Functional Articulation Disorders Research Articles

Comparison of Traditional Articulation Therapy and Picture Articulation Test in Children with Articulation Disorders

Background: Articulation disorders in children can impede communication and social interaction. Traditional Articulation Therapy (TAT) and the Picture Articulation Test (PAT) are two contrasting approaches employed to address these disorders. While TAT is a conventional method focusing on sensory-perceptual training and sound stabilization, PAT uses visual aids to assess and encourage correct speech sound production. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of TAT and PAT in treating substitution errors in children with articulation disorders. Methods: Employing a randomized sampling technique, the study included 10 children with functional articulation disorders, aged 8 to 18 years, from both genders. Exclusion criteria included organic articulation disorders. Participants were divided into two groups at REX Medical Center, Lahore, and treated over a six-month period, with two sessions per week lasting 30-40 minutes. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using the Articulation Assessment Test and the Articulation Severity Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24, with paired and independent sample t-tests. Results: TAT showed a significant reduction in substitution error scores from pre- to post-intervention across all error types (initial, middle, and final), with significant p-values indicating improvement (p ≤ 0.05). PAT did not demonstrate a significant reduction in error scores, with p-values exceeding the threshold of significance. Conclusion: TAT was found to be more effective than PAT in decreasing substitution errors in children with articulation disorders. The findings advocate for the application of TAT in clinical settings, while recognizing the potential for integrating traditional methods with newer technologies to optimize treatment outcomes.

Effect of Auditory Recognition on the Vocabulary Knowledge of Children with Functional Articulation Disorder

Effect of Auditory Recognition on the Vocabulary Knowledge of Children with Functional Articulation Disorder

Clinical Utility of Repeated Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation for Patients with Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) causes inconstant oromotor production. We investigated the clinical efficacy of repeated urimal test of articulation and phonation (U-TAP) in CAS patients. Twenty-eight children were recruited: 19 with CAS and 9 with functional articulation disorder (FAD). Four age-matched typically developing children were also recruited. U-TAP was performed twice repeatedly, and the error rate of consonant accuracy (CA) was measured. Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) was also performed. The mean U-TAP CA showed a significant difference between the three groups, with 42.04% for CAS, 77.92% for FAD, and 99.68% for the normal group (p < 0.05). The mean difference between the two U-TAP CAs was 10.01% for CAS, 0.82% for FAD, and no difference for the normal group, revealing a significant intergroup difference between CAS and FAD (p < 0.05). For the expressive and receptive PRES scores, CAS group showed significantly decreased results compared to FAD and normal group. Only in the CAS group, expressive PRES showed significant decrease rather than receptive PRES score. The CAS group showed a significant difference in the two U-TAP CA compared to the FAD and normal groups. This result implies that repeated U-TAP can be useful for supportive diagnostic tool for CAS by detecting poor reliability of phonation.

