Functional Finishing Research Articles

"Effect of Functional Finishing of Upholstery Fabrics (Stain Release & Water Repellent) on Its Abrasion Resistance "

Methodology: Practical Experiments and Laboratory Tests including Stain Release and Water Repellent Chemical Treatment on samples with

Functional finishing of polyamide-6 fabrics with poly quaternary ammonium salt in presence nanometal oxides

This article introduce a novel, convenient and efficient finishing approach for the creation of quaternary ammonium groups (QAGs) into polyamide-6 (PA-6) macromolecules via polymerization of vinyl monomer is named methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAETAC). The graft copolymerization reaction proceeds in the presence of nano-metal oxides TiO2, ZnO and its hybrid mixture. The finishing method of PA-6 fabrics was carried out by using pad-dry-cure technique in presence K2S2O8 as initiator. The reaction mechanism was suggested. The surface topography was studied using Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX). Evidence the chemical bonding between poly (MAETAC) and amide groups as well as the ionic interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and carboxylic end groups in the chemical structure of the PA-6 fabrics were confirmed by FT-IR. The antimicrobial activity of the finished fabrics were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The achieved antimicrobial functions on the PA-6 fabrics are durable in repeated laundering processes. Even after laundering five times the PA-6 fabrics treated with QAs/Ti NPs could still provide 32%, 80.7%, 22.6%, and 60.5%, while PA fabrics treated with QAs/Zn or QAs/(Ti+Zn) showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans before laundering, respectively. Also, it has been found that, PA-6 fabrics finished with the suggested method even after five washing cycles, displayed excellent ultraviolet protection effectiveness. The results of mechanical properties showed that this finishing approach had not destructive effect on the physical properties of the fabrics.

English

Functional finishes are agents that are applied to fabrics to make them suitable for specific uses and contribute a specific attribute to a fabric without altering its appearance.  In this context, the present study reveals the importance of dyed fabrics with Datura stramonium plant leaf extracts to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which have been a threat to human health and posed noticeable challenges confronted with medical physicians in the treatment of many infectious diseases. More still, the importance of using natural dye is not limited to its antimicrobial and other medicine values but also to its wide range of advantages via elimination of environmental pollution due to the usage of synthetic dyes. 100% plain woven, desized, scoured and bleached cotton fabric samples and 100% degummed and bleached hand knitted silk fabric samples were dyed with aqueous extracts from D. stramonium plant leaves in combination with Alum and Iron Sulphate as mordants using post-mordanting method and then tested against two strains of Staphylococus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) using Agar diffusion method as per SN195920-1992 standard. The fastness properties (wash fastness, light fastness and rubbing fastness) of the dyed fabrics were assessed following guidelines from The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) and International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) testing methods. Spectrophotometric experiments were employed to evaluate the colour strength (K/S) of the dyed samples. The antimicrobial activity results showed that for both cotton and silk dyed fabric samples; there was an interruption of the microbial growth beneath the fabric and a clear zone of inhibition around the fabric. Dye ability and fastness results showed that dyed fabric samples with D. stramonium extracts using mordants had relatively high colour strength (K/S) values as compared to the control fabrics which were dyed without a mordant and their colorant was more stable to light, rubbing and washing, respectively.   Key words: Antimicrobial activity, silk fabric, cotton fabric, Datura stramonium extract, mordants.

Preparation of novel chitosan derivatives and applications in functional finishing of textiles

A novel chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-N-[(2-hydroxy-3- dimethyldodecylammonium) propyl] chitosan chloride (NMA-HDCC), was synthesized by reacting chitosan (CTS) with epoxypropyl dodecyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salt and N-methylolacryl amide (NMA). The chemical structure of the quaternized chitosan was analyzed by FTIR and NMR. The water soluble derivative can form covalent bonding with cellulosic fibers and bring quaternary salt groups onto the fibers. Anti-bacterial as well as salt-free reactive dyeing properties of the treated cotton samples were analyzed. The NMA-HDCC treated cotton fabrics showed durable antimicrobial functions even after 30 consecutive home launderings. The cotton treated with the chitosan and different chitosan derivatives showed improved uptakes, fixation rates, K/S values and fastness of reactive dyes without using auxiliary salt.

