differences in FC network based on SC network via multilayer GPN and results indicate that multilayer GPN incorporating effects of multi-hop indirect SCs greatly enhances the ability to predict individual FC network. Furthermore, the SC-FC relationship evaluated via the prediction accuracy is negatively correlated with the functional gradient, suggesting that the SC-FC relationship gradually uncouples along the functional hierarchy spanning from unimodal to transmodal cortex. We also revealed important intermediate brain regions along multi-hop SC pathways involving in the individual SC-FC relationship. These results suggest that multilayer GPN can serve as a method to establish individual SC-FC relationship at the macroneuroimaging level.