4-5세 기능적 조음음운장애 아동과 일반 아동의 음운처리능력 비교

목적 : 본 연구에서는 4-5세 기능적 조음음운장애 아동과 일반 아동의 음운처리능력을 비교하여 살펴보고 각 영역 간 상관관계를 살펴보고자 하였다.<BR>방법 : 검사도구 REVT-R, U-TAP, OSMSE-R을 이용하여 4-5세 기능적 조음음운장애 아동21명과 일반 아동 27명으로 총 48명을 본 연구의 대상자로 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 일반 아동과 기능적 조음음운장애 아동의 음운처리 수행능력을 시각적 자극과 청각적 자극을 함께 제시하여 살펴보고자 그림을 이용한 음운처리검사 도구를 직접 제작하여 검사를 실시하였다. 음운적 작업기억 능력을 알아보기 위해 그림 바로 지시하기 과제와 그림 거꾸로 지시하기 과제를 실시하였다. 그 다음으로 음운인식 능력을 알아보기 위해 음운인식 탈락과제, 합성과제, 변별과제를 실시하였다. 그리고 음운적 정보회상 능력을 알아보기 위해 빠른 이름대기 과제를 실시하였다.<BR>결과 : 첫째, 기능적 조음음운장애 아동은 일반 아동에 비해 음운적 작업기억 능력이 낮았다. 둘째, 기능적 조음음운장애 아동은 일반 아동에 비해 음운인식 능력이 낮았다. 셋째, 기능적 조음음운장애 아동과 일반 아동은 음운적 정보회상 능력이 비슷하였다. 넷째, 기능적 조음음운장애 아동은 모든 하위영역 간 상관관계가 없었으며, 일반 아동은 바로 지시하기 과제-탈락과제, 바로 지시하기 과제-변별과제, 탈락과제-변별과제 간 상관관계가 있었다.<BR>결론 : 기능적 조음음운장애 아동의 임상적 중재에 앞서 아동의 음운적 작업기억 능력과 음운인식능력을 정확하게 파악하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 일반 아동에 비해 비교적 주의력이 짧은 기능적 조음음운장애 아동에게 그림, 사진과 같은 시각적 자극물을 함께 활용하여 임상에서 음운처리능력을 지도하는 것이 더욱 효과적일 것이다.

Speech perception ability and language perception ability in Japanese children with persistent functional articulation disorder

Speech perception ability and language perception ability in Japanese children with persistent functional articulation disorder

Study on the correlation between functional articulation disorders and the short lingual frenulum

Study on the correlation between functional articulation disorders and the short lingual frenulum

Treating substitution and distortion among adults with functional articulation disorders

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of adults with functional articulation disorders (FADs) and suitable speech training methods. Methods Phonological evaluation was carried out for 37 adults with functional articulation disorders whose clinical characteristics were analyzed, then targeted speech training was established. Results The main erroneous articulation patterns of the adults were substitution, followed by distortion and omission. The erroneous articulation types included forward movement of the tongue (19 cases), insufficient aspiration (11 cases), lateralization (10 cases), backward movement of the tongue (7 cases), omission of consonants (7 cases), comprehensive errors (4 cases), and replacement by labiodental and lingua-palatal phonemes (3 and 2 cases respectively). Twenty-eight adults were cured, 8 adults were improved, and 1 adult showed unsatisfactory effects after 1 to 5 courses of speech training. The average speech intelligibility score increased significantly from (56.03±14.71)% before speech training to (91.22±10.10)% afterward. Conclusion The main erroneous patterns of adults with functional articulation disorders are substitution and distortion. Targeted speech training was shown to be significantly effective. Key words: Functional articulation disorders; Adults; Speech therapy

[Phonological characteristics and rehabilitation training of abnormal velar in children with functional articulation disorders].

To explore the phonological characteristics and rehabilitation training of abnormal velar in patients with functional articulation disorders (FAD). Eighty-seven patients with FAD were observed of the phonological characteristics of velar. Seventy-two patients with abnormal velar accepted speech training. The correlation and simple linear regression analysis were carried out on abnormal velar articulation and age. The articulation disorder of /g/ mainly showed replacement by /d/, /b/ or omission. /k/ mainly showed replacement by /d/, /t/, /g/, /p/, /b/. /h/ mainly showed replacement by /g/, /f/, /p/, /b/ or omission. The common erroneous articulation forms of /g/, /k/, /h/ were fronting of tongue and replacement by bilabial consonants. When velar combined with vowels contained /a/ and /e/, the main error was fronting of tongue. When velar combined with vowels contained /u/, the errors trended to be replacement by bilabial consonants. After 3 to 10 times of speech training, the number of erroneous words decreased to (6.24±2.61) from (40.28±6.08) before the speech training was established, the difference was statistically significant (Z=-7.379, P=0.000). The number of erroneous words was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.691, P=0.000). The result of simple linear regression analysis showed that the determination coefficient was 0.472. The articulation disorder of velar mainly shows replacement, varies with the vowels. The targeted rehabilitation training hereby established is significantly effective. Age plays an important role in the outcome of velar.

[Property analysis of the finals mispronunciation in Chinese-speaking children with functional articulation disorder].