DECORATING FURTHER:APPLYING COSMETICFINISHESTO THE HAUTE COUTURE

Research and experimentation becomes salient element for the rising of any country’s economic development. Designers are consolidating natural and synthetic materials to enhance the textile surfaces and making something contemporary out-of-the-box. In this high-tech stage of era, functional finishes are becoming part of the textile and fashion world. In this research two decorative functional finishes such as Fluorescent and Phosphorescent (Glow in the Dark) are employed onto cotton substrates to develop haute couture dresses. The main purpose of these finishes is to enhance the aesthetics of the garments rather than decorate them with typical printing materials and techniques. Functional finishes have already been used in past for technical aspects but in limitations. These two major finishes will be utilized with self created print designs on classic theme “Memphis style” .Cut lines are also represent modern era garments for spring season.

Chickpea husk – A potential agro waste for coloration and functional finishing of textiles

In the reported work, the outer husk of chickpea, an abundant agro-industrial processing residue available in India, was used to extract textile grade dye. The functional groups present in chickpea extract were analysed by phytochemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The extract was used to impart colour to cotton, silk and wool fabric at different temperature without any auxiliaries.The colour value of the dyed fabrics were analysed with computer colour matching system. The results show that the colour extracted from chick pea is having more affinity to protein fibre than cellulosic fibre.Treated fabrics showed a good dye uptake and adequate wash, light and rubbing fastness properties. The coloured fabrics exhibited good ultra violet protection property and excellent resistance against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Since no chemicals were used for colouration, the process is totally eco-friendly and can be adopted for small and mediums scale garment export industries.

Grafting of chitosan-acrylamide hybrid on the wool: Characterization, reactive dyeing, antioxidant and antibacterial studies

This study presents a new approach to enhance reactive dye uptake and functional finishing of wool yarns via simple grafting with synthesized chitosan-acrylamide (Ch-Ac) hybrid. To this, Ch-Ac was synthesized and characterized with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Then, Ch-Ac was grafted on wool, characterized with FTIR, SEM, and weight gain analysis and dyeability with two commercial reactive dyes. Results showed that Ch-Ac treated wool could be dyed at lower temperatures (ca. 40 °C), times (ca. 30 min), and amount of reactive dye (2% owf) as compared to raw wool. Also, deeper shades not obtainable in conventional dyeing could be attained using Ch-Ac treated wool. In addition, Ch-Ac treatment imparted very good radical scavenging and excellent antibacterial activity against gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. Color fastness results confirmed that Ch-Ac treatment had no adverse effect on durability of dyes against washing, light, rubbing and perspiration. The results of this study clearly indicated that Ch-Ac can be used in eco-friendly functional finishing of wool with enhanced reactive dye uptake, minimized residual dye in wastewater, saving in consumption of chemicals, energy, and time of dyeing.

A Review of Chitosan Textile Applications

Chitosan is a poly-β-(1-4)-D-glucosamine obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. Its chemical properties and biological properties provide a broad potential application in the textile industry. In the current review, versatile properties of chitosan related to textile finishing are presented and briefly discussed. The application of chitosan in the textile industry including dyeing, printing, and functional finishing is summarized. Meanwhile, the advantages, disadvantages, and improved application methods are discussed. It is hoped that the review will be a good resource for those interested in antimicrobials and biocidal textile materials, and will help stimulate further interest in this area.