Objective: To characterize the finals mispronunciation in Chinese-speaking children with functional articulation disorder (FAD), in order to promote the standardized diagnosis. Method: A retrospective study was conducted. From January to December 2013, 90 FAD children, diagnosed by Dysarthria Rating Scale and Mandarin Finals scale, were included in this study. Among them, 22 were found to have finals mispronunciation; the average age was (6.56±0.26) years. According to the finals classification, six different finals (simple finals, front vowel compound finals, central vowel compound finals, back vowel compound finals, anterior nasal finals, and posterior nasal finals) were defined; the produced sound samples of those subjects were analyzed. Result: In all these children, 22 of 90 (24%) were found having finals mispronunciation, the occurring rates of which with omission and substitution errors were: 3% (4/132) for simple finals, 30% (26/88) for front vowel compound finals, 26% (23/88) for central vowel compound finals, 7% (8/110) for back vowel compound finals, 73%(128/176) for anterior nasal finals and 73% (112/154) for posterior nasal finals, respectively. In omission and substitution errors, the ratios of the finals above were 50% (150/301), 3% (10/301), 5% (14/301), 36% (107/301), 2% (5/301) and 5% (15/301), respectively. The most frequently occurred mispronunciation were omission, substitution and distortion, with rates of 37% (273/748), 4% (28/748) and 8% (61/748), respectively. Conclusion: The FAD children have remarkable mispronunciation of finals. Omission is the main error. The nasal finals are the most commonly involved, followed by front vowel and central vowel compound finals. The simple finals and the back vowel compound finals are most commonly produced in omission and substitution. These finals production features should be considered when making and implementing rehabilitation programs.

Voice Onset Time of Children with Functional Articulation Disorders

배경 및 목적: 기능적 조음음운장애 아동의 말 운동통제 능력은 직접적으로 평가하기 힘들며, 말소리 오류의 원인을 파악하는 것은 더 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 파열음의 조음위치와 발성유형에 따른 기능적 조음음운장애 아동과 일반 아동 간의 성대진동시작시간(voice onset time, VOT)의 차이를 살펴봄으로써, 기능적 조음음운장애 아동의 말 타이밍 조절과...

Inhibitory control in children with functional articulation disorder

Objective To understand the inhibitory control in children with functional articulation disorder (FAD). Methods 30 children who met the criteria of FAD aged of 4-6 years were selected as the case group, and 30 normal speaking children matched in age were selected as the control group. The inhibitory control function were examined by handgame and day-night stroop task.The data were described as median(P25, P75) and the differences were compared between the two groups by rank test. Results The scores of handgame (4(3, 5)) and day-night stroop task(13(11, 16)) in case group were much inferior to those in control group (5(4, 5), 15(14, 15)) (P<0.05). Conclusion The inhibitory control of children with functional articulation disorder was much inferior to normal children. Key words: Functional articulation disorder; Inhibitory control; Child

Attention problems in preschool children with functional articulation disorders

目的 研究学龄前功能性构音障碍儿童的注意力。 方法 选择符合功能性构音障碍诊断标准的学龄前儿童37例，同年龄段正常儿童35例作为对照组，分别进行智力测试及数字划消测试。 结果 学龄前功能性构音障碍儿童注意力得分显著低于对照组，失误分及失误率高于对照组，两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 结论 学龄前功能性构音障碍儿童注意力落后于正常同龄儿童，积极进行注意力训练有望改善其错误发音。