Uses of 4,4-dicyano-3-phenyl-but-3-enoic acid phenylamide for the synthesis of new compounds: antimicrobial and textile finishing evaluations

PurposeThis work aims to synthesize a series of novel acyclic and/or heterocyclic systems, as precursors for dyes with potential antimicrobial activity that could be used for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial textile finishing. Thus, a series of novel pyridine, thiophene and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives were synthesized, and their antimicrobial and textile finishing properties were studied and evaluated.Design/methodology/approachThe synthesis, structure elucidation and antimicrobial activities of the newly synthesized compounds based on 4,4-dicyano-3-phenyl-but-3-enoic acid phenylamide (1) were demonstrated. The minimal inhibitory concentration in μg/mL of the compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity against most of the tested organisms. On the other hand, their spectral characteristics and fastness properties were measured and evaluated. Antimicrobial activities of the dyed fabrics in terms of inhibition zones (mm) were measured and evaluated.FindingsA series of novel heterocyclic compounds (Schemes 1-3) were synthesized based on starting material (1). Compounds (1), 2, 4a, 8a and 9c exhibited comparable or even higher antibacterial activities than the selected standards (ampicillin), while compounds 2, 3c, 3d, 4a and 8b revealed higher antifungal activities than the selected standard (cycloheximide). On the other hand, some dyes showed high antimicrobial evaluation on the dyed fabrics (nylon 66, acetate and polyester) expressed as size (mm) of inhibition zones (Tables I-IV).Practical implicationsResults revealed that many hydrazo and azo derivatives were synthesized from some pyridines and thiophenes. The antimicrobial evaluation and textile finishing of the newly synthesized products revealed significant and potent values of antimicrobial activity.Originality/valueAll the synthesized compounds were novel and most of them exhibited higher antimicrobial activities than the selected standards antibiotics, thus are valuable for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial functional finishing of textile fabrics.

Prediction of the tactile comfort of fabrics from functional finishing parameters using fuzzy logic and artificial neural network models

This paper aims to predict the hand values (HVs) and total hand values (THVs) of functional fabrics by applying the fuzzy logic model (FLM) and artificial neural network (ANN) model. Functional fabrics were evaluated by trained panels employing subjective evaluation scenarios. Firstly, the FLM was applied to predict the HV from finishing parameters; then, the FLM and ANN model were applied to predict the THV from the HV. The estimation of the FLM on the HV was efficient, as demonstrated by the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative mean percentage error (RMPE); low values were recorded, except those bipolar descriptors whose values are within the lowermost extreme values on the fuzzy model. However, the prediction performance of the FLM and ANN model on THV was effective, where RMSE values of ∼0.21 and ∼0.13 were obtained, respectively; both values were within the variations of the experiment. The RMPE values for both models were less than 10%, indicating that both models are robust, effective, and could be utilized in predicting the THVs of the functional fabrics with very good accuracy. These findings can be judiciously utilized for the selection of suitable engineering specifications and finishing parameters of functional fabrics to attain defined tactile comfort properties, as both models were validated using real data obtained by the subjective evaluation of functional fabrics.

Effect of Di-ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate on Jute Fabric for Fire Resistance

Over the years, technologies have been used for the development of various textile products to meet the consumer demands in different fields as per their end-use specifications. The market sustainability of each new product mainly depends on the raw material as well as its functionality. A functional finishing dictates the end-use of the products as well as enhances the life of the products. There are important historical and economic reasons for the fact that, the science and technology of flame retardant for cellulose fibres are more advanced than for other fibres and polymers. Until perhaps 25 years ago, an overwhelming proportion of all textiles used were made of cellulose fibres. Jute is one of the important natural cellulosic fibers and used for diversified product. Similar to cotton, jute fiber has the potential to impart different functionality by different chemical finishing for its diversification. This project has been taken to improve the flameproof property of jute fabrics. Jute fabrics were treated with Di-Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate by various concentrations under certain condition. The study was conducted at the Industrial Chemistry Department, Chemistry Division, Textile Physics Division and Pilot Plant and Processing Division of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh during 2017-2019. It was found that desized jute fabric gives the best flame proofed (Completely resistance to both after flaming and after glowing) than the sized jute fabrics without undesirable loss of the tensile strength.

Low-Stress Mechanical Property Study of Various Functional Fabrics for Tactile Property Evaluation.

Functional finishing brings an alteration on the mechanical and surface properties of textile materials and henceforth influences the tactile properties. In this work, Kawabata evaluation systems (KES) for fabrics were utilized to notice the changes in the tactile properties of fabrics resulting from different finishing types such as inkjet printing, screen printing, and coating. The effects of functional finishing on the fabric’s tactile property were inconsistent with reference to the course of decrease or increase being dependent on the types of finishes. The findings showed that KES can be employed as a promising tool to sort out the suitable functional finishing types in terms of tactile properties. Amongst the implemented finishing types, inkjet printing offered superior tactile properties with respect to tensile energy (softness), shear rigidity, compressional softness, bending stiffness (drapability), and surface properties. The KES results confirmed that low-stress mechanical properties are strongly associated with the tactile property and might assist as a quality profile data source for guaranteeing the production and development of a virtuous quality product. The result encourages further utilization of the KES for functional fabric tactile property evaluation.

Green Approach for Multifunctionalization of Cellulose-Containing Fabrics

Development of multifunctional textile and clothing products with improved environmental profiles has been demanded both by textile industry and by consumer. Herein, dialdehyde sodium alginate (DASA) and dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DACMC) have been prepared, characterized and utilized, as an eco-friendly binding/ macromolecular crosslinking/hand building agents, in functional finishing of cellulose-containing fabrics. Fabric samples were treated with the nominated dialdehyde polysaccharide (DAPS, 10 g/l) along with the reactant resin (DMDHEU, 50 g/l), Ag- or TiO2-NPs as active ingredients (20 g/l) and ammonium persulfate catalyst (5 g/l) using the padding method. After functional finishing, the finished fabrics demonstrated a remarkable improvement in their antibacterial efficacy, UV-blocking ability, self-cleaning capacity, and surface roughness functionality without adversely affecting fabrics resiliency. The variation in these functional properties is affected by kind of DAPS, type of added nanoparticles as well as the treated substrate. Additionally, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and durability to wash measurements for selected samples were performed. Moreover, pre-oxidation of DAPS, functionalization reactions/interactions among the nominated reactants and the textile materials were also suggested.

Study on Preparation and Functional Finishing of TiO2 Supported Nano ZnO

Study on Preparation and Functional Finishing of TiO₂ Supported Nano ZnO

One Step Thermochromic Pigment Printing and Ag NPs Antibacterial Functional Finishing of Cotton and Cotton/PET Fabrics

One step thermochromic pigment printing and antibacterial functionality of cotton (100 %) and cotton/polyester blend (50/50 %) were demonstrated in this study. The improvement in antimicrobial activity against G+ve (Bacillus cereus) and G-ve (E. coli), and pigment printability were achieved by inclusion of Ag-NPs (30 g/kg) into pigment printing paste followed by printing and microwave curing at 700 W for 5 min. Modes of interactions were proposed, and surface modification was also confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis that proved the presence of Ag-NPs in cotton and cotton/ polyester blended samples. The results indicated that the colour fastness to wash and rubbing was excellent, the surface roughness reduced, and exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and E. coli bacteria.

Cotton Dyeing and Antibacterial Finishing Using Agricultural Waste by an Eco-friendly Process Optimized by Response Surface Methodology

In this study, Berberis vulgaris L. wood as an agricultural waste was used for dyeing and functional finishing of cotton. To facilitate the attachment of natural dye, citric acid was used to create carboxylic acid functional groups on cotton fibers. The process of crosslinking of cotton fabric with citric acid was optimized in order to obtain the maximum dyeability with the cationic natural dye. The effects of three important factors including citric acid concentration, sodium hypophosphite concentration and curing temperature on the color strength of the dyed samples with woods of barberry tree were analyzed by response surface methodology and the optimum conditions for obtaining the highest color strength was obtained. The crosslinking of citric acid on cotton fibers was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The dyed sample prepared under the optimum conditions of crosslinking showed good wash and light fastness properties besides very good antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric by electron beam radiation synthesized silver nanoparticles