기능적 조음장애아동과 일반아동의 어중자음 연쇄조건에서 나타나는 어중종성 오류 특성 비교

This study investigated final consonant error characteristics at word-medial position in children with functional articulation disorder. Data was collected from 11 children with functional articulation and 11 normal children, ages 4 to 5. The speech samples were collected from a naming test. Seventy-five words with every possible bi-consonants matrix at the word-medial position were used. The results of this study were as follows : First, percentage of correct word-medial final consonants of functional articulation disorder was lower than normal children. Second, there were significant differences between two groups in omission, substitution and assimilation error. Children with functional articulation disorder showed a high frequency of omission and regressive assimilation error, especially alveolarization in regressive assimilation error most. However, normal children showed a high frequency of regressive assimilation error, especially bilabialization in regressive assimilation error most. Finally, the results of error analysis according to articulation manner, articulation place and phonation type of consonants of initial consonant at word-medial, both functional articulation disorder and normal children showed a high error rate in stop sound-stop sound condition. The error rate of final consonant at word-medial position was high when initial consonant at word-medial position was alveolar sound and alveopalatal sound. Futhermore, when initial sounds were fortis and aspirated sounds, more errors occurred than linis sound was initial sound. The results of this study provided practical error characteristics of final consonant at word-medial position in children with speech sound disorder.

Original article. Articulation disorders and patterns in children with a cleft

Abstract Background: Compensatory articulation disorders (CAD) are the most common speech defects in patients with a cleft. Early prevention programs are needed to avoid CAD. Objectives: To examine articulation disorders, patterns, and related speech outcomes in children with a cleft palate with or without lip defects. Methods: Articulation test record forms and clinical records of 42 children were accessed retrospectively to provide the data of speech outcomes related to cleft palate. Double data entries and incorrect completion type errors were corrected. Results: Prevalence of articulatory defects was 88% (functional articulation disorders, 12%; compensatory articulation disorders, 10%; functional articulation disorders and CAD, 67%), resonance disorder was 50%, and voice abnormalities was 19%. Abnormal backing of oral consonants, particularly glottal substitution was the most common pattern of CAD (40%), follow by velar substitution (36%), and nasal consonant for oral pressure consonant (21%). There was high incidence of functional articulation disorder in patients with a cleft (76%). Younger children (≤7 years old) had more articulation defects than older children (&gt;7 years old) (mean difference = 3.308, P = 0.002, 95% confident interval 1.683-6.971). Levene’s test for equal variance found that resonance disorder seems unaffected by the number of articulation errors (mean difference = 0.253, P = 0.897, 95% confident interval -3.736-4.241). Conclusion: CAD, particularly abnormal backing of oral consonants and hypernasality were the most common speech defects in children with cleft. Refinement and revision of timing for referring for early speech intervention should be reconsidered.

Speech processing in children with functional articulation disorders

This study explored auditory speech processing and comprehension abilities in 5–8-year-old monolingual Hungarian children with functional articulation disorders (FADs) and their typically developing peers. Our main hypothesis was that children with FAD would show co-existing auditory speech processing disorders, with different levels of these skills depending on the nature of the receptive processes. The tasks included (i) sentence and non-word repetitions, (ii) non-word discrimination and (iii) sentence and story comprehension. Results suggest that the auditory speech processing of children with FAD is underdeveloped compared with that of typically developing children, and largely varies across task types. In addition, there are differences between children with FAD and controls in all age groups from 5 to 8 years. Our results have several clinical implications.

Understanding perceptions of stuttering among school-based speech–language pathologists: An application of attribution theory

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether attribution theory could explain speech–language pathologists (SLPs) perceptions of children with communication disorders such as stuttering. Specifically, it was determined whether perceptions of onset and offset controllability, as well as biological and non-biological attributions for communication disorders were related to willingness to help, sympathy, and anger toward children with these disorders. It was also of interest to determine if blame for stuttering was related to perceived controllability of stuttering and negative attitudes toward people who stutter (PWS). MethodA survey was developed to measure perceived onset and offset controllability, biological and non-biological attributions, willingness to help, sympathy, and anger toward middle school children with developmental stuttering, functional articulation disorders, and cerebral palsy. In addition, a scale was developed to measure blame and negative attitudes toward PWS in general. Surveys were mailed to 1000 school-based SLPs. Data from 330 participants were analyzed. ResultsSupporting the hypotheses of attribution theory, higher perceived onset and offset controllability of the disorder was linked to less willingness to help, lower sympathy, and more anger across conditions. Increased biological attributions were associated with more reported sympathy. Increased blame for stuttering was linked to higher perceived controllability of stuttering, more dislike of PWS, and more agreement with negative stereotypes about PWS. ConclusionsEducating SLPs about the variable loss of control inherent in stuttering could improve attitudes and increase understanding of PWS. Reductions in blame may facilitate feelings of sympathy and empathy for PWS and reduce environmental barriers for clients.Learning outcomes Readers should be able to: (1) identify the main principles of Weiner's attribution theory (2) identify common negative perceptions of people who stutter (3) describe how disorders of stuttering, articulation disorders, and cerebral palsy are differentiated in terms of perceived onset and offset controllability, and biological and non-biological attributions (4) describe relationships between perceived onset and offset controllability of disorders and sympathy, anger, and willingness to help.