A radiation induced in-situ synthesis of silver particles in cotton fabrics, padded with different initial concentration of an aqueous alcoholic silver nitrate solution, has been accomplished by exposing them to different doses of electron beam (EB) radiation in an inert environment. The amount of synthesized silver particles has been studied as the function of initial solution concentration and EB radiation doses. The treated fabrics were characterized for the surface morphology with the aid of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The homogeneous and uniform coating of silver particles having an average size of 81 nm was observed on the fibre surface. The quantitative deposition of silver nanoparticles was estimated by inductively coupled plasma‒optical emission (ICP‒OES) spectroscopy technique. Their quantity was found to vary with concentration of the solution used for padding and EB doses, specifically more on the former. In this connection, deposited nanoparticles produced visual colour change in cotton fabrics with light to deeper shade which could be controlled primarily by concentration of solution used for padding. A reflectance and transmittance spectrum in the UV‒Vis region confirmed UV radiation blocking property of the fabric that also dependents on the solution concentration used for padding. Fabric samples exhibited antibacterial behaviour against two different microorganisms, S. Aureus and K. Pneuomonia. Ultraviolet protection (UPF) and antibacterial properties remained similar even after ten washing cycles, carried out as per standard washing procedure. This functional finishing did not adversely affect the air permeability and bending length properties of the fabric to a significant level but introduced a positive change of increased total crease recovery angle.

Multifunctional modification of linen fabric using chitosan-based formulations

Chitosan is a new-age functional biopolymer which can be utilized for functional finishing of cellulose-based textile materials. In the current work, linen fabric was modified using two-stage finishing using chitosan-citric acid and phytic acid-thiourea thus imparting multiple performance characteristics such as wrinkle-free, antibacterial, flame retardant and antioxidant properties. The multifunctional linen fabrics were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM and EDX analysis. The fabrics were evaluated for textile properties like tensile strength, bending length, yellowness index, absorbency and functional properties like crease recovery angle, antibacterial activity, UV protection, flame retardancy and antioxidant properties. The durability of functional properties was also evaluated. The finished linen fabric displayed efficient multifunctional properties which were retained to a moderate level till 20 washes.

Chitosan's biological activity upon skin-related microorganisms and its potential textile applications.

Over the years the body of work relating chitosan and its possible skin-related applications has grown, showing that chitosan is active both as a free compound and as a functional finishing of textiles. As a free molecule chitosan proved itself to be an attractive option as it is biocompatible and has a demonstrated biological activity (e.g. growth inhibition or adhesion inhibition) upon multiple skin pathogens, even upon multidrug resistant species. Furthermore, chitosan has wound healing accelerating properties, which make it a prime candidate for possible control of skin related infections. Almost inconspicuously, textiles have been one the main lines of defense of the skin against foreign threats, acting as a physical barrier to microbial colonization and infection. With the advent of textile functionalization specially designed textiles with enhanced protective characteristics, such as antimicrobial capacity, have come to the forefront. Chitosan functionalized textiles have been shown to be effective inhibitors of microbial growth with even invasive multidrug resistant species, as MRSA, being inhibited. Therefore, chitosan and chitosan functionalized textiles present themselves as both an interesting alternative to traditional antibiotics and as a possible means to enhance current treatment strategies.

Functional finishing and coloration of textiles with nanomaterials

Global demand for functional textiles is continually increasing for both conventional as well as advanced technical applications. Nanomaterials have the potential to transform the textile industry by imparting multifunctional properties such as physical, chemical and biological self‐cleaning, ultraviolet (UV) protection, wrinkle resistance and coloration to textiles without compromising the inherent characteristics of the substrate. This review highlights some of the major applications of nanomaterials to textile substrates to obtain different functional properties. Possible side effects of the nanomaterials on textiles are also reviewed, along with potential hazards to humans and the environment.