Articulation disorders and patterns in children with a cleft.

Background: Compensatory articulation disorders (CAD) are the most common speech defects in patients with a cleft. Early prevention programs are needed to avoid CAD. Objectives: To examine articulation disorders, patterns, and related speech outcomes in children with a cleft palate with or without lip defects. Methods: Articulation test record forms and clinical records of 42 children were accessed retrospectively to provide the data of speech outcomes related to cleft palate. Double data entries and incorrect completion type errors were corrected. Results: Prevalence of articulatory defects was 88% (functional articulation disorders, 12%; compensatory articulation disorders, 10%; functional articulation disorders and CAD, 67%), resonance disorder was 50%, and voice abnormalities was 19%. Abnormal backing of oral consonants, particularly glottal substitution was the most common pattern of CAD (40%), follow by velar substitution (36%), and nasal consonant for oral pressure consonant (21%). There was high incidence of functional articulation disorder in patients with a cleft (76%). Younger children (≤7 years old) had more articulation defects than older children (>7 years old) (mean difference = 3.308, P = 0.002, 95% confident interval 1.683−6.971). Levene’s test for equal variance found that resonance disorder seems unaffected by the number of articulation errors (mean difference = 0.253, P = 0.897, 95% confident interval –3.736−4.241). Conclusion: CAD, particularly abnormal backing of oral consonants and hypernasality were the most common speech defects in children with cleft. Refinement and revision of timing for referring for early speech intervention should be reconsidered.

心因性難聴に心因性構音障害を併発した 1 例

心因性難聴に心因性構音障害を併発した 1 例

Articulation error of children with adenoid hypertrophy.

PurposeAdenoid hypertrophy is a physical alteration that may affect speech, and a speech disorder can have other negative effects on a child's life. Airway obstruction leads to constricted oral breathing and causes postural alterations of several oro-facial structures, including the mouth, tongue, and hyoid bone. The postural modifications may affect several aspects of speech production.MethodsIn this study, we compared articulation errors in 19 children with adenoid hypertrophy (subject group) to those of 33 children with functional articulation disorders independent of anatomical problems (control group).ResultsThe mean age of the subject group was significantly higher (P=0.016). Substitution was more frequent in the subject group (P=0.003; odds ratio [OR], 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.62), while omission was less frequent (P<0.001; OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.67). Articulation errors were significantly less frequent in the palatal affricative in the subject group (P=0.047; OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.07-0.92). The number of articulation errors in other consonants was not different between the two groups. Nasalization and aspiration were significantly more frequent in the subject group (P=0.007 and 0.014; OR, 14.77 and 0.014; 95% CI, [1.62-135.04] and NA, respectively). Otherwise, there were no differences between the two groups.ConclusionWe identified the characteristics of articulation errors in children with adenoid hypertrophy, but our data did not show the relationship between adenoid hypertrophy and oral motor function that has been observed in previous studies. The association between adenoid hypertrophy and oral motor function remains doubtful.

Sensory Integration Dysfunction Affects Effectiveness of Speech Therapy on Children with Functional Articulation Disorders

Sensory Integration Dysfunction Affects Effectiveness of Speech Therapy on Children with Functional Articulation Disorders